choice of operation to follow, 641–3, 645
setback in, 642–3
Torgau, 919
Torpedo aircraft, 511, 531, 546
Toulon, French Fleet at, 316, 321, 638
French vessels escape to, 318
scuttling of Fleet at, 639
landing aiming at seizure of, 729
Toungoo, 831
Tours, French seat of Government at, 286, 301
Trade unions, and rearmament, 76, 99
Trans-Persian Railway, 481, 597
increasing capacity of, 468
America takes over, 597–8
unable to carry all supplies to Russia, 717, 720
Trans-Siberian Railway, 941, 944
Transylvania, 812
Treasury, bomb on, 356
Tree, Ronald, 368
Trento Division, 425
Trianon, Treaty of, 6
“Trident”, Operation, 663, 697
Trier, 892
Trieste, Anglo-U.S. differences over move to, from Italy, 745, 798, 800
Tito’s pressure at, 935
Trinidad, U-boats off, 535
Tripoli, coast road from, 376, 484
German troops in, 392
German convoys to, 490
German mastery over sea-routes to, 490
Eighth Army in, 644–5, 652, 654–5
Tripolitania, coast road of, 376
Italians seek to hold, 421
Auchinleck’s failure to take, 517
German Army in, 637
Tromsö Fiord, 723
Trondheim, plan for Allied landing at, 200, 202
German landing at, 207
British attempts on, 211, 214
Troyes, 802
Truk, Japanese naval base of, 539, 541, 832, 834
Truman, President Harry, comes uninformed into supreme authority, 900, 907
proposes joint declaration on Polish question, 907–8
Churchill’s correspondence with, 912, 923, 931–2, 934–5, 937
against U.S. occupation of Prague, 919
and withdrawal into occupation zones, 922–3, 937
Churchill invites to London before Potsdam Conference, 930–1
and Three-Power Conference, 931, 934
suggests meeting Stalin without Churchill, 932–3
sends envoy to Stalin on Polish question, 933
sails for Europe, 938
in Berlin, 939
confers about atomic bomb, 940–2
meets Churchill, 939
tells Stalin about atomic bomb, 941, 945
at Potsdam Conference, 944–5
and Fulton speech, 954–5
and United States of Europe, 957
and intervention in Korea, 969–70
Truscott, General L. K. (U.S.), 783
Tsouderos, M., 764
“Tube Alloys”, 561, 563–4
Tukhachevsky, Marshal, 126
Tula, 471
Tulagu, 539, 541
Tunis, German reinforcements in, 642–3
blockade of, 660
capture of, 661–2
Tunisia, status of Italians in, 54
France ready to offer Italy concessions in, 278
German reinforcements to, 502, 642–3, 660
supplies to Rommel through, 635
German occupation of, 637–8
conquest of, 645, 659–62
Eighth Army in, 654
Churchill’s illness in, 751–3
flight over mountains of, 757
Tura Caves, near Cairo, 616–17
Turin, bombing of, 270, 278–9, 289
Turkey, votes in protest against German rearmament, 64
British alliance with, 148
German threat to, 392–3
neutrality of, 394–5, 408, 469
British attempt to unite in action with Greece and Yugoslavia, 395, 407
effect of loss of Greece on, 409
effect of victory in Syria and Iraq on, 441–2
effect of invasion of Russia on, 483
effect of “Torch” on, 603
Stalin on attack from, 610
attempts to bring into war, 650, 652, 654, 663, 728, 730–1, 745, 747, 750
Churchill’s Mission to, 652–4
fears Russia, 653–4
and threat to German occupation of Balkans, 668–9
British commitments to, 668
effect of Allied inaction in Ægean on, 708–9, 711, 729
Allies seek use of airfields in, 711, 728, 730
Eden and Ismay in, 728–9
and Russian advance, 810, 913
Britain’s position regarding, 812
Russian pressure on, 955
Turkish Army, 395, 654
Twelfth Army Group (U.S.), 844–5, 849, 864
Twenty-first Army Group, 844–5
Tyne, River, 324
