Caleb, 123
calendar, 204, 215–16, 227, 239, 243, 343, 368
Lunar, 212
California, 22, 286
Calment, Jeanne Louise, 343
Cambridge, 207
University of, 11, 208–9, 236
Canaan, 29, 32–33, 42–43, 57–61, 64, 66, 73–75, 81–82, 93, 101, 104, 110, 115–16, 125, 137, 159, 166, 168, 180, 194, 211, 225, 227–28, 241, 260, 265, 338
possible treasure sites in, 189–91
Canaanite, 28, 167, 172–73, 221, 267, 297, 338
writing, 12, 161, 297
Proto, 12, 161
candlestick (Menorah), 17
carbon 14
dating, 4, 229, 236, 331, 368
Carmel, 230
Carmi, Israel, 331
Caroll, Lewis, 167
Catholic Church, 44
Chaeremon, 134, 136
Chaldea, 33, 67, 71, 200
Champollion, Jacques, 365
Chanukah, 272–74, 323
Charles, R. H., 355
Chedorlaomer, 81
cherubim, 126–28, 221
chests, 15, 127–28, 164, 171, 195
Chicago, University of, 18, 90, 236, 302
Children of Israel. See Israelites. Chinese, 312
Chnemu, 265
Christianity, 5, 34, 36, 41–42, 48, 50, 54, 67, 92, 155, 213, 215, 219, 230, 241–43, 270–77, 279, 303
Christians, 5, 43, 45, 88, 238, 245–46, 254, 266, 272
chromosomes, 131–32
Chronicles, Book of, 224–25, 294, 318
Chyutin, Michael, 150, 261, 291, 353, 361, 364
Cincinnati, Hebrew Union College, 143, 220, 286
circumcision, 39–40, 265, 267, 369
Clapham, Christopher, 270, 362
clay, 246, 259
Clayton, Peter, 355, 342
clothing, 109
ritual, 13, 15, 178–79, 197
CNRS, 332
Coffin Texts, 49, 56, 75, 105, 243, 251
Cohanim, 131–32
Collins, John J., 362
Collins, Nina, 121, 349
Community Rules, 207
Congreve, William, 346
Conklin, Joseph, 18, 334
Connor, Steve, 341
Contenson, Henri de, 9, 283, 332
Coogan, Michael, 42, 338
Cooke, Alistair, 74
Copenhagen University, 280
Copernicus, Nikolas, 54
copper, 12, 17, 19–20, 23–27, 128, 137–38, 234–35, 257
cupriferrous ores, 26
oxides, 26
snake, 137
Copper Scroll, 2, 9, 11–19, 25, 44–45, 57, 67, 83, 93, 108, 122, 137, 145–46, 148–49, 153, 155–56, 159–60, 172–74, 177–78, 181, 183, 186, 190, 194, 196, 200–202, 227, 249, 263, 268, 270, 283, 317
contents and interpretation of, 21–32, 163–65, 170–99
finding of, 2, 8, 301–3
language, 12–13
plaque, 24, 302
translation, 13–16
Corinthians, 326
Cowley, A. E., 263, 348, 361
Crock of Gold Square, 171–74, 181
Crocodilopolis, 119, 160
Cross, Frank Moor, 44, 193, 235, 298, 332, 358
cubit, 21, 220, 334, 349, 352
Akkadian, 349
Egyptian, 220, 349, 352
Royal, 220, 349
Ugarit, 349
cuneiform, 125
Cush (Kush), 38–39, 111, 114, 266–70
Cyrus II (Cymbyses), King, 142, 262
Dalley, Stephanie, 324
Damascus, 81, 142, 206, 208, 210
Document, 204–9, 214–15, 220–21, 226–27, 238, 292
Dan, 270
Daniel, 92
Daphne, 296
Darius II, King, 263
Darnell, John Coleman, 297
Dathan, 131, 287
David, King, 65, 140, 194–95, 224, 227–28, 247–49, 252, 270–76, 294, 350
