American Aurora

by Richard N. Rosenfeld

  ALLR Richard Henry Lee, Life of Arthur Lee (Boston: Wells and Lilly, 1829), 2 vols.

  ANAM The Annals of America (Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1968), 20 vols.

  ANC The Debates and Proceedings in the Congress of the United States … March 3, 1789 to May 27, 1824 (Washington: Gales and Seaton, 1834-56), 42 vols.

  APS American Philosophical Society.

  A&R John A. Schutz and Douglass Adair, eds., The Spur of Fame: Dialogues of John Adams and Benjamin Rush, 1805-1813 (San Marino: Huntington Library, 1966).

  AWSC Charles J. Stillé, Major-General Anthony Wayne and the Pennsylvania Line (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1893).

  BARC Henry B. Carrington, Battles of the American Revolution, 1775-1781 (New York: A. S. Barnes, 1876).

  BASN Albert Hall Bowman, The Struggle for Neutrality: Franco-American Diplomacy during the Federalist Era (Knoxville: Univ. of Tennessee Press, 1974).

  BBDC Bernard Bailyn, ed., The Debate on the Constitution (New York: Literary Classics of the United States, 1993), 2 vols.

  BBMM Beverly W. Bond, Jr., The Monroe Mission to France, 1794-1796 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1907).

  BCAN Clarence Saunders Brigham, History and Bibliography of American Newspapers, 1690-1820, Including Additions and Corrections, 1961 (Hamden, Conn.: Archon Books, 1962).

  BCMP Catherine Drinker Bowen, Miracle at Philadelphia (Boston: Little, Brown, 1966, 1986).

  BEJ Elias Boudinot, Journal of Historical Recollections of American Events During the Revolutionary War (Trenton, 1899).

  BFA Henry Steele Commager, ed., The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin and Selections from His Other Writings (New York: Modern Library, 1950).

  BFAW Carl Van Doren, ed., Benjamin Franklin’s Autobiographical Writings (New York: Viking Press, 1945).

  BFBB Bernard Fay, The Two Franklins: Fathers of American Democracy (New York: AMS Press, 1969).

  BFBC Bache Papers, Castle Collection, American Philosophical Society. Microfilm.

  BFBL Lucien Cramer, Les Cramer, une famille génévoise. Leur relations avec Voltaire, Rousseau, et Benjamin Franklin Bache (Génève, 1952).

  BFBP John D. R. Platt, “Independent National Historic Park: Home and Office of Benjamin Franklin Bache …” (Washington, D.C.: Office of History and Historic Architecture, U.S. Dept. of the Interior National Park Service, 1970).

  BFBR B. F. Bache, Remarks Occasioned by the Late Conduct of Mr. Washington, President of the United States (Philadelphia: Printed for Benjamin Franklin Bache, 1797). REDX 31,759.

  BFBS Jeffery Alan Smith, Franklin and Bache: Envisioning the Enlightened Republic (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1990).

  BFBT James Tagg, Benjamin Franklin Bache and the Philadelphia Aurora (Philadelphia: Univ. of Pennsylvania Press, 1991).

  BFBW Benjamin Franklin Bache, Truth Will Out! The Foul Charges of the Tories Against the Editor of the Aurora Repelled … (Philadelphia, 1798). REDX 33,648.

  BFCV Carl Van Doren, Benjamin Franklin (New York: Viking Press, 1938).

  BFFC Alfred Owen Aldridge, Franklin and His French Contemporaries (New York: New York Univ. Press, 1957).

  BFFS Willis Steell, Benjamin Franklin of Paris (New York: Minton, Balch, 1928).

  BFLC Claude-Anne Lopez, Mon Cher Papa. Franklin and the Ladies of Paris (New Haven: Yale Univ. Press, 1990).

  BFPL Leonard W. Labaree et al., eds., Papers of Benjamin Franklin (New Haven: Yale Univ. Press, 1959-), 31 vols.

  BFPO John Clyde Oswald, Benjamin Franklin Printer (N.P., 1917).

