Lost to Time
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151 “No troops belonging to States”: New York Times, May 3, 1865.
Chapter 8: America’s First Subway
153 By the time this secret subway was built: Ric Burns et al., New York: An Illustrated History (New York: Knopf, 2003).
154 It was, in many ways: Kenneth T. Jackson and David S. Dunbar, Empire City: New York Through the Centuries (New York: Columbia University Press, 2002).
155 Several New York doctors speculated: Edward Robb Ellis, The Epic of New York City: A Narrative History (New York: Kodansha America, 1997).
155–156 “The driver swears at the passengers”: James Blaine Walker, Fifty Years of Rapid Transit, 1864–1917 (New York: Arno Press, 1970).
159 “The entire distance [of the tunnel]”: Alfred E. Beach, The Pneumatic Dispatch (New York: American News Company, 1868).
160 “[It] is by far the largest machine”: Alfred E. Beach, Illustrated Description of the Broadway Pneumatic Underground Railway with a Full Description of the Atmospheric Machinery and the Great Tunneling Machine (New York: S. W. Green, 1870).
161 “A tube, a car, a revolving fan”: Alfred E. Beach, The Pneumatic Dispatch (New York: American News Company, 1868).
163–164 “It is . . . estimated”: Ibid.
165 The building, which in 1858 was originally budgeted: Kenneth Ackerman, Boss Tweed: The Rise and Fall of the Corrupt Pol Who Conceived the Soul of Modern New York (New York: Carroll & Graf, 2005).
165 Among the possessions for which he was best known: Ibid.
170 “Our original intention was to construct”: “The Broadway Mystery,” New York Times, January 8, 1870, www.nycsubway.org/articles/beach-1870-01-08.html.
170 On February 26, Beach held his reception: Alfred E. Beach, Illustrated Description of the Broadway Pneumatic Underground Railway with a Full Description of the Atmospheric Machinery and the Great Tunneling Machine (New York: S. W. Green, 1870).
172 “The conductor touched a telegraph wire”: Ibid.
172 “So the world goes on”: Helen C. Weeks, “What a Bore!” Youth’s Companion, February 2, 1871, p. 40, www.merrycoz.org/yc/BORE.HTM.
173 “The days of dusty horsecars and rumbling omnibuses”: Ibid.
174 Unlike the subway extension proposal: Alfred E. Beach, Illustrated Description of the Broadway Pneumatic Underground Railway with a Full Description of the Atmospheric Machinery and the Great Tunneling Machine (New York: S. W. Green, 1870).
174 “It is only through an underground railway”: Joseph Brennan, Beach Pneumatic, 2004–2005, www.columbia.edu/~brennan/beach/.
177 “Now is it likely I’m going to run away?”: Kenneth Ackerman, Boss Tweed: The Rise and Fall of the Corrupt Pol Who Conceived the Soul of Modern New York (New York: Carroll & Graf, 2005).
Chapter 9: Peshtigo
183 By 1870, more than seven miles: “Remembering the Peshtigo Fire,” Peshtigo Times, October 7, 1998.
183 Six miles northeast was Marinette: Denise Gess and William Lutz, Firestorm at Peshtigo: A Town, Its People, and the Deadliest Fire in American History (New York: Henry Holt, 2002).
184–185 “Farmers had profited”: Peter Pernin, “The Great Peshtigo Fire: An Eyewitness Account,” Wisconsin Magazine of History 54, No. 4 (1971). Courtesy of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin, www.library.wisc.edu/etext/WIReader/WER2002-1.html.
186–187 “On September 22”: Ibid.
187 Father Pernin’s narrow escape: Peter Pernin, The Great Peshtigo Fire: An Eyewitness Account (Madison: Wisconsin Historical Society Press, 2nd ed., 1999).
188 “I have . . . seen fires sweep”: Peter Pernin, “The Great Peshtigo Fire: An Eyewitness Account,” Wisconsin Magazine of History 54, No. 4 (1971). Courtesy of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin, www.library.wisc.edu/etext/WIReader/WER2002-1.html.
188–189 “Sunday evening, after church”: Elias Colbert and Everett Chamberlin, Chicago and the Great Conflagration (Cincinnati: C. F. Vent, 1872).
189 “To reach the river”: Ibid.
192 “Horses’ manes and tails blowin’ to the right”: Alice Behrend, Burning Bush (Peshtigo, Wis.: Peshtigo Times, 2002).
193 “Scores failed to reach the river at all”: Franklin Tilton, Sketch of the Great Fires in Wisconsin at Peshtigo . . . and Thrilling and Truthful Tales by Eye Witnesses (Green Bay, Wis.: Robinson and Kustermann, 1871).