David, Rosalie, 29, 283, 295, 334. 336, 354
Davies, N. de G., 91, 100, 179–80, 181, 189, 196, 310, 313–14, 342, 345, 354–56, 359
Davies, Philip R., 220, 291, 357–58, 364
Davies, W. V., 336
Day of Atonement (Yom Kippur), 216, 347
Dead Sea, 1, 8, 29, 137, 140–41, 145, 152, 155–56, 204, 206–8, 270
Dead Sea Scrolls, 1, 3–5, 8, 11–14, 16, 19–20, 26, 35, 44, 56, 108, 132, 140, 143, 145–47, 162–64, 174, 195–96, 202, 208–10, 214–16, 222–27, 229–32, 284, 298, 330–31, 369
finding of, 1, 43, 178, 206
International Congress (1997), 18–19, 141, 145, 331–32, 305, 356–57
Edinburgh Conference (1998), 150
Deben, 27, 176
Debra Sehel, 268
Deir el-Bahir, 119
Deir el-Medineh, 119
Delta, Nile, 36, 101–3, 109, 119, 122, 133, 142, 158, 160, 179, 252
demotic, 24, 245
Derchain, Philippe, 360
Deuteronomy, 36, 120, 139, 199, 208, 226, 229–30, 253, 260, 285–86, 289, 292, 294, 352, 360
Deutsch, Robert, 363
Diodorus, 134
Dionysus, 182
Divinio Afflante Spiritu, 44
Djamet, 24
Djoser, King, 181
DNA, 131–32, 275–76, 370
Dome of the Rock, the, 162
Dominican École Biblique et Archéologique Française, 3, 8, 44, 332
Dothan, 95
Dream Works SKG, 306
Driver, G. R., 358
Duke University, 153
Dupont-Sommer, André, 334
Ebal, 198–99
Ecclesiastes, 65–66, 252
Ecclesiasticus, 209
École Biblique. See also Domincan École Biblique et Archéologique Française; 3, 9, 11–12, 14, 44, 331–32
Edfu, 57
Edinburgh, 185, 253
Museum, 90, 185, 187
University of, 69, 153
Egypt, 18, 24–25, 27–34, 37–42, 45–47, 55, 57–60, 62–63, 65–67, 70–72, 74–77, 85, 89, 92–96, 100–110, 114, 116–17, 129–32, 134–37, 141–47, 156, 158–59, 164, 166, 168–69, 178, 180–81, 185, 189–94, 196, 200–202, 204, 206, 210, 214, 216–19, 222, 229–32, 234–35, 237–38, 242–46, 248–56, 258–64, 269–71
circumcision, 39–41
and Elephantine Island, 255–78
Exploration Society, 149, 331
Hebrews and, 31–34, 119–23
Egyptian, 30, 35–36, 38–40, 43–46, 48, 50, 54, 63, 65, 70–74, 80, 85–86, 89–91, 94–95, 98–99, 103–4, 113, 115–17, 119–20, 122–23, 125, 127, 137, 142–45, 147, 149, 152–53, 159, 161, 171, 173, 178, 183, 187, 189, 218, 221, 223, 227, 230–32, 234, 235, 237–38, 240–41, 266–67, 270–71, 281
influence on beliefs and practices, 79–81, 243–48
metal working, 24–27
numbering and weighing systems, 27–29, 163–64
religion, 46–50, 54–55, 57–59, 128–31, 201–2, 210–15
texts and the Bible, 50–54
Ein Gedi, 290
Einstein, 71
Eirani, Tell, 264
Eisenman, Robert, 132, 147, 163, 242, 350, 353. 357–59
Eissfeldt, O., 356
Elam, 129, 356
Eldad, Israel, 342
Eleazer, 229
Electricité de France (EDF), 336
electrum, 63
Elephantine Island, 38, 109–110, 114, 116, 158–59, 161, 202, 205, 235, 237, 241–42, 255–78, 291, 331, 348, 356, 361–65
