American Aurora

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American Aurora Page 132

by Richard N. Rosenfeld


  see also American Revolution; French and Indian War; French Revolution; War of the French Revolution

  Franchise (ship)

  Franco-American Treaties of Alliance and Amity and Commerce of

  Adams’ view of

  American abrogation of

  and American victories against British

  Britain and

  first proposals (1776)

  Franklin’s pledge to honor

  Louis XVI agreement

  peace envoys and nonrenewal of

  provisions

  ratification

  Franco-American Treaty of Amity and Commerce of

  Franklin, Benjamin

  abolitionism

  Adams and. See Adams (John)—Franklin relationship

  and Albany Plan

  and American Philosophical Society

  and Articles of Confederation

  autobiography

  and British commerce treaty commission

  British hatred of

  and “Ca Ira” statement

  celebrity in France

  as colonial agent to Britain

  on common cold

  condemned as deist

  death and funeral

  on death penalty

  Duane’s admiration for

  egalitarianism of

  “electrical conductor” symbolism

  on enfeebling illness

  epitaph

  on equal rights

  on ethnic diversity

  family, (see also Bache headings)

  on family’s importance

  as father of American liberty

  as father of French Constitution of

  on Federal Constitution adoption

  and Federal Constitutional Convention

  on Federal Constitution provisions

  Federalist press attacks on

  on free thought

  French adulation of

  on French alliance importance

  on French Assembly of Notables convening

  French friendships

  French mourning of

  on French Revolution

  and grandson. See Bache, Benjamin Franklin

  health problems

  historical impact of

  on human rights

  on impartial press, xiii

  Jefferson’s admiration for

  “ladies’ man” reputation

  Latin epigram honoring

  legacy of

  Logan relationship

  mob vandalism of statue of

  Paine relationship

  as Pennsylvania Assembly president

  and Pennsylvania Constitution

  Pennsylvania Gazette co-ownership

  on people as source of governmental power

  persona of

  Poor Richard’s Almanacks

  “Poor Richard” sobriquet

  return to America (1785)

  “rising sun” quote

  scientific studies

  Society for Political Enquiries

  on spread of liberty

  toasts to

  Voltaire encounter

  Washington and

  on Washington’s hereditary society

  see also under executive power; unicameralism

  Franklin, Benjamin (American Revolutionary era)

  British negotiations

  commission to France

  and Declaration of Independence

  foreign aid campaigns

  French aid solicitations

  and French-British war

  on French household

  French treaty achievement

  letter flattering Washington

  meeting with Howe

  Franklin, Deborah Read (BF’s wife)

  Franklin, “Frank” (BF’s son)

  Franklin, Sarah (BF’s daughter). See Bache, Sarah Franklin

  Franklin, William Temple (BFB’s cousin)

  freedoms. See Bill of Rights; specific freedoms

  Freemasons

  French Academy of Sciences

  French and Indian War

  French Assembly of Notables

  French Constituent Assembly

  French Directory. See Directory, French

  French emigrés

  American Revolution and

  forced return to France (1798)

  Philadelphia mob threats to

  French Legislative Assembly

  French National Assembly

  French National Convention

  French Revolution

  abolishment of titles

  Adams’ view of

  American reactions to

  American Revolution and

  Aurora’s support for

  Bastille seizure

  “$CLa Ira” song

  Constituent Assembly measures

  Declaration of the Rights of Man

  Duane history of

  events leading to

  execution of Louis XVI

  fears inspired by

  Federalist attacks on sympathizers

  Federalist press on failure of

  first days of

  Franklin as inspiration for

  Franklin on

  Jefferson and

  Lafayette command

  La Rochefoucauld on

  mob violence

  Paine and

  “Publicola” criticism of

  Reign of Terror

  tricolor cockade

  see also War of the French Revolution

  Fries, John

  conviction

  death penalty

  presidential reprieve

  Fries’ Rebellion

  Frothingham, David

  Gabriel (slave)

  Gage, Thomas

  Gallagher, James, Jr.

