by Peter Watson
39. Ibid., page II 20.
40. Ibid., page III 15.
41. Ibid., page IX 161ff.
42. Ibid., page II 20.
43. Fatma Müge Göçek, East Encounters West: France and the Ottoman Empire in the Eighteenth Century, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987, page 25.
44. Ibid., page 58.
45. Lewis, Op. cit., page 25.
46. See, for example: Gulfishan Khan, Indian Muslim Perceptions of the West During the Eighteenth Century, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988; and: Michael Fischer, Counterflows to Colonialism: Indian Travellers and Settlers in Britain 1600–1857, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.
47. ‘A Turkish book on the New World was written in the late sixteenth century, and was apparently based on information from European sources–oral rather than written. It describes the flora, fauna and inhabitants of the New World and expresses the hope that this blessed land would in due course be illuminated by the light of Islam. This book also remained unknown until it was printed in Istanbul in 1729…Knowledge was something to be acquired, stored, if necessary bought, rather than grown or developed.’ Lewis, Op. cit., pages 37–39.
48. Ibid., page 46.
49. Ibid., page 47.
50. Ibid., page 66.
51. It would change: see Hourani, Op. cit., pages 303ff, and Chapter 35 of this book.
52. Lewis, Op. cit., page 79.
53. Hourani, Op. cit., page 261, for changing patterns of trade.
54. Lewis, Op. cit., page 158.
55. O’Malley et al. (editors), Op. cit., pages 241ff.
56. Moynahan, Op. cit., page 557, for the trial of Roberto de Nobili, who dressed as a Brahman ascetic.
57. Raymond Schwab, The Oriental Renaissance: Europe’s Rediscovery of India and the East, 1680–1880, New York: Columbia University Press, 1984, page 11.
58. Ibid., page 7.
59. Abraham Hyacinthe Anquetil-Duperron, translation of Zenda Avesta: Ouvrage de Zoroastre, Paris, 1771.
60. Ibid., page xii.
61. Patrick Turnbull, Warren Hastings, London: New English Library, 1975, pages 199ff.
62. Schwab, Op. cit., page 35.
63. Lesley and Roy Adkins, The Keys of Egypt, New York: HarperCollins, 2000, pages 180–181, which reproduces the actual hieroglyphics that Champollion worked on in his breakthrough.
64. Schwab, Op. cit., page 86.
65. Ibid., page 41 and ref.
66. Ibid., page 21. On the wisdom of the Indians, see the translation by E. J. Millington of The Aesthetic and Miscellaneous Works of Friedrich von Schlegel, London, 1849.
67. Schwab, Op. cit., page 21.
68. Ibid., page 218.
69. H. G. Rawlinson, ‘India in European literature and thought’, in G. T. Garratt, The Legacy of India, Oxford: The Clarendon Press of Oxford University Press, 1937, pages 35–36.
70. Ibid., pages 171ff.
71. Robert T. Clark Jr, Herder: His Life and Thought, Berkeley, University of California Press, 1955, page 362f.
72. Schwab, Op. cit., page 59.
73. M. Von Hersfeld and C. MelvilSym, translators, Letters from Goethe, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1957, page 316.
74. Alphonse de Lamartine, Cours familier de litérature, Paris: privately printed, 1856, volume 3, page 338.
75. Schwab, Op. cit., page 161.
76. Ibid., page 177.
77. Ibid., page 179.
78. Paul R. Sweet, Wilhelm von Humboldt, Cincinnati: Ohio State University Press, volume 2, 1980, pages 398ff, which shows that Humboldt was just as interested in (American) Indian languages as in Sanskrit.
