Cleopatra the Great

by Joann Fletcher

  Wilson, P. 1997, ‘Slaughtering the Crocodile at Edfu and Dendera’, The Temple in Ancient Egypt: New Discoveries and Recent Research, (ed. S.Quirke S.), London pp.179-203

  Witt, R.E. 1970, ‘The Egyptian Cults in Macedonia’, Ancient Macedonia: papers read at the first international symposium held in Thessaloniki, 26-29 August 1968 (ed.) Laourdas, B. and Makaronas, C.J.), Thessalonica (Institute for Balkan Studies), pp. 324-33

  Witt, R.E. 1971, Isis in the Ancient World, Baltimore (Johns Hopkins University Press)

  Wyke, M. (ed.) 1997, ‘Gender and the Body in Mediterranean Antiquity’, Gender and History Vol.9 (3), Oxford (Blackwell)

  Wyke, M. 2002, The Roman Mistress: Ancient and Modern Representations, Oxford (OUP)

  Wynne-Thomas, J. 1979, Proud-voiced Macedonia, London (Springwood)

  Zabkar, L.V. 1963, ‘Herodotus and the Egyptian Idea of Immortality’, Journal of Near Eastern Studies, 22 (1), pp.57-63

  Zahran, Y. 2003, Zenobia between Reality and Legend, BAR International Series 1169, Oxford (Archaeopress)

  Zias, J., Stark, H., Seligman J., Levy, R., Werker, E., Breuer, A. and Mechoulam, R. 1993, ‘Early Medical Use of Cannabis’, Nature 363, p.215

  Acknowledgements

  Of the many, many people who have provided help, information and support over the years has taken to create this book, I’d particularly like to thank David Beaumont & family; Ints Birzkops; Juliet Brightmore; Rita Britton; Prof. Don Brothwell; Dr. Stephen Buckley; Christine Carruthers; Julie and Adam Chalkley; Prof. Matthew Collins; Dr. Vanessa Corby; James Stevens Cox; Sian Edwards Davies; Dr. David Depraetere; Dr. David Dixon; Nicola Doherty; Mel Dyke; Elaine Edgar; Prof. Earl Ertman; Ceryl Evans; Janice Eyres; Prof. Mahmoud Ezzamel; Vanessa Fell; Alan Fildes and family; Michael Fletcher; Dr. Diane France; Pam and Barry Gidney; Marilyn Griffiths; Lynn & Barry Harper; Dr. Bernard Hephrun; Andrea Hirst-Gee; Kerry Hood; Dr. David Howard; Teresa Hull; Duncan James; Dr. Paula James; Nicola and Michael Jamieson; Dr John Kane; Prof. Barry Kemp; Mary Kershaw; Dr. Sandra Knudsen; Leight Kroeger; Rupert Lancaster; Shirley Lancaster; Duncan Lees; Jackie Ligo; Mark Lucas; Sarah Lucas; Joan Allgrove McDowell; Joan McMahon; Prof. Herwig Maehler; David Moss; Gillian Mosely; Richard Nelson; Prof. Terry O’Connor; Geoffrey Oates; Delia Pemberton; Michael and Jane Pickering; Jan Picton; Rod Poole; Tim Radford; Magdy el-Rashidy; Dr. Howard Reid; Annie Roddam; Carol Rowbotham; Filippo Salamone; Dr. Kip Sambu; Julia Samson; Emma Sargeant; Dr. Nick Saunders; Dr. Otto Schaden; Ian Scorah; Gillian Scott; Phyl and Gordon Semley; Ali Hassan Sheba and family; Bryan Sitch; Alastair Smith; Penny Smith; Alex Tapia; Angela Thomas; Jean Thompson; ‘Tracey’; David and Carole Walker; Alison Walster; Ros Watson; Rowena Webb; Dr. Andy Wilson; Bob Wilson — but most of all, Garry and Susan, Kate, Stephen, Eleanor and Django!

  Note on Spellings

  In the spelling of names, the original Greek-style ‘Kleopatra’ was amended to the more familiar spelling ‘Cleopatra’, although Eurydice is Eurydike, Calfisthenes is Kalfisthenes, Cassander is Kassandros and Berenice is Berenike etc. Alongside the familiar name Julius Caesar, Mark Antony is referred to as Marcus Antonius and Pompey as Pompeius.

