Showalter, James L. “Payne County and the Hooded Klan, 1921–1924.” PhD diss., Oklahoma State University, 2000.
Shults, Jane. “The Ku Klux Klan in Downey during the 1920s.” PhD diss., California State University, Long Beach, 1991.
Simcovitch, Maxim. “The Impact of Griffith’s Birth of a Nation on the Modern Ku Klux Klan.” Journal of Popular Film 1:1 (Winter 1972): 45–54.
Simmons, William Joseph. America’s Menace, or the Enemy Within. Atlanta: Bureau of Patriotic Books, 1926.
———. The Klan Unmasked. Atlanta: William E. Thompson, 1923.
Skinner, Kiron K., Annelise Anderson, and Martin Anderson, eds. Reagan: A Life in Letters. New York: Free Press, 2004.
Sklar, Robert. Movie-Made America: A Cultural History of American Movies. New York: Vintage Books, 1994.
Sletterdahl, Peter J. The Nightshirt in Politics. Minneapolis: Ajax Publishing, 1926.
Slide, Anthony. American Racist: The Life and Films of Thomas Dixon. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2004.
Slosson, Preston W. The Great Crusade and After, 1914–1928. New York: Macmillan, 1930.
Smith, Erin A. Hard-Boiled: Working-Class Readers and Pulp Magazines. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2000.
———. What Would Jesus Read? Popular Religious Books and Everyday Life in Twentieth-Century America. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2015.
Smith, John David, and J. Vincent Lowery, eds. The Dunning School: Historians, Race, and the Meaning of Reconstruction. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2013.
Smith, Mika. “Hooded Crusaders: The Ku Klux Klan in the Panhandle and South Plains, 1921–1925.” MA thesis, Texas Tech University, 2008.
Smith, Sally Bedell. In All His Glory: The Life of William S. Paley. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1990.
Snell, William R. “Masked Men in the Magic City: The Activities of the Revived Klan in Birmingham, Alabama, 1915–1940.” Alabama Historical Quarterly 34 (Fall–Winter 1972): 206–27.
Spaeth, Sigmund. A History of Popular Music in America. New York: Random House, 1948.
Stanton, E. F. Christ and Other Klansmen, or Lives of Love: The Cream of the Bible Spread upon Klanism. Kansas City, MO: Stanton & Harper, 1924.
Stearns, Harold E., ed. Civilization in the United States: An Inquiry by Thirty Americans. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1922.
Sterling, Christopher H., and John M. Kittross. Stay Tuned: A History of American Broadcasting. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2002.
Stevens, James. Mattock. New York: Knopf, 1927.
Stewart, Jacqueline Najuma. Migrating to the Movies: Cinema and Black Urban Mordernity. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005.
Stoddard, Lothrop. The Rising Tide of Color against White World-Supremacy. New York: Scribner’s, 1921.
Stokes, Melvyn. D. W. Griffith’s “The Birth of a Nation”: A History of “The Most Controversial Motion Picture of All Time.” New York: Oxford University Press, 2007.
Streitmatter, Rodger. Mightier Than the Sword: How the News Media Have Shaped American History. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 2008.
Sullivan, Dean, ed. Middle Innings: A Documentary History of Baseball, 1900–1948. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1998.
Sullivan, Mark. Our Times: 1900–1925. New York: Scribner’s, 1972.
Sumner, David E. The Magazine Century: American Magazines since 1900. New York: Peter Lang, 2010.
Susman, Warren I. Culture as History: The Transformation of American Society in the Twentieth Century. New York: Pantheon Books, 1984.
Sutton, Allan. American Record Labels and Companies: An Encyclopedia, 1891–1943. Denver: Mainspring Press, 2000.
Sutton, Matthew Avery. Aimee Semple McPherson and the Resurrection of Christian America. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2007.
———. American Apocalypse: A History of Modern Evangelicalism. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2014.
Tarde, Gabriel. The Public and the Crowd (1901). In Gabriel Tarde On Communication and Social Influence: Selected Papers, ed. Terry N. Clark, 277–96. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2010.
Tarrow, Sidney G. Power in Movement: Social Movements and Contentious Politics. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2011.
Tawa, Nicholas. Serenading the Reluctant Eagle: American Musical Life, 1925–1945. New York: Schirmer Books, 1984.
