American Aurora

by Richard N. Rosenfeld

  1059 Lord George Germain to Lords of the Admiralty (Most Secret and Confidential), Whitehall, Mar. 21, 1778, DRDK, XV, 72-73.

  1060 Secret Instructions for Gen. Sir Henry Clinton, St. James, Mar. 21, 1778, DRDK, XV, 74-75.

  1061 M. d’Estaing à M. Gérard … Extraits de mes instructions du 27 mars 1778, DNL, III, 237.

  1062 See MJTF, 316, SWHA, 282, MJSS, 59.

  1063 King of France to Cong., Versailles, Mar. 28, 1778, RDCW, II, 521-522.

  1064 BF to Richard and Sarah Bache, Passy, Mar. 31, 1778, BFPL, XXVI, 202-203.

  1065 BF to Robert Livingston, July 22, 1783, BFSM, VIII, 62, IX, 62.

  1066 JA to Dr. Benjamin Rush, Apr. 12, 1809, JAWO, IX, 619.

  1067 Noted under Feb. 11, 1779, JAWO, III, 189.

  1068 JADA, IV, 36-37.

  1069 JADA, IV, 41-42.

  1070 Noted under Feb. 11, 1779, JAWO, III, 190.

  1071 JADA, IV, 48-49.

  1072 JA to Abigail Adams, Passy, Apr. 12, 1778, JAFC, III, 9.

  1073 DJFN, 112, MJSS, 57-58. GWKB,101 says fleet departed April 3.

  1074 “Extracts of Letters from Paris … in the hand of Paul Wentworth,” Apr. 16, 1778, SFAC, XXII, 1914.

  1075 JADA, II, 302.

  1076 JADA, IV, 69.

  1077 BEJ, 77-81.

  1078 MFDR, 565.

  1079 JADA, IV, 79-81.

  1080 [Virginia Delelgates in Cong.] to Gov. of Virginia, York, May 3, 1778, RHLL, I, 396-397.

  1081 JCC, XI, 457-458.

  1082 Gen. Orders, Hdqr., Valley Forge, May 5, 1778, GWW, XI, 353-354.

  1083 From the N.Y. Journal (New York), June 15, 1778, as reported in MFDR, 578.

  1084 “A Letter to GW …,” TPW, II, 691, 720.