  Index

  The pagination of this electronic edition does not match the edition from which it was created. To locate a specific passage, please use the search feature of your e-book reader.

  Abedju (Abydos) 137-9

  Abu Simbel 15

  Abusir 29

  Achillas 92, 97, 98, 118-19, 172

  Achilles 22, 26, 212

  Acoreus 115, 117-18

  Acre 154

  Acropolis, the 45, 77, 230, 284

  Ada, Queen 26

  Aegae 21, 24-5, 39 Aegyptiaca (Hekataios) 17

  Aeneas, Prince 97, 112

  Aeschylus 81

  Africa 170, 172, 174, 225, 230, 256, 271

  see also North

  Africa Agathoklea 52

  Agathokles 52, 55

  Agrippa, Marcus Vipsanius 255, 271, 273, 277, 290, 297, 331

  Ahenobarbus, Gnaeus Domitius 281, 282, 288-9, 296

  Ahhotep 14, 138

  Akhenaten 83, 91, 136, 138, 257

  Akhmim 136-7

  Aktion (Actium) 287, 290, 295, 296, 327

  Alban Hills 77, 126 alchemy, in relation to Egyptian rites 130-1

  Alemona 155

  Alexander IV 38, 40, 151

  Alexander Helios 257, 263-4, 273, 275-6, 280, 296, 306-7, 333, 335

  Alexander the Great 3, 65, 105, 108, 199, 275, 311, 332, 334, 341

  Alexandria

  Cleopatra’s time in with Caesar 101-22, 129, 135, 153-4

  during Cleopatra and Antonius’ years together 248-72, 274, 279, 286-9, 296, 299-302, 305-11, 312, 321-4, 328, 3302, 340

  during Cleopatra’s early years 2-5, 11, 12-13,

  during time of Alexander and early Ptolemies 33, 40, 41-2, 46-9, 50, 51, 55, 58, 61-2, 65-8, 74-6, 79-82, 84-6, 145

  during time of Caesar 92, 93, 94, 95, 98-9, 156, 158, 163-4, 180, 182, 184, 186, 194, 201, 202, 206, 214, 216-17, 220-1, 227, 228, 235-8

  Alexas 280

  Amarna 14, 104, 136

  Amarna Period 83-4, 136

  Amasis 16, 18

  Ambracia, Bay of 287

  Amenemhat III 134

  Amenhotep (Egyptian sage) 144

  Amenhotep III 14, 143

  Amenophis 5

  Amensis 82

  Amimetobioi, the 244

  Ammonius 195 amulets 93, 140, 149, 157-8, 163, 168, 259, 303-4, 324

  Amun

  Amun-Ra 89, 162, 218-19

  associated with Alexander and Successors 31, 34, 37, 39, 43, 49, 82-3, 144, 145, 258

  associated with Cleopatra 86, 162

  cult of 14, 33, 83-4, 88-9, 90-1, 247

  Amyntas (ruler of Galatia) 262

  Amyntas III 21

  Ananias (Jewish general) 64

  Anaxagoras 17

  Anchoes 132

  Anemho II 50, 51

  Ankhkheperura (Acencheres) 83

  Antigonas 38, 40

  Anti-Macedonian League 24

  Antioch 3, 59, 62, 94, 254, 260, 262, 263, 264, 266, 267, 268, 273, 339, 340

  Antiochos III 53, 55, 56

  Antiochos IV 57-8, 59, 243

  Antiochus VIII (Grypus) 62-3, 64, 65, 79, 256

  Antiochus IX 63, 64, 65

  Antiochus X 65

  Antipatros (general) 26, 27, 38, 40, 42

  Antipatros (minister of Hyrcanus II) 120, 154, 231

  Antirrhodos, island of 244, 299

  Antistius 209, 210

  Antonia (daughter/s of Marcus Antonius) 226, 260, 261, 263, 264, 323, 333

  Antonius, Gaius (brother of Marcus Antonius) 223, 227, 229

  Antonius, Iullus 255, 263, 331, 333

  Antonius, Lucius 231, 254, 255

  Antonius, Marcus

  alliance with Octavian 223, 225-6, 228-9, 230-1, 255-6, 258

  meeting and relationship with Cleopatra 1, 79-80, 235-6, 237, 240-5, 246, 248, 24950, 250-1, 252, 253, 258-9, 263-7

  in relation to Caesar 94, 96, 165, 185, 196-7, 203, 205-6, 207-8, 209, 211-13

  rivalry with Octavian 221-3, 223-5, 231, 254-5, 260-2, 268, 271-4, 276-9

  war against Octavian and death 280-91, 295-300, 305-14, 320, 332, 333

  Antyllus, Marcus Antonius 255, 261, 263, 272, 279-80, 299, 306, 311-12, 331, 333, 334

