Time
Tipton Daily Tribune
Toledo Blade
Topeka Plain Dealer
True Voice
Tulsa Daily World
Uniontown Morning Herald
Vanity Fair
Variety
Washington Bee
Washington Evening Star
Washington Post
Waterloo Evening Courier and Reporter
Wichita Beacon
Williamsport Pioneer
Winnfield News-American
Wisconsin Kourier
Wisconsin Rapids Daily Tribune
Wisconsin State Journal
Wisconsin Superior Telegram
Woodland Daily Democrat
World’s Work
The World Tomorrow
Xenia Evening Gazette
Youngstown Citizen
Zion’s Herald
Index
Ablitzer, Alfred, 21
advertising, 19, 22, 24, 95, 135, 139, 157, 192n29; Klan use of, 3, 22–23, 36, 46, 107, 127, 133, 157, 172, 214n30; use of Klan in, 10, 56, 58, 60, 110, 113–14, 118, 135
African Americans: Klan violence and, 23, 86; and labor movements, 87, 206n42; and literature, 85–87; and mass culture, 10, 105–6, 112; and press, 15, 25–26, 194n41; and sports, 161, 167, 170; veterans, 34, 86. See also white supremacism
Alabama, 118, 138, 156; Klan in, 3, 28, 64, 108, 120, 128, 144, 205; press in, 26, 36, 41, 50, 199n45
Americanism, 1, 60, 72, 93, 106, 168, 190n13; Klan identity and, 10, 27, 31, 32, 33, 48, 64, 84, 90, 99, 108, 157
American Legion, 65, 70, 93, 101, 106, 162
American Unity League, 17–19, 37, 109, 191n16
Anderson, Benedict, 12
anti-Catholicism, 33, 51, 71, 147, 148, 203n56, 204n6; by Klan, 3, 5, 35, 41, 46, 47, 63, 65, 69, 84, 90, 91, 92, 96, 125, 130, 131, 144, 146, 152–53, 161, 199n51, 202n36. See also education
anti-Klan activity, 155, 180–81; literature and, 66–69, 84–85, 89, 93–95; mockery and, 17, 181, 182–83; press and, 12–13, 16, 19–20, 30, 190n13; on stage and screen, 111–12, 114. See also American Unity League
anti-masking. See secrecy
Anti-Saloon League, 202n30
anti-Semitism, 33, 54, 76, 96, 138, 147; by Klan, 2–3, 35, 62, 65, 84, 90, 91, 102, 124–25, 130, 131, 161, 174, 199n51, 214n24
Arbuckle, Roscoe “Fatty,” 15, 101
Armstrong, Louis, 125, 126, 134
Awakening, The (play), 2, 118–22, 136, 180
Badger American (periodical), 33–34, 35, 41, 47, 51
Barton, Bruce, 54, 65, 72
baseball, 164, 168–77, 179. See also mass culture
basketball, 166–68. See also mass culture
Beach, Rex, 98–99, 117–18
Birth of a Nation, The (film), 104, 118, 158; influence of, 2, 105, 108, 208n14; Klan screenings of, 107
Black Mask (periodical), 77–82, 99; influence of, 91, 92, 95, 96
Blee, Kathleen, 5, 187n13
Bobbs-Merrill, 54, 60, 72, 73
Booth, Edgar Allen, 20, 40, 41, 47–48, 67
boxing, 160, 161–62, 163. See also mass culture
boycotts: against Klan, 190–91; by Klan, 24–25, 146
Broadway, 15, 101, 103, 108, 116, 123, 125, 144
Brinkley, John R., 145, 146, 152
Buster Brown Shoes, 95, 140
Cain, James M., 92
California, 95, 117, 152, 155; Klan in, 47–48, 65, 127, 128, 129; press in, 21, 22, 29, 199n45; sport in, 166, 174–75, 222n52
Call of the North (periodical), 36, 41, 44, 70
Cantor, Eddie, 114, 115
Carlyle, Roy, 164, 173
Carson, John, 138–39, 140
Carter, Gail S., 70, 157
Cather, Willa, 7, 76
Catholics, 2, 57, 111–12; AUL and, 17; censorship and, 55, 70, 101, 201n10; and press, 25–26; sports and, 161, 166, 168, 170, 176. See also anti-Catholicism; Knights of Columbus; Smith, Alfred E.