  1085 JADA, IV, 92.

  1086 Thomas Paine to BF, Yorktown, May 16, 1778, TPW, II, 1143, 1151.

  1087 JADA, IV, 118-119.

  1088 JADA, IV, 120.

  1089 JADA, IV, 120.

  1090 JADA, IV, 121-123.

  1091 Patrick Henry to Richard Henry Lee, Williamsburg, June 18, 1778, PHL, I, 564-565.

  1092 GW to Pres. of Cong., Hdqr., 1/2 after 11 A. M., June 18, 1778, GWW, XII, 82-83.

  1093 Gen. Sir Henry Clinton to Lord George Germain, N.Y., July 5, 1778, DRDK, XV, 159.

  1094 GW to Pres. of Cong., English Town, July 1, 1778, GWW, XII, 139-146.

  1095 LP, II, 435-436, as quoted in CLMS, 70-71.

  1096 See CLMS.

  1097 John Quincy Adams enrolled at Le Coeur’s on Apr. 13th. JADA, IV, 57-58.

  1098 JCC, XII, 908.

  1099 JCC, VIII, 1034-1035.

  1100 ALLR, I, 404-405.

  1101 JA to James Warren, Passy, Dec. 5, 1778, JAWL, II, 73, 77.

  1102 JA to Mercy Otis Warren, Passy, Dec. 18, 1778, JAPA, VII, 281, 282-284.

  1103 GWRII, III, 458. See GWF, II, 336 n, GWMK, 265.

  1104 JCC, XIII, 62-63.

  1105 JADA, II, 346.

  1106 JA to Samuel Adams, Passy, Feb. 14, 1779, JAPM, Reel 93.

  1107 JA to Abigail Adams, Passy, Feb. 20, 1779, JAFC, III, 175.

  1108 JA to Abigail Adams, Feb. 28, 1779 (2 letters), JAFC, III, 181-182.

  1109 JAPS, I, 426-431.

  1110 Gerard to Vergennes, Phil., Mar. 8, 1779, CGD, 563 (Dispatch 95), 565.

  1111 Gerard to Vergennes, Phil., Mar. 8, 1779, CGD, 568-570 (Dispatch 96).

  1112 BF to Jane Mecum, Passy, Apr. 22, 1779, BFPL, XXIX, 357-358.

  1113 BF to BFB, Passy, May 3, 1779, BFPL, XXIX, 413.

  1114 BF to David Hartley, Passy, May 4, 1779, BFPL, XXIX, 425-427.

  1115 JADA, II, 369. See JAC, 123-125.

  1116 BFB to BF, May 30, 1779, BFPL, XXIX, 578.

  1117 BF to Richard Bache, Passy, June 2, 1779, BFPL, XXIX, 599-600.

  1118 BF to Sarah Bache, Passy, June 3, 1779, BFPL, XXIX, 612-615.

  1119 JA to Edmund Jenings, L’Orient, June 8, 1779, JAPA, VIII, 78, 80.

  1120 Comte de Vergennes to Chevalier de La Luzerne, June 18, 1779, DJNM, 215-216.

  1121 JADA, II, 390-392.

  1122 GW to Pres. of Cong., Hdqr., New Windsor, July 21, 1779, GWW, XV, 447-448.

  1123 GW to Joseph Reed, Westpoint, July 29, 1779, GWW, XVI, 7-9.

  1124 GWWF, VII, 501 n.- 502 n.

  1125 JAPS, I, 434.

  1126 See BFBT, 30-31, BFBL.

  1127 BF to BFB, Passy, Aug. 19, 1779, BFPL, XXX, 241-242.

  1128 A&R, 145 n.

  1129 JA to Benjamin Rush, Apr. 12, 1809, A&R, 142, 145.

  1130 JA to Benjamin Rush, Braintree, Sept. 19, 1779, JAPA, VIII, 153.

  1131 JPJ, 148-163.

  1132 JCC, XV, 113.

  1133 JADA, IV, 178-180.

  1134 JADA, IV, 242-243.

  1135 Gen. Sir Henry Clinton to Lord George Germain, N.Y., Sept. 30 1779, DRDK, XVII, 229-230.

  1136 DNL, IV, 327 n.

  1137 See MJTF, 402-403, MJSS, 93, GWRH, III, 476, ODF, 68.-69.

  1138 Gen. Sir Henry Clinton to Lord George Germain, N.Y., Oct. 18, 1779, DRDK, XVII, 237.

  1139 JA prepared the first draft of the new Massachusetts state constitution. See Samuel Eliot Morison, “The Struggle over the Adoption of the Constitution of Massachusetts, 1780,” Proceedings of MHS, L, 353, 356.

  1140 JAWO, IV, 220-266.

  1141 Oscar and Mary Handlin, eds. The Popular Sources of Political Authority: Documents on the Massachusetts Constitution of 1780. (Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harv. Univ. Press, 1966), 434, 437-438. The Constitutional Convention submitted its proposed constitution and the “Address” to Massachusetts towns on Mar. 2, 1780.

  1142 Samuel Eliot Morison, “The Struggle Over the Adoption of the Constitution of Massachusetts, 1780,” Proceedings of MHS, L, 353, 389. See UHRA, 162-165.