  Anubis 5, 135, 173, 174, 228, 288, 302

  Apamea 268

  Aphrodite

  Aphrodite-Isis 44, 118, 127, 186, 235, 237-8, 264

  Aphrodite Ourania 136, 338

  Aphrodite-Venus 116, 118, 162, 199, 205, 250

  Aphrodite Zephritis (Lady of Winds) 46, 48

  associated with Successors of Alexander 50, 52, 64

  Cleopatra as 3, 118, 186, 199, 205, 235-6, 237-9, 249, 251, 252, 339

  goddess of 44, 96, 105, 116, 127, 162, 186, 250, 251, 259, 338

  see also Hathor; Venus

  Aphroditopolis 132

  Apis bull 18, 19, 29, 51, 61,
90, 93, 131, 145, 220, 253, 324

  see also Bucchis bull; Mnevis bull; sacred bull;

  Sakkara: Apis rites; Serapis

  Apollo 48, 183, 222, 248, 274, 328

  Apollodorus 101, 103

  Apollonius (medical expert) 81

  Appian (Roman historian) 125

  Appian Way 181, 198, 199

  Apuleius 335

  Arcesilaus 197

  Archelaos I 21

  Archelaos (consort of Berenike IV) 79, 262

  Archelaos Sisinnes 262

  Archelaus of Cappadocia 332

  Archibius (Horemakhbyt) 323

  Aristander 33

  Aristobulus 269

  Aristotle 22-3, 35, 39, 41, 47, 81, 182, 201, 253, 336

  Armenia 270-1, 273, 274, 275, 333

  Arrhidaios, Philip 22, 25, 38, 40

  Arsineion, the 48

  Arsinoe I 21, 23

  Arsinoe II 42-6, 48-9, 54, 80, 82, 86, 87, 104, 128, 151, 163, 216

  Arsinoe III 52, 53, 54, 67, 125

  Arsinoe IV 73, 76, 80, 113, 114, 115, 119, 1534, 172, 214, 215, 227, 232, 241, 300

  Art of Love (Ovid)

  Artakama 42

  Artavasdes, of Armenia 270-1, 273, 296, 333

  Artemidorus 209

  Artemis 26, 78, 97, 102, 127, 155, 183, 231, 241

  Asia Minor 3, 12, 14,18, 24, 26, 28, 38, 77, 102, 117, 173, 227, 230, 254, 260, 262, 289, 339, 340

  Asia Minor, fall of to Rome 12

  Askalon 96, 238

  Askelon 267

  Asklepios 41, 64, 186

  astrology 81, 258

  Aswan 33, 51, 150, 325, 327

  Athena 26, 230, 260, 264, 279, 287, 328

  see also Minerva Athenaeus of Naukrati 117

  Athens

  Cleopatra in 3, 77, 260, 264, 284, 287, 297

  Marcus Antonius in 90, 230, 242, 255, 260, 264, 266, 272, 284, 286-7, 297

  in relation to Juba II 338, 339

  in time of Alexander and early Ptolemies 18, 19, 21, 24, 25, 26, 45, 66, 117

  Athribis 65, 136

  Atticus 195

  Auletes (Ptolemy XII)