79. Schwab, Op. cit., page 181.
80. Ibid., page 217.
81. Ibid., page 250.
82. Marc Citoleux, Alfred de Vigny, persistences classiques et affinités étrangères, Paris: Champion, 1924, page 321.
83. Schwab, Op. cit., page 468.
84. Clark Jr, Op. cit., pages 130ff.
85. Schwab, Op. cit., pages 273ff.
86. Ibid., page 217. Friedrich Wilhelm Schelling, Philosophie der Mythologies, Munich: C. H. Beck, 1842/1943.
87. Schwab, Op. cit., page 201.
88. Ibid., page 211.
89. Non-German-speaking readers should consult: Franz Bopp, A Comparative Grammar of the Sanskrit, Zend, Greek, Latin, Lithuanian, Gothic, German and Slavonic Languages. Translated from the German by Lieutenant Eastwick, conducted through the press by H. H. Wilson. Three volumes, London: Madden and Malcolm, 1845–1853.
90. Schwab, Op. cit., page 213.
91. Ibid., page 220.
92. Ibid., page 219.
93. Rüdiger Safranski, Schopenhauer, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1989, page 63.
94. Schwab, Op. cit., page 427.
95. Ibid.
96. Arthur Schopenhauer, The World As Will and Idea (translated by R. B. Haldane and J. Kemp), London: Trübner, three volumes, 1883–1886, volume 3, page 281.
97. Schwab, Op. cit., page 359.
98. Ibid., page 357.
99. Ibid., page 361.
100. Ibid.
101. Joanna Richardson, Victor Hugo, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1976, pages 217ff.
102. Schwab, Op. cit., page 373.
103. Ibid., page 417.
104. Referred to in: Émile Carcassone, ‘Leconte de Lisle et la philosophie indienne’, Revue de litérature comparée, volume 11, 1931, pages 618–646.
105. Schwab, Op cit., page 431.
106. Michael D. Biddiss, The Father of Racist Ideology, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1970, pages 175–176.
107. Schwab, Op. cit., page 438.
108. Richard Wagner, My Life, two volumes, New York: Dodds Mead, 1911, volume 2, page 638. Schwab has a whole chapter on Wagner’s Buddhism.
109. He also said that he ‘hated’ America. It was ‘a horrible nightmare’. Wilhelm Altman (editor and selector), Letters of Richard Wagner, London: Dent, 1927, volume 1, page 293.
110. Schwab, Op. cit., page 441.
111. Judith Gautier, Auprès de Richard Wagner, Paris: Mercure de France, 1943, page 229.
CHAPTER 30: THE GREAT REVERSAL OF VALUES–ROMANTICISM
1. Harold C. Schonberg, Lives of the Composers, London: Davis-Poynter/Macdonald Futura, 1970/1980, page 124.
2. See David Cairns, Berlioz, London: Allen Lane The Penguin Press, 1999, pages 263–278, passim, for Berlioz’s friendship with Hiller.
3. Schonberg, Op. cit., page 126.
4. Menuhin and Davis, The Music of Man, Op. cit., page 163.
5. Schonberg, Op. cit., page 126.
6. Jacques Barzun, Classical, Romantic, Modern, London: Secker & Warburg, 1962, page 5.
7. Schonberg, Op. cit., page 124.
8. Berlin, The Sense of Reality, London: Chatto & Windus, 1996. page 168.
9. Ibid., page 168.
10. Ibid., pages 168–169.
11. Ibid., page 168.
12. Ibid., page 169.
13. See Howard Mumford Jones, Revolution and Romanticism, Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1974, page 368, for German nationalism in response to Napoleon. And see Gerald N. Izenberg, Impossible Individuality: Romanticism, Revolution and the Origins of Modern Selfhood, 1787–1802, Princeton, New Jersey, and London: Princeton University Press, 1992, pages 45–47 and 94 for the Berlin salons.
14. Berlin, Op. cit., page 170.
15. Ibid., page 171.
16. Ibid.
17. Ibid., page 173.
18. Ibid., page 175.
19. See Israel, Radical Enlightenment, Op. cit., page 668, for a view that Vico was a philosophical opponent of naturalism.