Taylor, Yuval, and Jake Austen. Darkest America: Black Minstrelsy from Slavery to Hip-Hop. New York: W.W. Norton, 2012.
Tosches, Nick. Country: The Twisted Roots of Rock ’n’ Roll. New York: Da Capo Press, 1996.
Trachtenberg, Alan. The Incorporation of America: Culture and Society in the Gilded Age. New York: Hill and Wang, 1982.
Treadwell, Lawrence P., Jr. The Bulldog Drummond Encyclopedia. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company, 2001.
Truzzi, Marcello. “The 100% American Songbag: Conservative Folksongs in America.” Western Folklore 28:1 (January 1969): 27–40.
Tucker, Richard. The Dragon and the Cross. Hamden, CT: Archon Books, 1991.
Tucker, Todd. Notre Dame vs. the Klan: How the Fighting Irish Defeated the Ku Klux Klan. Chicago: Loyola Press, 2004.
United States Congress, House of Representatives, Committee on Rules. Hearings on the Ku Klux Klan. 67th Cong., 1st sess. Washington, DC, 1921.
Vinyard, JoEllen McNergney. Right in Michigan’s Grassroots: From the KKK to the Michigan Militia. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2011.
Wade, Wyn Craig. The Fiery Cross: The Ku Klux Klan in America. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1987.
Ward, Geoffrey C. Unforgivable Blackness: The Rise and Fall of Jack Johnson. New York: Vintage Books, 2006.
Weaver, Norman F. “The Knights of the Ku Klux Klan in Wisconsin, Indiana, Ohio, and Michigan.” PhD diss., University of Wisconsin, 1955.
White, Alma. Heroes of the Fiery Cross. Zarephath, NJ: Pillar of Fire, 1928.
———. Klansmen: Guardians of Liberty. Zarephath, NJ: Pillar of Fire, 1926.
———. The Ku Klux Klan in Prophecy. Zarephath, NJ: The Good Citizen, 1925.
White, Walter F. The Fire in the Flint. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1924.
———. A Man Called White: The Autobiography of Walter White. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1995.
White, William Allen. The Autobiography of William Allen White. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1990.
Wiggins, Gene. Fiddlin’ Georgia Crazy: Fiddlin’ John Carson, His Real World, and the World of His Songs. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1987.
Williamson, Joel. The Crucible of Race: Black-White Relations in the American South since Emancipation. New York: Oxford University Press, 1984.
Wilson, Joe. A Fiddlers’ Convention in Mountain City, Tennessee: 1924–1930 Recordings. Liner Notes. Floyd, VA: County Records 525, 1972.
Winks, Robin. The Blacks in Canada: A History. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1997.
Winter, Paul M. What Price Tolerance. Hewlett, NY: All-American Book, Lecture and Research Bureau, 1928.
Women of the Ku Klux Klan. Musiklan. Little Rock, AR: Women of the Ku Klux Klan, 1925.
Wood, Amy Louise. Lynching and Spectacle: Witnessing Racial Violence in America, 1890–1940. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2009.
Wright, Walter C. Religious and Patriotic Ideals of the Ku Klux Klan. Waco, TX: Walter C. Wright, 1926.
Zimmerman, Jonathan. “Each ‘Race’ Could Have Its Heroes Sung: Ethnicity and the History Wars in the 1920s.” Journal of American History 87:1 (June 2000): 92–111.
———. Whose America? Culture Wars in the Public Schools. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002.
Films
Big Stakes. Directed by Clifford S. Elfelt. 1922. youtube.com.
The Birth of a Nation. Directed by D. W. Griffith. 1915. Kino on Video, 2002. DVD.
An Eastern Westerner. Directed by Hal Roach. 1920. In The Harold Lloyd Comedy Collect
ion Vol. 1. New Line Home Video, 2005. DVD.
Lodge Night. Directed by Robert F. McGowan. 1923. archive.org.
The Pilgrim. Directed by Charlie Chaplin. 1923. In The Chaplin Review. Warner Home Video, 2004. DVD.
The Symbol of the Unconquered. Directed by Oscar Micheaux. 1920. youtube.com.
The Toll of Justice. Directed by Corey G. Cook. 1923. University of North Carolina, Media Resources Center, 65-V7409, 1992. VHS.
Young Sherlocks. Directed by Robert F. McGowan and Tom McNamara. 1922. archive.org.