193 “The bridge was thoroughly encumbered”: Peter Pernin, “The Great Peshtigo Fire: An Eyewitness Account,” Wisconsin Magazine of History 54, No. 4 (1971). Courtesy of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin, www.library.wisc.edu/etext/WIReader/WER2002-1.html.
194 “Standing in the cold water”: Ibid.
194 “Ever’thin’ was driftin’ up against us”: Alice Behrend, Burning Bush (Peshtigo, Wis.: Peshtigo Times, 2002).
195 “I looked up the street”: “Remembering the Peshtigo Fire,” Peshtigo Times, October 7, 1998.
196 Gradually, those who had managed: Denise Gess and William Lutz, Firestorm at Peshtigo: A Town, Its People, and the Deadliest Fire in American History (New York: Henry Holt, 2002).
196 “My father saved his orphaned children”: Alice Behrend, Burning Bush (Peshtigo, Wis.: Peshtigo Times, 2002).
196 “At the boarding house”: Franklin Tilton, Sketch of the Great Fires in Wisconsin at Peshtigo . . . and Thrilling and Truthful Tales by Eye Witnesses (Green Bay, Wis.: Robinson and Kustermann, 1871).
197 “Here lay a group”: Ibid.
197 “Whilst wandering among the ruins”: Peter Pernin, “The Great Peshtigo Fire: An Eyewitness Account,” Wisconsin Magazine of History 54, No. 4 (1971). Courtesy of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin, www.library.wisc.edu/etext/WIReader/WER2002-1.html.
197 Like Frank Tilton, owner and editor Luther Noyes: Denise Gess and William Lutz, Firestorm at Peshtigo: A Town, Its People, and the Deadliest Fire in American History (New York: Henry Holt, 2002).
198 “Alas that I should have to record”: Peter Pernin, “The Great Peshtigo Fire: An Eyewitness Account,” Wisconsin Magazine of History 54, No. 4 (1971). Courtesy of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin, www.library.wisc.edu/etext/WIReader/WER2002-1.html.
198–199 “After daylight, stragglers began”: Franklin Tilton, Sketch of the Great Fires in Wisconsin at Peshtigo . . . and Thrilling and Truthful Tales by Eye Witnesses (Green Bay, Wis: Robinson and Kustermann, 1871).
200 “In the entire Upper Bush country”: Elias Colbert and Everett Chamberlin, Chicago and the Great Conflagration (Cincinnati: C. F. Vent, 1872).
200 “When I heard the roar of the approaching tornado”: Franklin Tilton, Sketch of the Great Fires in Wisconsin at Peshtigo . . . and Thrilling and Truthful Tales by Eye Witnesses (Green Bay, Wis.: Robinson and Kustermann, 1871).
201 Frances Fairchild, the governor’s wife: Denise Gess and William Lutz, Firestorm at Peshtigo: A Town, Its People, and the Deadliest Fire in American History (New York: Henry Holt, 2002).
201 Ogden, who had lost over 1 million in property: Ibid.
203 On February 24, 1872, in a tribute: Denise Gess and William Lutz, Firestorm at Peshtigo: A Town, Its People, and the Deadliest Fire in American History (New York: Henry Holt, 2002).
203 “The true total will never be known”: Peter Pernin, “The Great Peshtigo Fire: An Eyewitness Account,” Wisconsin Magazine of History 54, No. 4 (1971). Courtesy of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin, www.library.wisc.edu/etext/WIReader/WER2002-1.html.
204 What is known is that for years after the fire: Denise Gess and William Lutz, Firestorm at Peshtigo: A Town, Its People, and the Deadliest Fire in American History (New York: Henry Holt, 2002).
204–205 “A prolonged drought, a rural agriculture”: Stephen J. Payne’s foreword to the reprint edition of Peter Perrin, The Great Peshtigo Fire: An Eyewitness Account. Madison: Wisconsin Historical Society Press, 1999.
Chapter 10: Gustave Whitehead
209 “In approximately April or May 1899”: G. K. Weissenborn, “Did Whitehead Fly?” Air Enthus
iast, January 1988.
209 “I recall that someone was”: Ibid.
210–211 “A novel flying machine”: Scientific American, June 8, 1901.
212–213 “When the power was shut”: Bridgeport Herald, August 18, 1901.
214 “Mr. Whitehead . . . last Tuesday night” these articles stated: New York Herald, August 19, 1901; Boston Transcript, August 19, 1901.
214 “It’s a funny sensation to fly”: Bridgeport Herald, August 18, 1901.