  Cleopatra’s journey to Rome with 95, 108, 133, 180, 181-2, 263, 274

  last will and testament of 99, 113, 121

  memorials to 137, 147, 152, 166, 219, 244

  reign of 68-9, 73-86, 96, 106, 114, 117, 125, 129, 139, 142, 218, 275

  Aurelian 340

  Ay (fourteenth-century BC pharaoh) 19, 138

  Baalbek 268

  Bacchae, The (Euripides) 21

  Balas 59

  Balbus 204

  Balm of Gilead 268

  barracks, Roman 190

  Basilica of Julia 201

  Bastet 28, 59

  bathing facilities, Rome 186-7, 190

  beauty, Cleopatra’s 104-5, 236

  Bellona (goddess of war) 199, 287

  Berenice, Princess 256

  Berenike I 42, 43, 45, 54

  Berenike II 50-1, 52, 54, 56, 67, 87, 166, 173, 189, 230

  Berenike III 64, 65, 66, 67

  Berenike LV 69, 73, 76, 77, 78-9, 78, 262

  Berenike, eldest daughter of Taimhotep and the high priest Pasherenptah III 256

  Berlin Head, the 199

  Bes (dwarf god) 140, 155, 158, 167, 219

  Biga, island of 152

  Bilistiche of Argos 49

  Bithyma 107, 111, 173, 230, 262

  bitumen trade 268, 280, 299

  Blemmyes, the 325

  Bogudes 170

  Bononia (Bologna) 225, 284

  Book of Conducting the Cult, The 148

  Book of the Dead 304, 305

  Book of the Magical Protection of the Ruler in the Palace 149

  Book of Thoth 219, 220

  Britain, Caesar’s invasion of 108-10

  Brundisium (Brindisi) 223, 255-6, 297

  Brutus, Lucius Junius 97, 111, 207-8, 209-10, 213, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227-9, 232, 283

  Bubastis 28

  Bucephalus 26, 197

  Buchis bull 13, 58, 88, 142, 145, 298, 303, 324

  see also Apis bull; Mnevis bull; sacred bull burial, of Cleopatra 321-3

  Caesar, Julius

  death and funeral 207-11, 211-13, 215, 2214, 227, 228, 230, 275, 281, 305, 312, 332

  memorials to 154, 164, 216-17, 218-19, 222, 226, 255, 280, 311-12, 322, 330

  Nile Progress with Cleopatra 125-52

  rise of74-6, 78, 85, 94-100, 107-10, 164-75, 203-6, 225, 231, 235, 246, 274, 277, 283

  years with Cleopatra 101-7, 110-22, 179206, 237, 238, 239, 241, 248, 264, 282, 284, 300, 314

  see also Caesarion Caesar, Lucius 225, 226

  Caesarea (Iol) 296, 333-4, 335, 337, 338

  Caesarea Maritima, Caesar’s villa at 186-7

  Caesareum, the 154, 164, 216-17, 280, 311-12

  Caesarion

  birth and early years 159-63, 167, 179, 196, 199, 204, 254, 275, 279, 305-6

  as co-ruler with Cleopatra 215, 217-19, 221, 226, 244, 270, 276, 297-8

  Octavian as threat to 212, 288, 299, 310, 312, 322, 334

  paternity 206, 216, 278, 286

  calendar, Roman and Egyptian 201-2

  Caligula 332, 338, 339

  Callimachus of Cyrene 47

  Calpurma 111, 121, 185, 194, 203, 204, 208, 209, 210, 211, 264

  Calvisius 285

  Cambyses 18

  Campus Martius 173, 200, 201, 212, 226, 329, 338

  Candace (Amanirenas), Queen 326-7

  Canidius Crassus, Publius 270, 273, 282, 283, 289, 295, 300, 311

  Canopus (Per-gwati) 31, 242-3, 307

  Cape Taenarum 295

  Capitoline Hill 77, 171, 199, 201, 210, 327

  Caria 52, 254

  carpet, legend of Cleopatra being wrapped in 101-4

  Casca brothers 210

  Cassius (Gaius Cassius Longinus) 97, 207, 210, 213-14, 223-4, 225, 226-9, 232, 241