  BFPP Luther Samuel Livingston, Franklin and His Press at Passy (New York: Grolier Club, 1914).

  BFSG Gerald Stourzh, Benjamin Franklin and American Foreign Policy (Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1954).

  BFSM Albert Henry Smyth, ed., The Writings of Benjamin Franklin (New York: Macmillan, 1905-07), 10 vols.

  BFWE Esmond Wright, Franklin of Philadelphia (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard Univ. Press, 1986).

  BFWS Jared Sparks, ed., The Works of Benjamin Franklin (Boston: Hilliard, Gray, 1836-40), 10 vols.

  BFWT William Temple Franklin, Memoirs of the Life and Writings of Benjamin Franklin (London: Henry Colburn, 1818), 2 vols.

  BGH George Bancroft, Histoire de l’action commune de la France et de l’Amérique pour l’indépendance des États-Unis, transl. by Comte Adolphe de Circourt (Paris: F. Vieweg, 1876), 3 vols.

  BP Boston Patriot (Boston, Mass.), newspaper.

  BRL L. H. Butterfield, ed., Letters of Benjamin Rush (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton Univ. Press, 1951), 2 vols.

  BRP William Russell Birch & Son, The City of Philadelphia, in the State of Pennsylvania, North America; As It Appeared in the Year 1800 [consisting of 28 copperplate engravings executed during 1798 and 1799] (Philadelphia: W. Birch, 1800).

  BSDR Samuel Flagg Bemis, Diplomacy of the American Revolution (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1983).

  CEFP Edward S. Corwin, French Policy and the American Alliance of 1778 (New York: B. Franklin, 1916, 1970).

  CFFR Frances Sergeant Childs, French Refugee Life in the United States, 1790-1800 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1940).

  CFR Chronicle of the French Revolution (London: Chronicle Publications, 1989).

  CGD John J. Meng, ed., Despatches and Instructions of Conrad Alexandre Gérard, 1778-1780 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1939).

  CLMS Theodore Thayer, The Making of a Scapegoat: Washington and Lee at Monmouth (Port Washington, N.Y.: Kennikat Press, 1976).

  CMLV Marquis de Condorcet, The Life of Voltaire, to Which Are Added Memoirs of Voltaire, Written by Himself (Philadelphia: W. Spotswood, 1792), 2 vols.

  CRIS John C. Miller, Crisis in Freedom: The Alien and Sedition Acts (Boston: Little, Brown, 1952).

  DAB Allen Johnson et al., eds., Dictionary of American Biography (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1928-44), 20 vols. + Suppl.

  DAQW Alexander DeConde, The Quasi-War: The Politics and Diplomacy of the Undeclared War with France, 1797-1801 (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1966).

  DERD Elisha P. Douglass, Rebels and Democrats: The Struggle for Equal Political Rights & Majority Rule During the Revolution (Chapel Hill, N.C.: Univ. of North Carolina Press, 1955).

  DFMC Guillaume de Deux-Ponts, My Campaigns in America: A Journal Kept by Count William de Deux-Ponts, 1780-81. Transl. by Samuel Abbott Green (Boston: J. K. Wiggin & Wm. Parsons Lunt, 1868).

  DGW Donald Jackson and Dorothy Twohig, eds., The Diaries of George Washington (Charlottesville, Va.: Univ. Press of Virginia, 1976-79), 6 vols.

  DIMJ James Munves, Thomas Jefferson and The Declaration of Independence: The Writing and Editing of the Document … (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1978).

  DJDH Jonathan R. Dull, A Diplomatic History of the American Revolution (New Haven: Yale Univ. Press, 1985).

  DJFN Jonathan R. Dull, The French Navy and American Independence (Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press, 1975).

  DJNM John Durand, ed., New Materials for the History of the American Revolution (New York: Henry Holt, 1889).

  DMAF Manning J. Dauer, The Adams Federalists (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1968).

  DMSM Kenneth and Anna M. Roberts, eds., Moreau de St. Méry’s American Journey, 1793-1798 (New York: Doubleday, 1947).