20. Ibid.
21. Ibid., page 666.
22. Ibid., pages 665 and 344.
23. Ibid., page 344.
24. Mumford Jones, Op. cit., page 242; see also Hawthorn, Enlightenment and Despair, Op. cit., pages 32–33.
25. Roger Smith, Op. cit., page 337.
26. Berlin, Op. cit., pa
ge 176.
27. Mumford Jones, Op. cit., page 229.
28. Berlin, Op. cit., page 178.
29. Ibid., page 179.
30. Barzun, Op. cit., pages 135ff, for a discussion of the development of ideas about the will.
31. Berlin, Op. cit., page 179.
32. Hauser, A Social History of Art, Op. cit., volume 3, page 174.
33. Roger Smith, Op. cit., pages 346–347.
34. Mumford Jones, Op. cit., page 66.
35. Ibid.
36. Roger Smith, Op. cit., page 347.
37. As Ortega y Gasset was to say later: ‘Man has no nature, what he has is his history.’ Ortega y Gasset, ‘History as a system’, in Philosophy and History, Essays Presented to Ernst Cassirer, edited by R. Klibonsky and J. H. Paton, 1936, page 313.
38. Mumford Jones, Op. cit., page 100.
39. Ibid.
40. Roger Smith, Op. cit., page 350.
41. Berlin, Op. cit., page 179.
42. Mumford Jones, Op. cit., page 242, says that Fichte’s idea of the will may have been an early conception of the superego.
43. Berlin, Op. cit., page 180.
44. Ibid., pages 181–182; see also Hawthorn, Op. cit., pages 238–239.
45. Berlin, Op. cit., pages 182–183.
46. Ibid., page 183.
47. Mumford Jones, in his chapter on the romantic genius, Op. cit., page 274, says that it was part of the theory that one best helped society by realising oneself as completely as possible.
48. Berlin, Op. cit., pages 185–186.
49. Ibid., page 187.
50. Despite the nationalism of the Germans, romantics felt that heroes of other cultures might be nearer the ‘invisible nature’ that man shares with the creator. Mumford Jones, Op. cit., page 279.
51. Berlin, Op. cit., page 188.
52. Chapter XII of Mumford Jones’ Revolution and Romanticism, Op. cit., is entitled ‘The Romantic rebels’.
53. Hauser, Op. cit., page 166.
54. Roger Smith, Op. cit., page 346.
55. Mumford Jones, Op. cit., page 274.
56. Hauser, Op. cit., page 192.
57. Ibid., page 188.
58. Ibid., page 208.
59. Izenberg, Op. cit., pages 142–143.
60. Ibid., page 144.
61. The phrase is Hauser’s, Op. cit., page 210.
62. Mumford Jones, Op. cit., page 288.
63. Hauser, Op. cit., page 212.
64. Ibid., pages 213–214.
65. Ibid., page 216.
66. Ibid., page 181.
67. In his discussion ‘Two concepts of individuality’, Gerald Izenberg explores the romantics’ view of the differences between males and females. Op. cit., pages 18–53.
68. For poetry as purification see Nicholas Boyle, Goethe: the Poet and the Age, volume 1, The Poetry of Desire, Oxford: The Clarendon Press of Oxford University Press, 1991, pages 329–331.
69. Mumford Jones discusses aspects of this. Op. cit., page 264.
70. Ibid., page 394.
71. Schonberg, Op. cit., page 83.
72. Ibid.
73. See, for example, Alfred Einstein, A Short History of Music, London: Cassell, 1953, page 143.
74. Schonberg, Op. cit., page 86.
75. The Eroica was originally dedicated to Napoleon but, according to legend, Beethoven changed his mind after Bonaparte proclaimed himself emperor. George R. Marek, Beethoven, London: William Kimber, 1970, page 343.