  Gallatin, Albert

  Cobbett’s mockery of

  as House Republican leader

  as object of Alien and Sedition Act

  opposition to Alien and Sedition Acts

  opposition to provisional army

  on publication of Alien and Sedition Acts

  and Reading (Pa.) reception

  and war buildup movement

  Ganges (ship)

  Gano, Samuel

  Garrigues, Edward

  Gates, Horatio

  as Board of War president

  Burgoyne surrender to

  Camden defeat

  Northern Army command

  and Southern Army

  Washington and

  Gazette of the United States

  as anti-immigrant

  as anti-Semitic

  continuance of

  continuance of publication

  “Discourses on Davila” articles

  Fenno death and successor

  Fenno (Jack Ward) control relinquishment

  Fenno (Jack Ward) farewell editorial

  Fenno (Jack Ward) on sale of

  first issue

  front page

  incendiary song on Bache and Franklin

  “Publicola” articles

  as quasi-official Federalist newspaper

  sale offer

  warning to women in politics

  Wayne ownership

  see also Fenno, John; Fenno, John Ward; Wayne, Caleb Barry

  Geddes, Henry

  General Greene (ship)

  Genět, Edmond

  George (ship)

  George III, king of Great Britain

  Adams presented to

  and American peace negotiations

  British right to criticize

  Cobbett’s support for

  colonial grievances petition

  and war to crush French Revolution

  Gérard de Rayvenal, Conrad-Alexandre

  and American-British peace negotiations

  on American pro-British faction

  Germain, George

  German immigrants

  as Democratic-Republicans

  and Fries’ rebellion


  and gubernatorial election

  Germantown, Battle of

  Gerry, Elbridge

  Gifford, John

  Giles, William B.

  Gordon, Robert

  Gordon, William

  Gossin, Jacob

  Grand Jurors (Pa.)

  Grasse, François Joseph, Comte de

  Graves, Thomas

  Great Britain

  Adams as first ambassador to. See Adams, John

  Adams’ sympathies with

  American colonial policies

  American commerce treaty commission

  charged with influencing American politics

  charged with influencing American press

  and Franco-American Treaty of Amity and Commerce

  Franklin Autobiography suppressed in

  on Franklin as father of American independence

  freedom of speech provision

  impressment

  Irish and Scottish emigrants

  and Jay Treaty

  mercantilism

  Paine conviction in absentia

  War of

  Washington favoring

  see also American Revolution; French and Indian War; Irish Revolt; privateering; War of the French Revolution

  Great Britain (governmental structure)

  Adams’ praise for

  bicameral legislature

  Federalist press championship of

  Franklin’s criticism of

  Hamilton’s praise for

  Paine’s criticism of

  see also Constitution, British

  Green, Ashbel

  Greene, Nathanael

  Greenleaf, Ann

  Greenleaf, Thomas

  Gregg, Andrew

  Grenadiers

  Griffiths, Elijah

  Griffitts, Samuel P.

  Griswold, Roger

  Guilford Courthouse, Battle of

  “Hail Columbia” (song)

  Hamilton, Alexander

  on Adams

  adultery confession

  on aliens as threat

  and army

  on Aurora

  Callender’s exposés of

  Federalist papers and

  Federalist press defense of

  and French war buildup

  on Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions

  libel prosecution of Argus

  as monarchist

  and New York election results

  and treasury certificate irregularities

  and War Office fire

  and Washington’s Farewell Address

  and Washington’s military command

  Wolcott correspondence

  and XYZ affair

  Hamilton, Betsy

  Hamilton, James

  Hancock, John

  Harper, Robert Goodloe

  Harrison, Carter B.

  Harrison, Richard

  Harrison, Robert

  Hartley, David

  Harvard College

  Haswell, Anthony

  Heath, John

  Heister, John

  Heister, John, Jr.

  Henry, Judge

  Henry, Patrick

  hereditary offices

  Adams on

  Franklin opposition

  French Revolution abolishment

  Hamilton on

  Jay on

  Jefferson opposition

  Paine opposition

  Washington’s Society of Cincinnati and

  see also monarchism

  Heron, Lankford

  Hewson, Elizabeth (“Liz”)

  Hewson, Mary (“Polly”)

  Hibernian Society

  Highlander (ship)

  “His Rotundity.” See Adams, John

  History of France with the History of the Revolution to the close of 1796 (Gifford and Duane)

  History of General Washington by Mr. Scott

  History of the Life and Death, Virtues and Exploits of General George Washington, A (Weems)

  History of the United States for 1796 (Callender)

  Hobarton, Judge

  Hoffman, Josiah O.