Tyneside, air attacks on, 345
Tyrol, 915, 924
U-boat(s), German intention to build, 60
Britain concedes German right to build, 67–9
need for Irish ports in defence against, 120
immediate attacks by, 170, 173
Americans killed by, 170
means taken to combat, 170–1, 173, 404, 676
sink Royal Oak inside Scapa Flow, 174
losses of, during war, 224, 226, 401, 533–534, 928
to protect invasion fleet, 335
operate from Biscayan and other French ports, 378, 397, 927
dangers of blockade by, 388, 397–402
assisted by aircraft, 399, 403
“wolf-pack” tactics of, 400–401, 535–6
air weapon to kill surfaced, 400, 535–6
“diluted” crews of, 403
defeat of, 406, 649, 676, 927–8
Prince of Wales avoids, 475
in Mediterranean, 490
Duke of York avoids, 497–8
in American waters, 527–30, 532–4
increase in number of, 527, 536, 676
attack tankers, 530, 533
moved from sea to sea, 534–5, 680
Support Groups against, 536, 676
deceived as to “Torch” convoys, 631, 633
attacks on Atlantic bases of, 633, 680
losses in, exceed rate of replacement, 676, 680
recalled from N. Atlantic, 676, 680
new type of, 680, 927–8
Schnorkel-fitted, 680, 927
in Biscay ports on D Day, 781
ordered to surrender, 928. See also Submarines
Ukraine, German claims on, 103, 112
Germans in, 467
Ulster, 397
Umberto, Crown Prince, 279, 805
“Unconditional Surrender”, 646–9, 903–4
and Japan, 942
Unemployment, 21, 30
Unexploded Bomb Detachments, 359–60
United Nations, Pact of, 507–8
San Francisco Conference of, 902, 929
creation of World Organisation by, 929
United Nations Organisation, voting system in Security Council of, 880–1
creation of, 929
regional groupings under 957, 973
needs armed force, 959
admission of China to, 968
and Korean War, 969
inherent failing of, 972–3
United States, loans of, to Germany, after 1914–18 war, 6–7, 11, 30
prejudiced against monarchy, 7
repudiates Treaty of Guarantee, 7–8
condemns French occupation of Ruhr, 8–9
abandons League of Nations, 9
isolationism in, 9, 37, 42, 63, 109
disarmament by, 9
desires end to Anglo-Japanese alliance, 9
extorts reparations from Germany, 11
“Economic Blizzard” in, 20–1
suspension of debt payments to, 23
Churchill’s accident in, 37–8
and Japanese attack on China, 42
and oil for Italy
, 76
Roosevelt offers assistance of, 107–10, 144
citizens killed by U-boats, 170
reaction in, to attack on Finland, 196–7
scale of contribution to war effort, 224–7, 510
generosity of, in munitions and ships, 226
shipping losses of, 227
Chiefs of Staff of, 235
hope of aid from, 271, 276, 301–4
Italian vote in, 275, 279
approach to Italy through, 277–8
supplies arms to Britain after Dunkirk, 283–4, 326–7
L.S.T. production in, 299–300
France looks to support from, 301–4
uncommitted to war, 304
Presidential Election in, 304, 321, 367
threat to, of French and British defeat, 304
and French ships at Martinique, 319
alarm for Britain in, 321
unanimity in, about aid to Britain, 367
British orders for munitions from, 367–369
British difficulty in paying, 368–70
sympathy for Britain in, 369
British factories in, 369
defence of, by Britain, 371
choice of Ambassador to, 372–3
Ambassador of at Vichy, 374
re-arming of, 387
construction of merchant ships by, 398, 499, 510, 675–6
extension of Security Zone of, 402–3
repair of British ships in yards of, 402
base in Iceland, 404
warns Russia of German attack, 454
diversion of supplies from, to Russia, 461–2, 465, 467, 470, 473, 499
