An Indigenous Peoples' History of the United States

by Roxanne Dunbar-Ortiz

  14. Wilkinson, “Afterword,” 468–69.

  15. For the history of the establishment of Mount Rushmore as a national monument in the illegally taken Black Hills, see Larner, Mount Rushmore; and Taliaferro, Great White Fathers. For a history of the American Indian Movement, see Smith and Warrior, Like a Hurricane; and Wittstock and Bancroft, We Are Still Here. See also AIM-WEST, http://aimwest.info/ (accessed October 3, 2013). On the International Indian Treaty Council, see Dunbar-Ortiz, Indians of the Americas; Dunbar-Ortiz, Blood on the Border; and the IITC website, http://www.treatycouncil.org/ (accessed October 3, 2013).

  16. “For Great Sioux Nation, Black Hills Can’t Be Bought for $1.3 Billion,” PBS NewsHour, August 24, 2011, video and transcript at http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/social_issues/july-dec11/blackhills_08-24.html (accessed October 3, 2013).

  17. See Dunbar-Ortiz, Economic Development in American Indian Reservations.

  18. See Harvard Project on American Indian Economic Development, State of the Native Nations.

  19. See Light and Rand, Indian Gaming and Tribal Sovereignty.

  20. Hedges, Days of Destruction, Days of Revolt, 1–58.

  21. Vine Deloria Jr. speaking in PBS Frontline documentary In the Spirit of Crazy Horse (1990).

  22. Lurie, “World’s Oldest On-Going Protest Demonstration.”

  23. Poverty and class analysis can be accomplished without obliterating the particular effects of colonialism, as Alyosha Goldstein brilliantly demonstrated in Poverty in Common, with a chapter titled “On the Internal Border: Colonial Difference and the Locations of Underdevelopment,” in which he treats Native nations and Puerto Rico with reference to sovereignty status and collective experiences of colonialism in addition to capitalism. Goldstein, Poverty in Common, 77–110.

  24. For an excellent summary of testimonies, see Smith, “Forever Changed,” 57–82.

  25. From Embree, Indians of the Americas, quoted in Nabokov, Native American Testimony, 222.

  26. See McBeth, Ethnic Identity and the Boarding School Experience, 105. See also Broker, Night Flying Woman, 93–94.

  27. Yvonne Leif, All Things Considered, National Public Radio, October 14, 1991.

  28. Roger Buffalohead, All Things Considered, National Public Radio, October 14, 1991.

  29. Haig-Brown, Resistance and Renewal, 75.

  30. Knockwood, Out of the Depths, 138.

  31. Alfred, Peace, Power, and Righteousness, xii.

  32. Smith, “Native American Feminism, Sovereignty and Social Change,” 132; Smith, Conquest. See also Erdrich, The Round House. In this 2012 National Book Award winner for fiction, Erdrich, who is Anishinaabe from North Dakota, writes of the circumstances on reservations that allow for extreme sexual violence.

  33. Amnesty International USA, Maze of Injustice.

  34. Wilkins, “Sovereignty, Democracy, Constitution,” 7.

  35. Dennison, Colonial Entanglement, 197.

  36. Vizenor and Doerfler, White Earth Nation, 63.

  37. Ibid., 11.

  CONCLUSION: THE FUTURE OF THE UNITED STATES

  Epigraph: Byrd, Transit of Empire, 122–23.

  1. For a magisterial study, see Slotkin, Gunfighter Nation.

  2. Kaplan, Imperial Grunts.

  3. Grenier, First Way of War, 10.

  4. Kaplan, Imperial Grunts, 3–5.

  5. Ibid., 6.

  6. Ibid., 8, 10.

  7. Ibid., 10.

  8. Ibid., 7–8.

  9. Hoxie, Encyclopedia of North American Indians, 319.

  10. Byrd, Transit of Empire, 226–28.

  11. Agamben, Homo Sacer.

  12. Byrd, Transit of Empire, 226–27.

  13. The Modoc Indian Prisoners, 14 Op. Att’y Gen. 252 (1873), quoted in John C. Yoo, Memorandum for William J. Haynes II, General Counsel of the Department of Defense, March 14, 2003, p. 7. Quoted in Byrd, Transit of Empire, 227.

  14. Byrd, Transit of Empire, 227.

  15. Vine, Island of Shame, 2.

  16. Kissinger quoted in ibid., 15.

  17. Ibid., 15–16.

  18. LaDuke, Militarization of Indian Country, xvi.

  19. Interview with Cynthia Enloe, “Militarization, Feminism, and the International Politics of Banana Boats,” Theory Talk, no. 48, May 22, 2012, http://www.theory-talks.org/2012/05/theory-talk-48.html (accessed October 4, 2013). See also Enloe, Bananas, Beaches and Bases.

  20. Grenier, First Way of War, 222.

  21. Price, Weaponizing Anthropology, 1, 11.

  22. Stone and Kuznick, Untold History of the United States, xii; The Untold History of the United States, TV series, Showtime, 2012. An interesting aside to the question of lack of national health care is that only two sectors of US society actually have national health care, with no private insurer participating: war veterans and Native Americans.

  23. Byrd, Transit of Empire, xii–xiv.

  24. Ibid., 123; Cook-Lynn, New Indians, Old Wars, 204.

  25. Razack, Dark Threats and White Knights, 10.

  26. For understanding the limitations of these initiatives regarding Indigenous self-determination, see Forbes, Native Americans and Nixon.

  27. Hardt and Negri, Commonwealth; the first two volumes in their trilogy are Empire (2000) and Multitude (2005). Other writers calling for a “commons” include, most notably, Linebaugh, Magna Carta Manifesto, and theorists associated with the Midnight Notes Collective and the Retort Collective.

  28. Sharma and Wright, “Decolonizing Resistance, Challenging Colonial States.”

  29. Lorraine Le Camp, unpublished paper, 1998, quoted in Bonita Lawrence and Enaskshi Dua, Social Justice 32, no. 4 (2005): 132.

  30. Cook-Lynn, Why I Can’t Read Wallace Stegner and Other Essays, 88.

  31. Byrd, Transit of Empire, 205.

  32. Johansen, Debating Democracy, 275.

  33. See McKeown, In the Smaller Scope of Conscience.

  34. Thomas, Skull Wars, 88.

  35. Erik Davis, “Bodies Politic: Fetishization, Identity, and the Indigenous Dead,” unpublished paper, 2010.

  36. Asutru Folk Assembly statement, quoted in Downey, Riddle of the Bones, xxii.

  37. Ibid., 11.

  38. Davis, “Bodies Politic.”

  39. Silverberg, Mound Builders of Ancient America, 57.

  40. Gómez-Quiñones, Indigenous Quotient, 13.

  41. Ortiz, from Sand Creek, 86.

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