CBS, 142, 158
censorship, 55, 70, 101, 111, 112, 117, 152, 161, 201n10; Klan and, 69–70, 102, 109, 117, 146
Chaplin, Charlie, 102, 106, 175
Chicago. See Illinois
Civilization in the United States (book), 52
Clansman, The (novel), 83, 85, 104, 107, 208n14
Clark, William Lloyd, 21, 33
Clarke, Edward Young, 48, 67, 110; as Klan publicist, 3, 22, 27, 28, 109, 198n24
Coca-Cola, 22, 36, 221n47
Colorado, 73, 126, 129, 144, 188n16, 220n15; press in, 22, 32; sports in, 162–63, 166
Columbus Enquirer-Sun (periodical), 19, 24, 189n8, 192n18
Comer, Robbie Gill, 48, 150–51, 156, 211n65. See also Women of the Ku Klux Klan
communism, 1–2, 6; Klan and, 51, 131; in popular culture, 93, 96, 106, 108
Cook, Ezra, 68
Coolidge, Calvin, 5, 140, 142
cross burning, 2, 25, 26, 29–30, 125, 127, 130; in popular culture, 79, 80, 95, 108, 130, 132
Cullum, Ridgwell, 97–98
culture wars: challenge to idea of, 37–38, 44, 61, 92, 119, 123, 125, 146, 183; fluidity of boundaries in, 11, 55–56, 69, 102, 122, 130, 134; paradox of, 7. See also modernism; pluralism
Dallas. See Texas
Daly, Carroll John, 78–79, 81, 96
Dawn (periodical), 32–33, 36, 63, 70, 109
Democratic Party, 1, 2, 47, 50, 172, 197n22; in Georgia, 19, 35, 139. See also Smith, Alfred E.
Denning, Michael, 6, 9
Dixon, Thomas, Jr., 83–85, 104, 105, 107, 205n33
Doran, George H., 56, 87, 96, 97
Dos Passos, John, 76, 116
Drunk History (television show), 180, 181
DuBois, W. E. B., 54, 56, 87, 162
Dunning School, 56–57, 62, 72, 81; influence of, 77, 83–84, 105
Edison, Thomas, 123, 135
education, 53, 69, 72–73; parochial school debate, 5, 57, 63, 65, 91, 130, 131, 187n13, 203n50; textbook wars, 69–70, 203
Elmer Gantry (novel), 94
Elrod, Milton, 38, 39, 40, 41, 47, 60, 198n23, 198n24
Erskine, John, 73
Evans, Hiram W., 32, 47, 48, 121, 148, 151, 164, 169, 172, 173, 214n30, 220n15; political ambitions of, 39, 40, 202n36; publicity and, 20, 29, 45, 49, 61, 144, 211n65; struggle to control Klan and, 4–5, 38, 42, 63, 67, 198, 202n35, 221n44
evolution, 57, 130, 192n18
Face at Your Window, The (film), 106–7, 115
fascism, 1, 7
Faulkner, William, 54, 76, 93, 99, 179
Federal Radio Commission, 152–55, 157
Fellowship Forum (periodical), 32, 36, 48–51, 107, 109, 148, 202n27; and radio, 50, 150–59
Ferguson, Charles Wright, 58
Fiery Cross (periodical), 32, 35, 36, 37, 196n10, 202n27; and creation of Klan syndicate, 38, 39, 40, 41
Fifth Horseman, The (film), 110, 111, 114, 121, 182
film. See under mass culture
Final Awakening, The (novel), 89–90
Fitzgerald, F. Scott, 2, 7, 75–76, 77, 124, 179
Ford, Franklin, 147, 148, 151, 153, 216n18