and Egypt, 252–61
Elijah, 318
Elisha, 318
Ellens, J. H., xi–xvii, 283, 303
Elohim, 286
El-Till, 159
Elwolde, John, 20, 334
En-Gedi, 5
Enoch, 216, 272
Enosh, 343
entropy, 55
Ephraim, 33, 97, 105, 139, 269
Eratosthenes, 271
&nb
sp; Erman, A., 347
eruv, 198–99
Esau, 94–95
Eshel, E., 283, 291, 356
Eshel, H., 283
Eshkol, 81–82
Essenes, 5, 8, 17, 140, 142–45, 149–50, 159, 167, 202–4, 207–10, 216–17, 219, 223–24, 226, 232–33, 237, 262, 267, 336, 370
Esther, Book of, 5, 159, 217, 267, 356
Ethiopia, 38–39, 61, 99, 158–59, 202, 205, 237, 249, 255–78, 361–62
Ethiopians, 113, 254, 256, 265, 268–70, 361–62
Eton College, 129
Euphrates, 42, 67–68, 278
exegetists, 282
Exodus, the, 25, 27, 32, 57, 74, 76, 103, 110–11, 115, 118–20, 126, 131, 133–36, 158, 165, 216, 241, 249, 259, 261, 264–65, 286
Book of, 35, 36, 39, 107, 114, 121–22, 124–25, 127–29, 134, 143, 226, 246, 336
Eye, the, 340–41
Eysenck, Hans, 71, 342
Ezekiel, 5, 92, 127, 140–43, 148, 167, 224–25, 285, 287–89, 290–92
Ezra, 18, 334, 342
Faiyum, 101–3, 158, 160, 347, 353
Falashas, 161, 205, 253, 268–72, 328
fate, 65
Faulkner, R. O., 341, 360
Feather, Robert 29, 283, 332, 336, 352, 354, 363, 365
Feast of Tabernacles (Sukkot), 63, 213
Feast of Weeks (Shavuot, Pentecost), 216
Fenton, Paul, 355–56, 358
Fevre, Francis, 345
Fitzmyer, Joseph 333, 358
flail (nekhakha), 78, 267
Florilegium, 226
Fostat, 208
France, 335, 342
Frankfort, H., 174–78, 354–55
Freemasons, 146, 212, 357
Freer Gallery, 335
Freie University, Berlin, 134
Freud, Sigmund, 35, 80, 115–16, 202, 244, 285, 296, 337, 345, 348, 363, 365, 370
Frey, Joerg, 148, 352
Friedman, Richard Elliott, 44, 143, 286–87, 338, 352, 364
Frolov, Serge, 365
Gad, 270
Gaea, 182
Galilee, 318
Gans, Raymonde de, 221, 358
Gardiner, A.H., 341, 345
Garland, H., 335
Gaster, Theodor H., 242, 334, 359
Gauthier, Henri, 167, 354
Geb, 53, 60
Geber es Silsila, 107
Gedaliah, son of Ahikam, son of Shaphan, 336
Geiger, A., 364
Genesis, 36, 39, 53, 68, 77–82, 94–96, 98–99, 103–4, 160, 213, 216, 305, 339, 343
Apocryphon, 3–4, 331
Genizah fragments, 11, 181, 207–9, 221, 226, 267, 323
Gerizim, 16, 155–56, 193, 198–200, 230, 287
Germany, 34, 41, 333, 341
Gershom, 39, 338, 350
Gezer, 73, 135
Gibson, Margaret, 208
Gihon Spring, 195
Gilbert, Martin, 257–58, 361–62
Gilgal, 40
Gilgamesh, 80, 339
Gillings, R. J., 354
Gilukhepa, Princess, 84
Giza, 63, 152, 189
Golb, Norman, 18, 332–34
gold, 13–16, 21–23, 28–29, 44, 60–62, 81, 100, 109, 122–23, 126, 128–29, 170, 260, 263, 303–4
bars, 15, 28, 171–72, 174
collars, 33, 99–100, 314
ingots, 15, 164, 171–73
vessels, 14–15, 177, 195
Golden Calf, 122–23, 130, 226, 265, 287
Gomorrah, 81
Goodman, Paul, 37, 74, 337, 342–43