  Holt, Charles

  Hood, Sir Samuel

  Hopkinson, Joseph

  Adams’ federal post for

  “Hail Columbia” anthem

  as seditious libel trial prosecutor

  Horsefield, Joseph

  Hortalez, Roderique

  House of Commons, British

  monarch’s inability to reverse acts of

  House of Lords, British

  House of Representatives, Massachusetts

  House of Representatives, U.S.

  and Adams’ envoys to France

  adjournment

  chambers described

  Committee of Privileges

  and declaration of war

  Federalist majority

  floor attack on Aurora

  floor fracas

  members’ terms of office

  memorials against arming merchant ships

  mourning badge for Franklin’s death

  and naturalization of foreigners

  and Navy Department

  Otis’ “Wild Irish” speech

  petitions against standing armies

  and Quaker peace petition

  on relations with France

  as republican government form

  Republican members abandonment of

  Republican members remaining in

  on seditious practices

  and Senate bill for deciding disputed presidential elections

  Speaker’s powers

  Speaker’s press censorship

  and war buildup

  see also Alien and Sedition Acts; congressional—presidential relations

  Howard, John

  Howe, Richard

  Howe, William

  on importance of French aid to Americans

  and Philadelphia campaign

  resignation

  human rights

  Jefferson vs. Adams on source of

  Pennsylvania state declaration of

  Humbert, Joseph Amable

  Humphreys, Abel

  Humphreys, Clement (son)

  and physical assault on Bache

  as presidential dispatch-carrier to France

  Humphreys, Joshua (father)

  Humphreys shipyard

  Huntington, Samuel

  immigrants

  Adams on superiority of English ancestry

  as affecting Pennsylvania gubernatorial contest

  and extradition moves

  Federalist hostility toward

  Franklin on ethnic diversity benefits

  as internal security threat

  naturalization requirements stiffened

  proposed antinaturalization laws

  universal male suffrage and

  see also Alien and Sedition Acts; specific nationalities

  impressment

  independence, American

  Adams (Abigail) qualms

  Adams’ moves toward

  as central to British peace treaty

  Paine as catalyst

  peace treaty recognition of

  resolution declaring

  Washington on

  Independence Day (July 4)

  1798 observances

  1799 observances

  1800 observances

  indirect elections

  arguments for

  see also Electoral College; Senate

  Insurgent (ship)

  insurrection

  federal court definition of

  see also Fries’ Rebellion; Irish Revolt; Shays’ Rebellion; slave rebellion

  Irdell, James

  Irish immigrants

  as Alien Act target

  as American army mercenaries

  Aurora address thanking

  Federalist press attacks on

  Franklin on numbers of

  and Pennsylvania gubernatorial contest

  p
etition against Alien and Sedition Acts

  public sentiment against

  St. Patrick’s Day celebrations

  see also Tammany Society; United Irishmen

  Irish Revolt

  American Revolution compared with

  Cornwallis and

  Federalist press on

  French aid

  Tone court martial

  treatment of defeated insurgents

  Israel, Israel

  Izard, Ralph

  Jackson, Andrew

  Jaloux (ship)

  Jay, John

  on Adams’ view of constitutions

  and American Revolution

  on bicameralism

  and British commerce treaty commission

  and Federalist papers

  as foreign affairs secretary

  rejection of Hamilton New York electors plan

  Jay Treaty (1795)

  Aurora’s “scoop” publication

  French grievances and

  Paine on problems with

  provisions

  Republican opponents

  Washington’s signing of

  Jefferson, Thomas

  and American Philosophical Society

  as Aurora supporter

  Bache relationship

  called “atheist,”

  called “deist,”

  and Callender’s History of the United States

  cowardice indications

  on Franklin’s accomplishments

  on Franklin’s characterization of Adams

  on Franklin’s death

  Mazzei correspondence

  as object of slander

  on Paine’s Rights of Man

  as “politically cold and reserved,”

  “reign of witches” statement

  and slave emancipation

  toasts to

  as “unpretentious,”

  writing skill

  Jefferson, Thomas (as ambassador to France)

  on eruption of French Revolution

  on French debt

  and French Rights of Man declaration

  Jefferson, Thomas (American Revolutionary era)

  on British burning of Richmond

  as British commerce treaty commissioner

  and British peace commission

  as Continental Congress delegate

  Declaration of Independence

  as governor of Virginia

  refusals to cross Atlantic

  Jefferson, Thomas (political views)

  on American republicanism’s ultimate triumph

  on bill of rights necessity

  on church-state separation

  on constitutional misinterpretation

  on Federalist moves toward monarchism

  on freedom of thought and press

  on inefficiency of constitutional guards

  on line separating Adams’ and Hamilton’s outlook on government

  on meaning of republican government

  on presidential titles

  on religious freedom

  on return to true principles

  statement of

  on unicameralism

  on universal suffrage

  Jefferson, Thomas (as President)

  election celebrations

  Inaugural Address

  Louisiana Purchase

  meeting with Adams

  Paine and Duane as associates

  republican principles

  Sedition Act nullification/pardons

  two-term administration

 

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