  1143 JA to James Sullivan, Phil., May 26, 1776, JAPA, IV, 210.

  1144 JA to Benjamin Rush, Apr. 12, 1809, A&R, 142, 144.

  1145 TPHD, 102, 106.

  1146 JADA, IV, 191.

  1147 GW to Pres. of Cong., Hdqr., Morristown, Dec. 15, 1779, GWW, XVII, 272-273.

  1148 GW to Pres. of Cong., Hdqr., Morristown, Jan. 5, 1780, GWW, XVII, 355.

  1149 JA to Cong., Paris, Feb. 15, 1780, JADA, IV, 240.

  1150 JAWO, IX, 623. See JAPW, 105-106.

  1151 JADA, IV, 241.

  1152 JA to Comte de Vergennes, Paris, Feb. 12, 1780, JADA IV, 243-244.

  1153 Comte de Vergennes to JA, Versailles, Feb. 13, 1780, RDCS, IV, 363-364.

  1154 JADA, IV, 250-251.

  1155 JADA, IV, 251-252.

  1156 JADA, IV, 252.

  1157 JA to Comte de Vergennes, Paris, Feb. 25, 1780, JADA, IV, 253.

  1158 JA to James Lovell, Paris, Mar. 4, 1780, JAPM, Reel 96.

  1159 Instructions Delivered to M. de La Fayette [in the hand of M. de Vergennes], Mar. 5, 1780, DNL, IV, 314-315.

  1160 BF to GW, Passy, Mar. 5, 1780, BFSM, VIII, 27-29.

  1161 JCC, XVI, 263-265.

  1162 BF to Joseph Reed, Mar. 19, 1780, BFWS, VIII, 443, 445.

  1163 See MJSS, 115, PJFR 305, ODF, 70.

  1164 See DJFN, 191, MJTF, 513-518.

  1165 GWRH, III, 515-516.

  1166 GW to Marquis de Lafayette, Hdqr., Morristown, May 16, 1780, GWW, XVIII, 369-370.

  1167 GW to Joseph Reed, Morristown, May 28, 1780, GWW, XVIII, 434-435.

  1168 Chaumont to [unidentified] official of French Foreign Ministry, Passy, June 16, 1780, DJNM, 224-226. The “forty percent” figure is obviously mistaken.