Goodrich, E. J., 314
Goranson, Stephen, 193, 334, 355
Goren, Avner, 2
Goren ha-Atad, 105
Goshen, 101–3, 119
Gottesman, Samuel, 331
Graf, Karl Heinrich, 286
Gray, John, 43, 338
Greenfield, Jonas, 333
Greek, 19, 24, 37, 48, 147, 163–64, 175, 205, 215, 244
letters in the Copper Scroll, 20, 160, 164, 166–68, 178–79, 199, 295, 303
Greeks, 23, 29, 133–34, 150, 179, 243, 246, 250
Green, Timothy, 335
Gressmann, 360
Griffith, F., 360
Griffiths, J. W., 348
Gulf of Aqaba, 123, 136
Gulf of Suez, 121
Haas, Jacob de, 349
Habakkuk, 3, 5, 142, 167, 200, 234, 300, 319
Habiru, 115
Hagar, 77
Haggadah, 319
Haggard, H. Rider, 187
Hagg Qandil, 160, 187–88
Hagu (Hagi), Book of, 214–15
Hai, 94
Haifa, 264
University, 238
Halevi, Jehudah, 209
Hallo, William W., 315
Haman, 108–9
Hammer, M. F., 350
Hammurabi, 77
Hancock, Graham, 270, 362
Hanson, Anthony Tyrrell, 228, 358
hapolytes, 131–32
Haram, 157
Haran, 33, 65–68, 94
Harding, Lankester, 11, 236
Haremhab, 148, 304
Hariri, Tell, 68
Harris Papyrus, 24–29, 335
Harvard University, 298, 335
Hasmoneans, 260, 292, 318
Hathor, 62, 65 127, 251, 310
Hatshepsut, Queen, 61
Hawara, 158, 160
Hawata, 197–98, 322
Hayes, William C., 339
Hazor, 73
Hebrew, 43, 59, 99, 125, 160–61, 163, 165, 171, 186, 189–92, 205–6, 216, 226, 254, 265, 269
patriarchs, 32–34
Union College, Cincinnati, 143, 220, 245
University, 3, 108, 257
writing, 5, 12, 20, 163, 165, 176, 230, 258, 276, 297, 302, 316
paleo, 12, 19, 125, 141, 160, 163, 215
Hebrews, 25, 31, 44, 50, 55–57, 65, 70, 74, 81, 88–89, 91, 98–99, 101–3, 106, 109–10, 115, 123–25, 127, 130–32, 134–35, 158, 194, 204, 219, 223, 235, 238, 243, 248, 253, 255, 257–60, 262, 264, 269, 338
Book of, 219
and the Exodus, 34–42, 115–17, 119–24, 258–61
Hebron, 71, 94–5, 286
Hecataeus, 134
Heidelberg University, 244, 285
Helck, Wolfgang, 354
Heliopolis, 36, 47, 51, 53, 56, 64, 113–14, 131, 134, 145, 158, 161, 210, 249, 255, 289, 346
Hellanicus, 36
Hellemans, Alexander, 343
Hellenist, 42
Herakleopolis, 53
Hermopolis, 53, 103
Herod, 16, 38, 187, 211
Herodotus, 252, 258–59, 271
Herrman, S., 360
Hertz, Joseph Herman, 121, 349
Hezekiah, 194, 285, 298
hieratic, 95, 125, 161, 163, 167, 297
hieroglyphs, 12, 46, 125, 128, 161, 167, 172, 252, 297, 325
High Priest, 36, 56, 80, 92, 98, 113, 130, 132, 135, 139, 170, 176, 178–79, 184, 191, 196, 207, 220, 226, 229, 231, 245, 263, 288
Hilkiah, 225
Hill, Rosalind, 359
Hindu, 43
Hiram, 312
Hittites, 73, 119
HM Norfolk Flax Establishment, 231
Hobab, 37
Hobah, 81
Holy of Holies, 57, 128, 175, 217
homosexuality, 243
Horace, 247
Hornung, Erik, 245, 364
Horites, 68
Horus, 36, 41, 47, 53, 55–56, 62–63, 216, 219
Hosea, 140, 277
Houston, Texas, 340