215 “Not far ahead the long field ended”: Ibid.
216 “I did witness and was present”: G. K. Weissenborn, “Did Whitehead Fly?” Air Enthusiast, January 1988.
217 the Spanish-American War: Frank Delear, “Gustave Whitehead and the First Flight Controversy,” Aviation History, March 1996.
217 “Whitehead in 1901 and Wright Brothers in 1903”: Ibid.
221 “Newspaper readers will remember”: Megan Adam, “Gustave Whitehead’s Flying Machine,” www.deepsky.com/~firstflight/Pages/article4.html.
222 Forced to take a job: Frank Delear, “Gustave Whitehead and the First Flight Controversy,” Aviation History, March 1996.
225 “Weisskopf’s excommunication from the halls”: G. K. Weissenborn, “Did Whitehead Fly?” Air Enthusiast, January 1988.
225 In what can only be regarded: Thomas D. Crouch, A Dream of Wings: Americans and the Airplane, 1875–1905 (New York: Norton, 1976).
227 “The long-suffering ghost of Gustave Whitehead”: Frank Delear, “Gustave Whitehead and the First Flight Controversy,” Aviation History, March 1996.
Chapter 11: Exercise Tiger
230–231 “I am concerned over the absence”: Harry C. Butcher, My Three Years with Eisenhower: The Personal Diary of Harry C. Butcher (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1946).
232 Under authority of the 1939 Compensation: Ken Small, The Forgotten Dead (London: Bloomsbury, 1988).
234 “NOTICE”: “The Evacuation of the South Hams by Jane Putt,” www.bbc.co.uk/ww2peopleswar/stories/25/a8633225.shtml.
237 Some were armed with either: Ralph C. Greene and Oliver E. Allen, “What Happened Off Devon,” American Heritage, February/March 1985.
238 “We crossed the convoy route”: Ibid.
238 “We all saw it”: Ibid.
239 “[At 2:30 a.m.]”: Ibid.
239 “General Quarters rudely aroused us”: Naval Historical Center, Oral Histories—Exercise Tiger, 28 April 1944, Recollections by Lt. Eugene E. Eckstam, MC, USNR (Ret.), adapted from “The Tragedy of Exercise Tiger,” Navy Medicine 85, No. 3 (May–June 1994): 5–7.
240 “There was a deafening roar”: Susan English and Aaron Elson, A Mile in Their Shoes: Conversations with Veterans of World War II (Maywood, NJ: Chi Chi Press, 1998).
240 “Suddenly . . . there was [another] explosion”: Clifford M. Graves, Front Line Surgeons: A History of the Third Auxiliary Surgery Group (San Diego: Frye and Smith, 1950).
240 “Trucks, men, and jeeps”: Ralph C. Greene and Oliver E. Allen, “What Happened off Devon,” American Heritage, February/March 1985.
241 “There were a lot of guys on the front end”: Susan English and Aaron Elson, A Mile in Their Shoes: Conversations with Veterans of World War II (Maywood, NJ: Chi Chi Press, 1998).
241 “The worst memory I have”: Paul Stokes, “Veterans Honour 749 Who Died in D-Day Rehearsal,” Daily Telegraph (London), April 29, 1994.
243 Although it took hours: Ralph C. Greene and Oliver E. Allen, “What Happened Off Devon,” American Heritage, February/March 1985.
243 “The convoy was now broken up”: Ken Small, The Forgotten Dead (London: Bloomsbury, 1988).
244 “We arrived in the area at daybreak”: Ralph C. Greene and Oliver E. Allen, “What Happened Off Devon,” American Heritage, February/March 1985.
244–245 “We pulled away from [our] sinking LST”: Ken Small, The Forgotten Dead (London: Bloomsbury, 1988).
245–246 “I spotted some wreckage”: Ibid.
246 “When we got closer to land”: Ralph C. Greene and Oliver E. Allen, “What Happened Off Devon,” American Heritage, February/March 1985.
247 “We’re in the war at last”: Ibid.
247 “They were filled”: Ibid.
248 Typical of the statements: Charles H. MacDonald, “Slapton Sands: The Cover-up That Never Was,” Army 38, No. 6 (June 1988).
250 “virtually no records”: Ken Small, The Forgotten Dead (London: Bloomsbury, 1988).
250 The Department of Defense agreed: Ralph C. Greene and Oliver E. Allen, “What Happened Off Devon,” American Heritage, February/March 1985.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 1: Ziryab
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Chapter 2: Cahokia
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Chapter 3: Gil Eanes
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Chapter 4: Joseph Warren
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Chapter 5: Outdoing Revere
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