Beaverbrook stimulates production in, 466, 510
misgivings in, about British strategy, 473–4
and Atlantic Charter, 478
Japanese assets frozen in, 478
takes over trans-Persian Railway, 481, 597–8
Japanese attack on, 491, 494–5
at war beside Britain, 492–3
potential strength of, 492–3, 500, 510
Churchill visits, 493, 497, 503–4, 507–12, 561–7, 663–6, 701, 703–4
possibility that she concentrate on Pacific War, 499–500, 561, 581–2
British dependence upon supplies from, 499
security precautions in, 504
agrees on priority of war against Germany, 512, 553, 584
U-boats off coast of, 527–30, 532–4
unprepared for defence against U-boats, 530
Japan under-estimates, 539
regains predominance in Pacific, 539
intervention in Europe by, 550–1, 553
importance of 1942 operation to, 561, 583
and nuclear weapon research, 561, 563–4, 963–4
tensions in Supreme war direction of, 581–2
divergences between Britain and, on strategy, 641, 643, 663–6, 684, 707–14, 797–801, 823–4
leakages of information in, to senators, 665
and command in Sicily and Italy, 681–2
seeks to gain confidence of Russia, 725
legend in, about Churchill’s war aims, 729, 737
discussions on post-war responsibilities of, 732–5
position of President of, 743
rigidity of military plans of, 798, 800
presses for road to China through Burma, 823–4
agrees on Rangoon landing, 829
aircraft and carrier production in, 833
learn lesson of unity of command, 842–3
slow to realise danger of Communist influence, 851
represented at Dumbarton Oaks, 851
and responsibilities in Eastern Europe, 852–5
deplores strong action in Greece, 870–1
action of, in Greece, 875, 958
lacks political direction at moment of victory, 900, 903
accused by Russia of bad faith, 903–6
in accord with Britain over Poland, 908
fails to realize political and economic aspects of withdrawal into occupation zones, 922–3, 953
British unity with, in defeat of Japan, 929
attitude of, as to relations with Britain and Russia, 930–1, 933, 954
recognises Polish Provisional Government, 933–4
Churchill’s post-war speeches in, 954–6
need for special relationship between Britain and, 959
joins N.A.T.O., 960
help for Europe from, 961–2
helps Chiang Kai-shek against Communists, 968
United States Air Force, scale of war effort of, 226
and U-boat war, 530
in battles of Pacific, 541–3, 545–9
in Sicily, 683
bombs Rome, 684
in Normandy, 792–793
and aid to Warsaw, 818, 822
in China, 823, 829
flies supplies to China, 823, 827, 829, 830
flies troops and supplies to Burma, 825–6, 830
withdraws squadrons from Burma, 829–30
moves from Europe to Pacific, 931
drops atomic bombs, 942
stationed in East Anglia, 961. See also Allied Air Force
United States Armoured Divisions, in N. Africa, 642, 660
at Anzio, 771
cross Rhine, 893
United States Army, fighting forces of, 224–5
leasing property of, 370
Churchill visits camp of, 566–7
in “Torch”, 633, 635–6
in Tunisia, 660–1
in Italy, 706, 769–73
for “Overlord”, 731, 739, 787, 792–4
trains in Britain for “Overlord”, 776
left wheel of, 788, 796
reaches Cherbourg, 789–90
in Brittany, 793–4
preponderating number of, in action, 801, 861
in “Anvil”, 800, 802, 849
in airlandings in Holland, 846–7
in Battle of Ardennes, 863–5
crosses Rhine, 893–894, 897
in Germany, 897–9, 918–19
withdraws to American Zone, 912–13, 955
movement of, out of Europe, 931
in Korea, 969–70. See also Fifth Army; First Army
United States Navy, scale of war effort by, 224, 226