  1169 BP, May 15, 1811, as reprinted in JAWO, I, 649, 654.

  1170 GW to Pres. of Cong., Hdqr., Springfield, June 20, 1780, GWW, XIX, 34-35.

  1171 Comte de Vergennes to JA, Versailles, June 21, 1780, JAWO, VII, 190-192.

  1172 JA to Comte de Vergennes, Paris, June 22, 1780, RDCW, II, 809-816.

  1173 JA to Comte de Vergennes, Paris, June 22, 1780, JAWO, VII, 193.

  1174 JA to Comte de Vergennes, Paris, June 22, 1780, JAWO, VII, 193.

  1175 BF to Comte de V
ergennes, June 24, 1780, DJNM, 227.

  1176 Comte de Vergennes to JA, Versailles, June 30, 1780, RDCS, V, 232.

  1177 BP, May 15, 1811, as reprinted in JAWO, I, 649, 655.

  1178 Comte de Vergennes to BF, Versailles, June 30, 1780, DJNM, 227, 228-229. See RDCS, III, 152-153.

  1179 BP, May 15, 1811, as reprinted in JAWO, I, 649-651.

  1180 JA to Comte de Vergennes, Paris, July 1, 1780, RDCS, V, 233-234.

  1181 BP, May 15, 1811, as reprinted in JAWO, I, 649, 655.

  1182 GW to Fielding Lewis, Bergen County, Jersey, July 6, 1780, GWW, XIX, 129-132.

  1183 BFBR, 8.

  1184 BF to Comte de Vergennes, Paris, July 10, 1780, RDCS, V, 245-246.

  1185 See MJTF, xiii, 526, MJSS, 117-118.

  1186 GW to Comm. of Cooperation, July 13, 1780, GWW, XIX, 165, 166.

  1187 JA to Comte de Vergennes, Paris, July 13, 1780, RDCS, V, 247-259.

  1188 JA to Comte de Vergennes, Paris, July 17, 1780, RDCS, V, 266, 267.

  1189 JA to Edmund Jenings, July 18, 1780, JAPM, Reel 352.

  1190 Comte de Vergennes to JA, Versailles, July 20, 1780, RDCS, V, 278.

  1191 GW to Pres. of Cong., Hdqr., Prekeniss, July 22, 1780, GWW, XIX, 234-235.

  1192 Comte de Vergennes to JA, Versailles, June 25, 1780, JAWO, VII, 235-236.

  1193 JA to Comte de Vergennes, Paris, July 26, 1780, RDCW, IV, 7-10.

  1194 JA to Comte de Vergennes, Paris, July 27, 1780, RDCS, V, 301-303.

  1195 Comte de Vergennes to JA, Versailles, July 29, 1780, RDCS, V, 304-305.

  1196 Comte de Vergennes to BF, Versailles, July 31, 1780, RDCS, V, 305-306.

  1197 BP, May 15, 1811, as reprinted in JAWO, I, 649, 651-652.

  1198 JA left Paris on July 27th. JA to Pres. of Cong., Amsterdam, Aug. 14, 1780, JAWO, VII, 244.

  1199 BF to Samuel Huntington, Aug. 9, 1780, BFSM, VIII, 128.

  1200 JA to Mercy Warren, Quincy, Aug. 3, 1807, JAPM, Reel 118. See BP, May 15, 1811, as reprinted in JAWO, I, 649, 658.

  1201 Comte de Vergennes to Chevalier de La Luzerne, Aug. 7, 1780, DJNM, 232-233.

  1202 BF to Pres. of Cong., Passy, Aug. 9, 1780, RDCS, III, 161, 163-164.

  1203 BP, May 15, 1811, as reprinted in JAWO, I, 649, 653, 655-567.

  1204 BFB to BF, Dec. 21, 1779, BFB Papers (APS), as quoted in BFBT, 39.

  1205 Gen. Anthony Wayne to Robert Morris, York, Oct. 26, 1781, AWSC, 283.

  1206 Alexander Hamilton to James Duane, [Bergen County, N. J.], Sept. 6, 1780, AHP, II, 420-421.

  1207 WCWR, II, 728-730.

  1208 GW to Comm. of Cooperation, Hdqr., Orange Town, Aug. 17, 1780, GWW, XIX, 391.

  1209 GW to Pres. of Cong., Hdqr., Orange Town, Aug. 20, 1780, GWW, XIX, 402, 405.

  1210 GW to Comte de Guichen, Hdqr., Bergen County, Sept. 12, 1780, GWW, XX, 39-42.

  1211 GW to Pres. of Cong., Hdqr., New Bridge, Sept. 15, 1780, GWW, XX, 49, 51.

  1212 “Conference at Hartford,” Sept. 22, 1780, GWW, XX, 76.

  1213 GW to Gov. Clinton [of N.Y.], Hdqr., Robinson’s House, Sept. 26, 1780, GWW, XX, 93-94.

  1214 BF to John Jay, Passy, Oct. 2, 1780, BFSM, VIII, 142-143.

  1215 BF to JA, Passy, Ocober 8, 1780, RDCW, IV, 86-87. See JAPS, I, 480.

  1216 Marquis de Lafayette to GW, Light Camp, Oct. 30, 1780, LFSL, III, 211-212.

  1217 GW to Marquis de Lafayette, Hdqr., Oct. 30, 1780, GWW, XX, 266-267.

  1218 JCC, XVIII, 1079-1084.

  1219 Vergennes to Luzerne, Versailles, Dec. 4, 1780, RDCW, IV, 181-182.

  1220 JCC, XVIII, 1130.

  1221 GW to Gouverneur Morris, Hdqr., New Windsor, Dec. 10, 1780, GWW, XX, 457-458.

  1222 JCC, XVIII, 1141.

  1223 GWRH, III, 590-593.

  1224 Circular to New England States and New York, Hdqr., New Windsor, Jan. 5, 1781, GWW, XXI, 61-62.

  1225 Pres. of Cong. to JA, In Cong., Jan. 10, 1781, JAWO, VII, 353.

  1226 TJ to GW, Richmond, Jan. 10, 1781, TJPB, IV, 333-335.

  1227 GW to Lieut. Col. John Laurens, New Windsor, Jan. 15, 1781, GWW, XXI, 105-109.

  1228 GW to BF, New Windsor, Jan. 15, 1781, GWW, XXI, 100-101.

  1229 GW to Mrs. Sarah Bache, New Windsor, Jan. 15, 1781. GWW, XXI, 101-102.

  1230 Circular to New England States and New York, Hdqr., New Windsor, Jan. 22, 1781, GWW, XXI, 129-130.

  1231 GW to Inspector-Gen. von Steuben, Feb. 6, 1781, GWW, XXI, 192-193.

  1232 TPHD, 115.

  1233 “A Letter to GW …” TPW, II, 720.