Sheet Music
Arthur, Charles A., and Vernon Barbay. “Those Good Old Ku Klux Blues.” Alexandria, LA: V.L.B. Music Company, 1922.
Coslow, Sam, and Leon Friedman. “There’s a Bunch of Klucks in the Ku Klux Klan!” New York: Robert Norton, 1921.
Frisch, Billy, and Bernie Grossman. “Ku Ku: The Klucking of the Ku Klux Klan.” New York: Hitland Music, 1922.
Goodwin, Mary I. Song Book for Women of the Ku Klux Klan. Pittsburgh: Women of the Klan, ca. 1924.
Grimes, E. G. A Few 100% Selections to the Good Old Tunes We All Know. Vincennes, IN: E.G. Grimes, ca. 1924.
Hopper, Charles Meek. “Before Them Klu Klux Pages Me.” Clovis, NM: Southern Publishing Company, 1923.
Lewis, John Douglas. “Those Dog-Gone Ku-Klux Blues.” N.p.: John Douglas Lewis, 1922.
Lutz, H. A. Lutz Music Printing Co. Catalogue. York, PA: Lutz Music Printing, ca. 1924.
Marcell, Helen, and Peggy Hedges. “Daddy Swiped Our Last Clean Sheet and Joined the Ku Klux Klan.” Ottawa, KS: R.C. Marcell, 1924.
Mars, Al, and Clarence Krause. “The Ku Klux Blues.” Dallas: Krause & Mars, 1921.
McMahon, E. M., William Davis, William M. Hart, and Charles E. Downey. “We Are All Loyal Klansmen.” Wyano, PA: Charles E. Downey, 1923.
Metz, Roy, and Harry Jay. “We Are the Ladies of the Ku Klux Klan.” Muncie, IN: Metz & Lewis, 1928.
Nelson, John M., and Noah F. Tillery. “Mystic City.” Kansas City, MO: Harry F. Windle, 1922.
Newton, William, and Wayne Cox. “Ku Klux Klan Blues.” Joplin, MO: William Newton, 1923.
Ownby, Warren D. “De Ku Klux Gwine to Git You Ef You Don’t Watch Out.” Broken Arrow, OK: Warren D. Ownby, 1923.
Parodies by the Queen Quartet of Alice of Old Vincennes. Vincennes, IN: Women’s Klan, ca. 1924.
Patterson, Kenneth A. “KKK (If Your Heart’s True, It Calls to You).” Avon by the Sea, NJ: E.S. Taborn, 1924.
Rhinehart, Wilbur. 100% Red Hot Songs. Muncie, IN: Rhinehart Bros., ca. 1925.
Roy, Francis. “They Blame It on the Ku Klux Klan.” Pittsburgh: Fulton Music Publishers, 1924.
Roy, Hugh. “American Means the Klan (When We A-Marching Go).” Schenectady: American Music House, 1925.
Seale, Walter, and Adger M. Pace. “Wake Up America! And Kluck, Kluck, Kluck.” Lawrenceburg, TN: James D. Vaughan, 1921.
Smith, J. Owen. “The Fiery Cross on High.” Indianapolis: Central States Distributing, 1923.
Thompson, William L. “The Call of a Klansman.” Streator, IL: Thompson Music Company, 1924.
———. “The Coming of the Klan.” Streator, IL: Thompson Music Company, 1924.
Wight, Paul. American Hymns. Buffalo: International Music Company, 1925.
———. “Then I’ll Take Off My Mask.” Scottdale, PA: Paul S. Wight, 1924.
Zterb, George. “The Klansman’s Kall.” Warren, OH: H.M. Ketler, 1924.