  DNL Henri Doniol, ed., Histoire de la participation de la France à l’établissement des États-Unis d’Amérique (Paris: Imprimerie Nationale, 1884-92), 6 vols.

  DRDK Kenneth Gordon Davies, ed., Documents of the American Revolution 1770-1783, Great Britain Colonial Office Series (Dublin: Irish Academic Press, 1972-76), 21 vols.

  DSFR John Hall Stewart, A Documentary Survey of the French Revolution (New York: Macmillan, 1951).

  EHFJ Jean Pierre Marie Flourens, Éloge historique de Benjamin Delessert (Paris: Didot Frères, 1850).

  EMAF Stanley Elkins and Eric McKitrick, The Age of Federalism (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1993).

  FBRS Bernard Fay, The Revolutionary Spirit in France and America (New York: Co
oper Square Publishers, 1966).

  FETT James Morton Smith, Freedom’s Fetters: The Alien and Sedition Laws and American Civil Liberties (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell Univ. Press, 1956).

  FFKL Lee Kennett, The French Forces in America 1780-1783 (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1977).

  FNE Allan Forbes and Paul F. Cadman, France and New England, (Boston: State Street Trust, 1925), 2 vols.

  FUMR Richard B. Morris, The Forging of the Union, 1781-1789 (New York: Harper & Row, 1987).

  GJAY Jerome A. Greene, The Allies at Yorktown: A Bicentennial History of the Siege of 1781 (Denver: U.S. National Park Service, 1976).

  GLBE Lawrence Henry Gipson, The British Empire before the American Revolution (New York: Knopf, 1936-70), 15 vols.

  GLEF Louis R. Gottschalk, The Era of the French Revolution (1715-1815) (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1929).

  GLM Deborah Norris Logan, Memoir of Dr. George Logan of Stenton, edited by Francis A. Logan (Philadelphia: Historical Society of Penn., 1899).

  GLP Frederick B. Tolles, George Logan of Philadelphia (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1953).

  GUS Gazette of the United States (Philadelphia).

  GWCA Charles H. Ambler, George Washington and the West (New York: Russell & Russell, 1971).

  GWD John C. Fitzpatrick, ed., The Diaries of George Washington, 1748-1799 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1925), 4 vols.

  GWF James Thomas Flexner, George Washington … (Boston: Little Brown, 1965-72), 4 vols.

  GWFB Bernard Fay, George Washington: Republican Aristocrat. (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1931).

  GWFS Douglas Southall Freeman, George Washington: A Biography (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1948-1957), 7 vols.

  GWKB Bernhard Knollenberg, Washington and the Revolution. A Reappraisal (New York: Macmillan, 1940).

  GWKC Thomas A. Lewis, For King and Country (New York: HarperCollins, 1993).

  GWMK Marvin Kitman, The Making of the President 1789 (New York: Harper & Row, 1989).

  GWPA Philander D. Chase, ed., The Papers of George Washington: Revolutionary War Series (Charlottesville: Univ. Press of Virginia, 1985-), 6 vols.

  GWPB Dorothy Twohig, ed., The Papers of George Washington: Presidential Series (Charlottesville: Univ. Press of Virginia, 1987-), 6 vols.

  GWPD W.W. Abbot, ed. The Papers of George Washington: Colonial Series (Charlottesville: Univ. Press of Virginia, 1983-1995), 10 vols.

  GWRH Rupert Hughes, George Washington … (New York: William Morrow, 1926-30), 3 vols.

  GWW John C. Fitzpatrick, ed., The Writings of George Washington (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1931-44), 39 vols.

  GWWF Worthington Chauncey Ford, ed., The Writings of George Washington (New York, London: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1889-[93]), 14 vols.

  GWWS Jared Sparks, ed., The Writings of George Washington (New York, 1848), 12 vols.

  HMP Mme. Du Hausset, Mémoires de madame du Hausset, femme de chambre de madame de Pompadour, et extrait des mémoires historiques et littéraires de Bachaumont, de l’année 1762 à l’année 1782 avec avant-propos et notices, par Fs. Barrière (Paris: Firmin-Didot, 1846).