  1234 BF to Comte de Vergennes, Passy, Feb. 13, 1781, RDCS, III, 186-188.

  1235 Comte de Vergennes to Chevalier de La Luzerne, Versailles, Feb. 19, 1781, DNL, IV, 583-584.

  1236 ANAM, II, 556, 558.

  1237 GWRH, III, 625.

  1238 Comte de Vergennes to Chevalier de La Luzerne, Mar. 9, 1781, DJNM, 236-237.

  1239 TPHD, 116.

  1240 As of Mar. 27, Laurens was still on the coast of France. See D. E. Huger Smith, ed., “The Mission of Col. John Laurens to Europe in 1781,” S. Carolina Hist. and Geneol. Mag., I (1900), 34.

  1241 BF to Samuel Huntington, Passy, Mar. 12, 1781, BFSM, VIII, 217-219.

  1242 MJTF, 549-550, GWRH, III, 614.

  1243 John Laurens to Pres. of Cong., Passy, Mar. 20, 1781, RDCS, IX, 208-209.

  1244 John Laurens to Pres. of Cong., Phil., Sept. 2, 1781, RDCS, IX, 235-237.

  1245 GW to Benjamin Harrison, Hdqr., New Windsor, Mar. 27, 1781, GWW, XXI, 380-382. Harrison was speaker of the Va. House of Delegates.

  1246 GW to John Laurens at Paris, New Windsor, Apr. 9, 1781, GWW, XXI, 436, 438-439.

  1247 BF to William Carmichael, Passy, Apr. 12, 1781, BFSM, VIII, 236-237.

  1248 Comte de Vergennes to La Luzerne, Versailles, Apr. 19, 1781, DNL, IV, 588, 590.

  1249 Lafayette to GW, Alexandria, Apr. 23, 1781, LFM, I, 146.

  1250 GW to Lund Washington, New Windsor, Apr. 30, 1781, GWW, XXII, 14-15.

  1251 MJTF, 609, 609 n.

  1252 Comte de Vergennes to La Luzerne, Versailles, May 11, 1781, DNL, IV, 560.

  1253 BF to M. de Lafayette, Passy, May 14, 1781, RDCS, III, 209, 211.

  1254 “Substance of a Conference between Gen. Washington and Comte de Rochambeau at Weathersfield, 22 May, 1781,” GWWF, IX, 251, 254.

  1255 GW To Chevalier de La Luzerne, Weathersfield, May 23, 1781, GWW, XXII, 103.

  1256 “A Letter to GW …” TPW, II, 691, 721.

  1257 Comte de Rochambeau to de Grasse, June 11, 1781, DNL, IV, 647, quoted and translated in MJSS, 152, and in GWRH, III, 640.

  1258 Gen. Sir Henry Clinton to Lieut. Gen. Earl Cornwallis, N.Y., DRDK, XX, 157-159.

  1259 Richard Henry Lee to Virginia Delegates in Cong., Chantilly, June 12, 1781, TJPB, VI, 90-92.

  1260 Autobiography, TJWF, I, 79.

  1261 TJMD, I, 354-358.

  1262 GW to Comte de Rochambeau, Hdqr., New Windsor, June 13, 1781, GWW, XXII, 207-209.

  1263 JCC, XX, 652-654. Instructions, JCC, XX, 651-652.

  1264 Quoted in MJSS, 152.

  1265 MJSS, 156, GWRH, III, 635.

  1266 See Gen. Sir Henry Clinton to Lieut. Gen. Earl Cornwallis, N.Y., June 11, 1781, DRDK, XX, 157-159 and Lieut. Gen. Earl Cornwallis to Gen. Sir Henry Clinton, Portsmouth, Virginia, July 27, 1781, DRDK, XX, 196-197.