76. Schonberg, Op. cit., page 89.
77. Einstein, Op. cit., page 146. Marek, Op. cit., page 344.
78. Mumford Jones, Op. cit., page 293.
79. Schonberg, Op. cit., pages 93–94.
80. Mumford Jones, Op. cit., page 394.
81. Einstein, Op. cit., page 152.
82. Ibid.
83. Ibid., page 154.
84. Schonberg, Op. cit., page 98.
85. Ibid., page 109.
86. Barzun, Op. cit., pages 545–546. See also: Baines (editor), Musical Instruments Through the Ages, Op. cit., page 260, for the development of the saxophone.
87. Menuhin and Davis, Op. cit., page 165; Mumford Jones, Op. cit., page 391; and see Baines (editor), Op. cit., pages 124–125, for Paganini and the final evolutionary details about the violin; and page 91 for the differences between English and German (Viennese) pianos.
88. It was said he achieved such excellence because he had sold himself to the devil (he had a cadaverous appearance). He never sought to deny this charge. Menuhin and Davis, Op. cit., page 165; and Mumford Jones, Op. cit., page 410.
89. Schonberg, Op. cit., page 110.
90. Edward Dent says that romanticism was established by the time Weber appeared on the scene. Winton Dean (editor), The Rise of Romantic Opera, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1976, page 145.
91. Schonberg, Op. cit., page 112.
92. Einstein, Op. cit., page 152.
93. Schonberg, Op. cit., page 119.
94. Mumford Jones, Op. cit., page 410.
95. Einstein, Op. cit., page 176.
96. Mumford Jones, Op. cit., page 410.
97. Cairns, Op. cit., volume 2, page 1.
98. Mumford Jones, Op. cit., page 375.
99. Menuhin and Davis, Op. cit., page 178.
100. Jeremy Siepmann, Chopin: The Reluctant Romantic, London: Gollancz, 1995, pages 132–138, passim.
101. Ibid., page 103. Schonberg, Op. cit., page 153.
102. Menuhin and Davis, Op. cit., page 180.
103. Einstein, Op. cit., page 199.
104. Eleanor Perényi, Liszt, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1974, page 56. See also Baines (editor), Op. cit., page 100.
105. Menuhin and Davis, Op. cit., page 165.
106. Though Alfred Einstein reminds us that Liszt rescued the music of the Catholic church in the nineteenth century. Op. cit., page 180.
107. Ibid.
108. Perényi, Op. cit., page 11.
109. Einstein, Op. cit., pages 158 and 178.
110. Ibid., page 179.
111. Ibid., page 158.
112. Ibid., page 160.
113. Schonberg, Op. cit., page 183.
114. Ibid., page 214.
115. Menuhin and Davis, Op. cit., page 187.
116. Mumford Jones, Op. cit., page 325n; and Menuhin and Davis, Op. cit., pages 187–188.
117. Charles Osborne (selector, translator and editor), The Letters of G. Verdi, London: Gollancz, 1971, page 596.
118. Mumford Jones, Op. cit., page 216.
119. Einstein. Op. cit., page 172.
120. Mary-Jane Phillips-Matz, Verdi, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993, page 204.
121. Ibid., page 715.
122. Einstein, Op. cit., page 185.
123. Schonberg, Op. cit., page 230 and ref.
124. Ibid., page 232.
125. Einstein, Op. cit., page 185.
126. Ibid., page 187; but see also: Nike Wagner, The Wagners, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2000, page 25, for ‘the Tannhäuser problem’.
127. The Nibelungenlied (new translation by A. T. Hatto), London: Penguin Books, 1965.
128. Einstein, Op. cit., page 188.
129. Schonberg, Op. cit., page 239.
130. John Louis Di Gaetani, Penetrating Wagner’s Ring, New York and London: Associated Universities Press, 1978, pages 206–207, for his views about the Rhine, for example.
131. Einstein, Op. cit., page 190; and see Baines (editor), Op. cit., pages 258–259, for some of the new instruments available at Bayreuth.
132. Schonberg, Op. cit., page 244.