  HNYJ Thomas Jones, History of New York During the Revolutionary War: and of the Leading Events in the Other Colonies at That Period (New York: New-York Historical Society, 1879), 2 vols.

  HP Hewson Family Papers, American Philosophical Society.

  HSKD Sanford W. Higginbotham, The Keystone in the Democratic Arch: Pennsylvania Politics 1800-1816 (Harrisburg: Penn. Historical and Museum Commission, 1952).

  IRPT Thomas Pakenham, The Year of Liberty: The History of the Great Irish Rebellion of 1798 (London: Phoenix, 1992).

  ITHP Isaiah Thomas, The History of Printing in America (New York: Weathervane Books, 1970).

  JAAA L. H. Butterfield, Marc Friedlaender, and Mary-Jo Kline, eds. The Book of Abigail and John: Selected Letters of the Adams Family, 1762-1784 (Cambridge: Harvard Univ. Press, 1975).

  JABW Walt Brown, John Adams and the American Press (Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland, 1995).

  JAC Peter Shaw, Character of John Adams (Chapel Hill: Univ. of North Carolina Press, 1976).

  JADA Lyman H. Butterfield, ed., The Adams Papers: Diary and Autobiography of John Adams (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard Univ. Press, 1961-1962), 4 vols.

  JADR James H. Hutson, John Adams and the Diplomacy of the American Revolution (Lexington: Univ. of Kentucky, 1980).

  JAFA Charles Francis Adams, ed., Familiar Letters of John Adams and His Wife Abigail Adams During the Revolution (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, 1875).

  JAFC L. H. Butterfield et al., eds., The Adams Papers: Adams Family Correspondence (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard Univ. Press, 1963-93), 6 vols.

  JAFW Charles Francis Adams, ed., Letters of John Adams Addressed to His Wife (Boston: Little, Brown, 1841), 2 vols.

  JAGG Gilbert Chinard, Honest John Adams (Gloucester, Mass.: Peter Smith, 1976).

  JAOF Old Family Letters: Copied from the Originals for Alexander Biddle; Series A-B. (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1892).

  JAPA Robert J. Taylor, ed., The Adams Papers: Papers of John Adams (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard Univ. Press, 1977-), 8 vols.

  JAPM Adams Papers Microfilm, Massachusetts Historical Society.

  JAPP Zoltan Haraszti, John Adams and the Prophets of Progress (Cambridge: Harvard Univ. Press, 1952).

  JAPS Page Smith, John Adams (New York: Doubleday, 1962), 2 vols.

  JAPW George A. Peek, Jr., ed., The Political Writings of John Adams (New York: Liberal Arts Press, 1954).

  JATJ Lester J. Cappon, ed., The Adams-Jefferson Letters … (Chapel Hill: Univ. of North Carolina Press, 1959).

  JAWJ John Wood, The Suppressed History of the Administration of John Adams (from 1797 to 1801) As Printed and Suppressed in 1802, J. H. Shelburne, ed. (Philadelphia, 1846).

  JAWL Warren-Adams Letters, Being Chiefly a Correspondence Among John Adams, Samuel Adams, and James Warren, (Boston: The Mass. Historical Society, 1917-25), 2 vols.

  JAWO Charles Francis Adams, ed., The Works of John Adams … (Boston: C. C. Little, J. Brown, 1850-1856), 10 vols.

  JBZP Edmund Berkeley and Dorothy Smith Berkeley, John Beckley: Zealous Partisan in a Nation Divided (Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1973).

  JCC Worthington C. Ford et al., eds., Journals of the Continental Congress 1774-1789 (Washington, D.C., U.S. Govt. Print Off., 1904-37), 34 vols.

  JCCS Secret Journals of the Acts and Proceedings of Congress, from the First Meeting thereof to the Dissolution of the Confederation by the Adoption of the Constitution of the United States. (Boston: Thomas B. Wait, 1820-21), 4 vols.