  1267 James Lovell to JA, June 21, 1781, JAPM, Reel 355.

  1268 JCC, XX, 746-747.

  1269 James Lovell to Abigail Adams, July 13, 1781, JAFC, IV, 173.

  1270 GW to Richard Henry Lee, Camp, Near Dobbs Ferry, July 15, 1781, GWW, XXII, 382, 384.

  1271 BFBR, 7.

  1272 James Lovell to JA, Phil., July 21, 1781, LCC, VI, 151.

  1273 GW to Comte de Grasse, Hdqr., Dobbs Ferry, July 21, 1781, GWW, XXII, 400-401.

  1274 WPAE, I, Map 9.

  1275 GW to La Fayette, Hdqr. near Dobbs Ferry, July 30, 1781, GWW, XXII, 432-433.

  1276 MSOH, 259-260.

  1277 “A Letter to GW …,” TPW, I
I, 718.

  1278 GW to Pres. of Cong., Hdqr., Dobbs Ferry, Aug. 2, 1781, GWW, XXII, 445-447.

  1279 BFBR, 9.

  1280 MJTF, 594-595, MJSS, 165, GJAY, 113.

  1281 BFB to BF, Geneva, Aug. 16, 1781, BFBC, Film 1506, Reel 1.

  1282 GWD, II, 253-254.

  1283 BF to JA, Passy, Aug. 16, 1781, JAWO, VII, 456.

  1284 MJSS, 165.

  1285 GJAY, 15, DJFN, 246, 246 n.

  1286 JAC, 150, JAPS, I, 504-505.

  1287 See JADR, 98.

  1288 JA to Pres. of Cong., Amsterdam, Oct. 15, 1781, RDCW, IV, 779-780.

  1289 JA to Abigail Adams, Amsterdam, Oct. 9, 1781, JAFC, IV, 224.

  1290 JA to Pres. of Cong., Amsterdam, Oct. 15, 1781, RDCW, IV, 779-780. See JAC, 151-152.

  1291 “A Letter to GW …,” TPW, II, 691, 721. See TPHD, 120, 151.

  1292 GW to Superintendent of Finance, Chatham, Aug. 27, 1781, GWW, XXIII, 50, 52.

  1293 TJMJ, 326-327.

  1294 DFMC, 43.

  1295 Gen. Anthony Wayne to Robert Morris, Williamsburg, Sept. 14, 1781, AWSC, 279, 280.

  1296 Quoted in RDCS, XI, 463 n. -465 n.

  1297 See MJTF, 607, MSOH, I, 263-265, GWRH, III, 649, ODF, 82.

  1298 Gen. Sir Henry Clinton to Lord George Germain (No. 140), N.Y., Sept. 7, 1781, DRDK, XX, 222-223.

  1299 Gen. Sir Henry Clinton to Lord George Germain (No. 141), N.Y., Sept. 12, 1781, DRDK, XX, 229-230.

  1300 GWFB, 214.

  1301 MJTF, 614. GJAY, 113. Historian Samuel Eliot Morrison placed GW’s Yorktown army at 5,645. MSOH, 264.

  1302 Lieut. Gen. Earl Cornwallis to Gen. Henry Clinton, Yorktown, Sept. 16, 1781, DRDK, XX, 231-232.

  1303 DJFN, 246.

  1304 Gen. Sir Henry Clinton to Lord George Germain (No. 142), N.Y., Sept. 26, 1781, DRDK, XX, 232-233.

  1305 YCJH, 100, 112-117.

  1306 GW to Pres. of Cong., Hdqr., Before York, Oct. 12, 1781, GWW, XXIII, 212-213.

  1307 FFKL,142.

  1308 FFKL,142.

  1309 GJAY, 20-21, FFKL, 142-144.

  1310 JA to Pres. of Cong., Amsterdam, Oct. 15, 1781, RDCW, IV, 776-779.

  1311 GW to Pres. of Cong., Hdqr., Before York, Oct. 16, 1781, GWW, XXIII, 227-229.

  1312 GJAY, 341.

  1313 JA to Benjamin Rush, Dec. 4, 1805, A&R, 44-45.

  1314 JA to Benjamin Rush, Jan. 26, 1806, A&R, 47-48.

  1315 RANV, 140-141.

  1316 MJSS, 180-181, PJFR, 394-395.

  1317 GW to Pres. of Cong., Hdqr., Near York, Oct. 19, 1781, GWW, XXIII, 241-243.

  1318 “A Letter to GW …,” TPW, II, 691, 721.