Hull, University of, 228
Humbert, P., 360
Hunzinger, Claus-Hunno, 332
Hurrians, 68, 72
Huya, 98–99, 172–74, 190, 332
Hyatt, Philip, 114–15, 348
Hyksos, 47–48, 59, 61, 73, 76, 134, 264, 339, 370 Hyrcarnus, King, 199, 200
Idelsohn, A. Z., 245–46, 359
Idumea, 338
Imam, 43
Inanna, 80
Indians, 333
Indo-Aryans, 68
inks, 235
Institute für Mittelenergiephysik, 4
Instructions of Amenemope, 251–53
Instructions of Ankhsheshonq, 254
Instructions of Ptah-hotep, 253
Ipu, 49, 51
Irak, 319
Iran, 69
iron, 26–27, 58
pyrites, 26
Isaac, 70, 74, 94–96, 104, 204, 209, 218, 305
Isaiah, 32, 72, 92, 140, 211, 246, 260
Book of, 3–4, 32, 69, 217, 241–42, 271, 285, 292, 331, 333–34
Ishmael, 337
Ishtar, 35, 264
Isis, 40, 55–58, 62, 146, 216, 251
Islam, 67, 108, 155, 219, 241–43, 279–80
Ismajlowicz, M., 350
Ismalia, 122
Israel, 16, 30, 32–34, 36, 39, 68–73, 92, 101, 135, 137, 140, 142–44, 156, 159–60, 174, 180, 194, 196, 204–5, 211, 218–19, 224–26, 229–30, 233, 237, 245, 248, 250–57, 259–60, 270, 295
Antiquities Authority, 8, 238
modern, 3, 16, 18–19, 66, 69, 208, 262, 268
Museum, 92, 145, 264, 331
possible treasure sites in, 185–87, 189–91
Six-Day War, 331
Stele, 71
War of Independence, 331
Israelites (Children of Israel), 16, 39, 42, 73–74, 102, 106, 121–25, 130–31, 138–39, 180, 194, 211, 213, 218, 222, 232, 237, 267, 269–71
Istanbul Museum, 195
Iuty, 301
Izumi, Shigechiyo, 343
Jacob, 2, 32–33, 64–70, 74–77, 81, 94–97, 99–100, 102–4, 106–7, 116, 121, 204, 209, 223–25, 226, 280, 283, 291, 293, 348
Jacobus, Helen, 283
Jahweh (Yahweh), 114–15, 286
Jannaes, 194
Jannes, 222
Jared, 311
jars, 174, 321
Jati, 115
Jebel Helal, 123
Jehoshua, 229
Jeremiah, 17–18, 32, 120, 140, 142, 153, 223, 254, 258, 287, 305
Jericho, 40, 157, 193, 196, 209
Jeroboam, 32, 140, 257, 270
Jerusalem, 1, 3, 11–12, 14, 17–19, 23, 38, 44, 57, 71, 81, 92, 106, 130, 134, 137, 140, 142–43, 148, 152, 157–58, 159, 193–94, 198–204, 206, 223–24, 230, 233, 251–52, 259, 262–63, 291, 267
Jesus Christ, 2, 8, 17, 22, 29–30, 32, 37, 163, 202–3, 210, 218, 227–28, 238, 245–46, 334, 336, 339
Jethro, 37, 338
jewellery, 13, 109, 123, 172, 174, 183, 197
Jews (Jewish), 36, 68, 88–89, 106, 110, 124, 131–2, 139–42, 152, 190, 193–94, 197, 204–7, 209–11, 222–23, 229, 231–33, 238, 240, 245, 249–53, 256, 261, 264, 268–69, 272
Conservative, 243
Liberal, 243
Orthodox, 37, 42, 153, 210, 243
Progressive, 42–43, 153, 243
Reform, 153, 243
Jochebed, 35, 41, 115
Johanan, son of Kareah, 336
Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, 298, 301–2
John the Baptist, 238, 303
Jones, Steve, 362
Jones, Vendyl, 18
Research Institute, 18
Jordan, 3, 14, 211
The Mystery of the Copper Scroll of Qumran Page 47