  JCHT Michael Durey, “With the Hammer of Truth”: James Thomson Callender and America’s Early National Heroes (Charlottesville: Univ. Press of Virginia, 1990).

  JCHU James Thomson Callender, The American Annual Register, or, Historical Memoirs of the United States, for the year 1796 (Philadelphia: Bioren & Madan, 1797). REDX 31,905.

  JCPB James Thomson Callender, The Prospect Before Us (Richmond: Jones, Pleasants, Lyon, 1800), 2 vols. REDX 37,083 & 37,084.

  JCSH James Thomson Callender, Sketches of the History of America (Philadelphia: Snowden & M’Corkle, 1798). REDX 33,485.

  JCUS James Thomson Callender, The History of the United States for 1796 … (Philadelphia: Snowden & McCorkle, 1797). REDX 31,906.

  JDBM Charles Campbell, ed., Some Materials to Serve for a Brief Memoir of John Daly Burk, Author of a History of Virginia (Albany, N. Y.: J. Munsell, 1868).

  JHB W. T. Baxter, The House of Hancock (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Univ. Press, 1945).

  JHHA Herbert S. Allan, John Hancock, Patriot in Purple (New York: Beechhurst Press, 1953).

  JJPA Henry P. Johnston, ed., The Correspondence and Public Papers of John Jay, 1763-1826 (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1890-93), 4 vols.

  JMAD Gaillard Hunt and James Brown Scott, eds., The Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 Which Framed the Constitution … Rep
orted by James Madison … (Buffalo, N.Y.: Prometheus Books, 1987), 2 vols.

  JMAP William T. Hutchinson and William M. E. Rachal, eds., The Papers of James Madison (Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1962–), 17 vols.

  JMAW Gaillard Hunt, ed., Writings of James Madison (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1900-10), 9 vols.

  JMOW Stanislaus M. Hamilton, ed., The Writings of James Monroe (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1898-1903), 7 vols.

  JPBL Lance Banning, The Jeffersonian Persuasion (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell Univ. Press, 1978).

  JPJ Phillips Russell, John Paul Jones: Man of Action (New York: Blue Ribbon Books, 1927)

  JWM Edgar S. Maclay, A.M., ed., Journal of William Maclay, United States Senator from Pennsylvania, 1789-1791 (New York: D. Appleton, 1890).

  JWMA William Maclay, Sketches of Debate in the First Senate of the United States in 1789-90-91 (New York: Burt Franklin, 1880).

  KGFJ Sir John Fortescue, ed., The Correspondence of King George the Third (1760-1783) (London: Macmillan, 1927-28), 6 vols.

  KMM Monica Mary Gardner, Kosciuszko: A Biography (New York: C. Scribner’s Sons, 1920).

  KRW Ethelbert Dudley Warfield, The Kentucky Resolutions of 1798 (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1894).

  LC Library of Congress.

  LCC Edmund Cody Burnett, ed., Letters of Members of the Continental Congress (Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1921-36), 8 vols.

  LCCS Paul A. Smith, ed., Letters of the Members of the Continental Congress (Washington, 1994-), 21 vols.

  LFCA Louis Gottschalk, Lafayette Comes to America (Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1935).

  LFGB Louis Gottschalk, Lafayette Between the American and the French Revolutions, 1783-1789 (Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1950).

  LFL Louis Gottschalk, ed., The Letters of Lafayette to Washington, 1777-1799 (Philadelphia: American Phil. Society, 1976).

  LFM George Washington Lafayette, ed., Mémoires, correspondance, et manuscrits du General Lafayette, publiés par sa famille (Bruxelles: Société Belge de Librairie, 1857), 2 vols.

  LFSL Stanley J. Idzerda, ed., Lafayette in the Age of the American Revolution: Selected Letters and Papers, 1776-1790 (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell Univ. Press, 1977), 5 vols.

  LJLC Jean-Pierre-Louis de Luchet, Les contemporains de 1789 et 1790, ou les opinions débattues pendant la première législature … (Paris: Lejay fils, 1790), 3 vols.