  Cassivellaunus 109

  Castor and Pollux 212, 257, 339

  Cato, Marcus Porcius 76-7, 170, 172

  Catullus 111

  Cestius, Gaius 329

  Chabrias (Greek general) 19

  Chaeremon 332

  Chamber of Ancestors 137-8

  chariot racing 173

  Charmion 87, 157-8, 161, 285, 309, 314-15, 318-19, 322

  Chelidon 243

  Chelkias (Jewish general) 64

  childbirth, Egyptian rites and procedures 154-60

  Cicero, Marcus Tullius 80, 182, 185, 192

  in relation to Cleopatra 194-6, 213-14

  in relation to Julius Caesar 95, 107, 109-10, 111, 175, 180, 204, 208, 210

  in relation to Marcus Antonius 94, 165, 205-6, 212, 222-5, 246

  Cilicia 52, 56, 230, 232, 235, 242, 254, 267, 276

  Cimber, Tillius 209

  Cinna, Lucius Cornelius 107

  Circus Maximus 329

  Claudia 226, 255

  Claudius 332, 338, 339-40

  Cleopatra II 57-62

  Cleopatra III 61, 62, 63-4, 66, 104, 147, 256

  Cleopatra IV 61, 63

  Cleopatra Selene 61, 63, 64, 65, 67, 75, 79, 264

  Cleopatra Selene II (daughter of Cleopatra the

  Great) 263, 264, 275, 276, 306-7, 333-7, 339

  Cleopatra Thea 59, 62, 267

  Cleopatra Tryphaena 61, 62, 63, 79, 256

  Cleopatra Tryphaena V 67, 69, 74, 76, 77, 78

  Cleopatra’s Baths 165, 217

  Cleopatra’s Needles 216, 323

  coinage 34-5, 40, 211, 269, 279, 282, 296, 335

  of Cleopatra 4, 162, 163, 199, 205, 214, 331 Commentaries on the Civil War (Julius Caesar) 95, 112-13

  Corcyra (Corfu) 261, 287

  Cordoba 203

  Corinth 185, 200, 287, 298

  Cornelia 98, 107, 111, 115

  Corsica 230, 255

  Cos, island of 238

  cosmetics 166, 187, 190, 236-7

  Crassus, Marcus Licinius 74, 75, 107, 108, 111, 204, 207, 225, 260

&nb
sp; Crete 14, 223, 268, 276

  Crinagoras 194, 336-7

  crocodiles, in Egyptian religion 49, 58, 132-4, 136, 150, 335

  Cupid 199

  Cynane 22, 40

  Cyprus 12, 113, 154, 170, 214, 237, 239, 241, 267

  Cyrene

  in years of Caesar and Antonius 223, 268, 276, 287, 296, 333

  in years of early Ptolemies 12, 33, 45, 50, 58, 59, 61, 62, 65, 75, 77

  Cyzicus 296

  Dahshur 132

  Damascus 39, 267, 268, 279

  Darius III 27-8, 35

  death, of Cleopatra 2, 3, 315-21

  Decimus 207, 209, 223, 224

  Deinokrates 32

  deipnosophists 117

  Deir el-Bahari 83, 143-4, 143-4

  Dellius, Quintus 235, 273, 279, 288, 289, 296, 300

  Delos 45, 49, 185

  Delphi, Oracle at 24, 25

  Demetrios of Phaleron 41, 47, 301

  Democritus 164

  Demosthenes 24, 25, 223, 246

  Dendera (Tentyris)

  rites associatedwith3,92, 133, 140, 148, 150, 158, 165-8, 257-8, 303

  temple complex, building of 80, 85, 86, 88, 139, 165, 217-18

  Dictator, Caesar as 170, 175, 197, 205, 206

  Dido of Carthage 112

  Didymus, Arius 311

  dining (social)

  in Rome 191-4

  Diodorus 302

  Diomedes 280, 309

  Dionysos

  Antonius as 231, 235, 239, 243, 245-6, 247-8, 252, 264, 274, 280, 283, 312

  cult of 22, 43, 90, 102, 185, 194, 221, 239, 303, 308, 316, 334, 335

  ‘Neos Dionysos’, Ptolemies as 53, 68, 274

  see also Osiris

  Dioscorides 159, 253

  The Dioskuri 339

  Dioskurides 81

  Djedhor 19

  Djoser, King 16

  Dodona 33

  Dolabella, Publius Cornelius 206, 223, 227, 314

  Donations, the 275-7, 278, 279, 280, 281, 286, 305, 333

  ‘drinking course’ symposium 193-4

  Drusilla of Mauretania 339

  Drusilla, Livia 261, 278, 339

  Dyrrhachium 96

  Edfu 41, 51, 54, 58, 61, 64, 74, 78, 80, 147-9, 150, 219

  Eidothee 32

  Eileithyia 155, 163

  Eiras 87, 157, 161, 285, 309, 314, 318, 319, 322

  Eirene 59

  El-Kab (Nekheb)

  temple of 64, 146-7

  Emesa 268

  Epaphroditus 310, 315

  Ephesus 3, 22, 26, 78-9, 94, 97, 155, 156, 172, 227, 231-2, 241, 281-2, 339

  epilepsy, Caesar’s 170, 203, 209

  Epirus 21, 24, 33

  Erasistratus 47

  Eratosthenes of Cyrene 51, 108, 150