patrol of Western Atlantic by, 402–3
losses in, at Pearl Harbour, 491, 494
capital ships moved from Atlantic, 496
and U-boat menace, 530
exchanges ships for West Indian bases, 530
Britain sends escort ships to, 532
convoy system of, 534
regains command of Pacific, 539, 833
forewarned by Intelligence, 539, 548–9
successful tactics of, 833–6
at Battle of Leyte Gulf, 836–42. See also Pacific Fleet
Utrecht, 241
Uxbridge, H.Q. of Fighter Group at, 347–351
U.X.B. Disposal Squads, 359–60
Valence, 802
Valiant, H.M.S., in “Force H”, 316
at Alexandria, 384
at Crete, 431
crippled by time-bomb, 490, 511
escorts Italian Navy to Malta, 704
at Salerno, 705
Valletta, 877
Vanderkloot, Captain, flies Churchill to Cairo, 587–9, 652
flies Churchill to Moscow, 597
flies in mist to Gibraltar, 618
flies to Turkey, 653
Vansittart, Rt. Hon. Sir Robert, and threat to Abyssinia, 73
and Hoare-Laval Pact, 80–1
at Nyon Conference, 106
Vearncombe, Able Seaman, 175
Venezuela, tankers from, 530
Venice, 46, 51, 917
Venlo, 894
Verdun, 844
Vereeniging, Boer surrender at, 780
Veria, 413
Vernon, H.M.S., 175
Verona, 769
Versailles, Treaty of, territorial clauses of, 5, 7, 18
economic
clauses of, 5–6
disarmament clauses of, 10–11, 19, 67
failure to enforce compliance with, 11, 65, 70–1
war guilt clause of, 17
Bruening seeks revision of, 31–2
German breaches of, 41, 63–5, 67, 86–7
“readjustment of frontiers” laid down by, 136
Veto, the, 880–1, 969
Vian, Admiral Sir Philip, 198–9, 490, 785
Vichy Government, possible declaration of war by, 321, 375
ending of diplomatic relations with, 374
Churchill’s policy regarding, 374–5
U.S. Ambassador to, 374, 631
and Syria, 438, 441
lost opportunity of, 505
and landing in N. Africa, 581, 603
and de Gaulle, 603
German invasion of part of France governed by, 638–40
Victor Emmanuel, King of Italy, and fall of Mussolini, 684–8
escapes to Allied-held territory, 703
Victorious, H.M.S., 723
Vienna, after 1914–18 War, 6–7
Suvich in, 45
street fighting in, 46
Nazi revolt and death of Dollfuss in, 51
Hitler’s entry into, 117–18
projected Anglo-American advance towards, 730, 745, 800, 807
Allied failure to reach, before Russians, 803–4, 808, 918, 922
Russian drive to, 815, 898, 918–19
and Iron Curtain, 913, 955
difficulties made by Russia in, 931, 953
Allied occupation of, 937
Vietinghoff, General von, 915, 917
Viet-nam, South and North, 970
Viipuri, Gulf of, 200
Vilna, 817
Vincennes, 250
Vire, 793
Vire, River, 787, 792
Vis, island of, 801
Visoianu, M., 901
Vistula, River, 815–17
V.L.R. aircraft, 535
Vltava, River, 919
Volga, River, 598
Germans between Don and, 657–8
Voronov, Marshal, 658
Vorontzov, Prince, 878–9
Voroshilov, Marshal, in military talks with Britain and France, 156–7
at conferences in Kremlin, with Churchill, 600
at Teheran Conference, 731
and Sword of Honour, 735
Vosges, the, 849, 860
Vuillemin, General, 287
Vyshinsky, M., 126
in Latvia, 281
and Churchill’s letter of warning, 450–1
in Cairo, 750
and aid to Warsaw, 818
compels dismissal of Roumanian Government, 901
Wake-Walker, Admiral Sir William, 267
Walcheren, capture of, 848
Walney, H.M.S., 636
War Cabinet, Churchill asked to join (1939), 161
size and composition of Chamberlain’s, 166–7
Defence Committee of, 205, 233
size and composition of Churchill’s, 219–20, 229–30, 346–7
“constant attenders” at, 230
meetings of, 231, 233–4
strength and cohesion of, 235, 442, 622
The Second World War Page 141