Newspapers and Periodicals
Abilene Reporter
Albert Lea Evening Tribune
Altoona Mirror
American Ecclesiastical Review
American Forum
American Israelite
American Mercury
American Standard
The Appeal
Appleton Post-Crescent
Arizona Republican
Asbury Park Press
Ashland Times Gazette
Atlanta Constitution
Atlantic News-Telegraph
Badger American
Bakersfield Californian
Baltimore Afro-American
Baltimore Sun
Beatrice Daily Sun
Belton Journal
Berkeley Daily Gazette
Billboard
Birmingham Age-Herald
Birmingham News
Birmingham Post
Black Mask
Bluefield Daily Telegraph
The Bookman
Bradford Era
Bridgeport Telegram
Bristol (VA-TN) Herald-Courier
Broad Ax
Brookshire Times
Brownsville Herald
Buckeye American
Buffalo Commercial
Buffalo Express
Burleson County Ledger and News-Chronicle
Burlington Hawk-Eye
Call of the North
Cambridge City Tribune
Camera
Capital Times
Cedar Rapids Republican
Charleston Daily Mail
Charleston Gazette
Checotah Times
Chicago Daily Journal
Chicago Defender
Chicago Tribune
Christian Century
Clearfield Progress
Cleveland Gazette
Cleveland Plain Dealer
Colorado Springs Gazette
Connellsville Daily Courier
Connersville News-Examiner
Corsicana Sun
Coshocton Tribune
The Crisis
Daily Jewish Courier
Daily Northwestern
Danville Bee
Davenport Democrat and Leader
Dawn
Decatur Review
Denver Post
Detroit News
The Dial
Edwardsville Intelligencer
El Paso Herald
Elyria Chronicle-Telegram
Entertainment Trade Review
Estherville Enterprise
Eugene Morning Register
Exhibitor’s Herald
Exhibitor’s Trade Review
Fayetteville Daily Democrat
Fellowship Forum
Fiery Cross
Film Daily
Fortune Magazine
Fort Wayne News-Sentinel
The Forum
Franklin Evening Star
Galveston Daily News
Garden City Telegram
Gettysburg Times
Grand Prairie Texan
Harrisburg Daily Reporter
Harrisonburg Daily News Record
Helena Daily Independent
Huntingdon Daily News
Hutchinson Blade
Hutchinson News
Imperial Night-Hawk
The Independent
Indianapolis News
Indianapolis Star
Iola Daily Register
Iowa Broadcaster
Janesville Daily Gazette
Jasonville Leader
Jayhawker American
Jewish Press (Omaha)
Jewish Telegraphic Agency Daily News Bulletin
Joplin Globe
Joplin News-Herald
Kerrville Mountain Sun
The Kluxer
Knoxville News
Kokomo Daily Tribune
Kolorado Klan Kourier
Kourier Magazine
Ladies Home Journal
Lancaster Examiner-New Era
LaPorte Herald
Lawrence Daily Journal-World
LeMars Globe-Post
Leslie’s Weekly
Lethbridge Daily Herald
Lewiston Daily Sun
Life
Lima Sunday News
Linton Daily Citizen
Literary Digest
Lockhart Register
Logansport Morning Press
Logansport Pharos-Tribune
Los Angeles Times
Lowell Sun
Lubbock Avalanche
Manitowoc Herald-News
Mansfield News
Marion Daily Star
Massillon Evening Independent
McClure’s
McKean County Democrat
The Messenger
Mexia Daily News
Mexia Evening News
Mexia Weekly Herald
Milford Mail
Minnesota Fiery Cross
Montgomery Advertiser
Movie Weekly
Moving Picture World
National Kourier
New American Patriot
Newark Advocate
New Castle News
New Market Herald
New Orleans Times-Picayune
New Republic
New York Age
New York Evening Post
New York Graphic
New York Sun
New York Times
New York Tribune
New York World
Norfolk Pilot
North American Review
Oakland Tribune
Ogden Standard-Examiner
Opportunity
Orange County Times Press
Our Sunday Visitor
Outlook
Oxnard Daily Courier
The Patriot
Perry Daily Journal
Photoplay
Pierce County Herald
Pittsburgh Courier
Port Arthur News
Port Neches Peoples Press
Portsmouth Daily Times
Portsmouth Herald
Prattsville Progress
The Protestant
Protestant Herald
Racine Journal News
The Railsplitter
Reno Evening Gazette
Roanoke Times
Rocky Mountain News
St. Paul Minnesota Pioneer Press
St. Petersburg Independent
San Antonio Express
San Antonio Light
Sandusky Register
Sandusky Star-Journal
Savannah Tribune
Scandia Journal
The Searchlight
Sheboygan Press-Telegram
Shreveport Journal
The Sign
Simpsons’ Daily Leader-Times
Smart Set
South Bend Tribune
Southwest Times
The Spectator
Spencer Reporter
Sterling Daily Gazette
Steubenville Herald-Star
Stilwell Standard-Sentinel
Sylacauga Advance
Syracuse Herald
The Tablet
Theatre Arts Monthly
Thomasville Daily Times-Enterprise
Ku Klux Kulture Page 37