Ford, Henry, 33, 138, 139, 140, 160, 168
Fowler, C. Lewis, 47, 62, 113, 199n51
Fox, Philip E., 22, 198n24
Frank, Leo, 2, 138–39
Frost, Stanley, 40, 59, 60–61, 202n29
Fry, Henry P., 3–4, 66, 67, 84, 88, 201n18
Fuller, Edgar, 48, 67
Gennett Records, 133–34, 135, 136, 214n36
Georgia, 21, 62, 69, 71, 101, 108, 120, 138, 139, 154, 162, 202n30; baseball in, 164, 171, 172–73, 178, 221n47; depictions in popular culture, 86, 89, 108, 137; Klan revival in, 2, 3, 9; politics in, 19, 35, 139, 196n9; press in, 19–20, 22, 30, 32, 35–36, 88, 189n8, 190n13
Grant, Madison, 75
Grey, Zane, 72, 76, 77
Griffith, D. W., 104–5, 109. See also Birth of a Nation, The (film)
Hammett, Dashiell, 78
Harding, Warren G., 4, 47
, 71–72, 199n51
Harold the Klansman (novel), 90–91, 99, 107, 182
Harris, Julian, 19, 24, 30, 205n27
Hearst syndicate, 15–16, 70, 203n57
Hemingway, Ernest, 54, 76, 179
Hines, Creth Bailey, 175, 176, 178, 222n53
Hoffman, Frederick, 8, 55
Hooded Mob, The (film), 111
Hoover, Herbert, 50–51
Hull, James H., 118, 119, 121, 122, 180
Illinois, 9, 22, 23, 70–71, 108–9, 113, 151, 157, 158; anti-Klan activity in, 17–19, 89; Klan activity in, 73, 107, 127, 128, 129, 163, 166, 170, 196n14, 214n30; press in, 15, 17, 21, 24, 33, 36, 43, 198n37. See also Dawn (periodical)
imagined communities, 12, 82, 105, 143; of Klan, 9, 11, 22, 27, 31, 89, 107, 131, 164, 182
immigration, 58, 85, 161, 166; Americanization and, 69, 72, 73, 165; federal restriction of, 5, 46, 156, 219n47; Klan and, 3, 35, 63, 84, 131, 161; nativist culture, 9, 32, 54, 75, 76, 106, 147, 175
Imperial Night-Hawk (periodical), 38, 40, 45, 82, 168
Indiana, 39, 54, 113, 133, 134, 156, 166, 196n10; Klan activity in, 4, 29, 69, 73, 102, 129, 162, 166, 167, 172, 191n16; press in, 19, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25–26, 27, 32, 35–37, 39, 190n13. See also Stephenson, David C.
Invisible Empire, The (play), 108, 109
Iowa, 102, 150, 152, 166; press in, 33, 36, 47, 198n37
Jackson, Helen, 71, 203n56
Jackson, Kenneth T., 7, 133, 188n16
jazz, 8, 123, 126, 133, 134, 183; condemnations of, 124–25, 132; played by Klan, 128, 130, 141, 145; and theater, 2, 115, 116, 119. See also mass culture
Jefferson, Charles, 57, 58
Jews, 2, 57; AUL and, 17; press and, 25–26; sports and, 161, 166, 174, 176, 222n58, 222n59. See also anti-Semitism
Johnson, Albert, 5, 46, 156, 219n47
Johnson, Jack, 161, 162, 163, 220n16
Jones, Winfield, 62, 202n30
Junior Ku Klux Klan, 5, 44, 129, 154, 162, 166, 167
Junior Order of United American Mechanics, 32, 175–76, 222n57
Kallen, Horace, 58–59
Kansas, 108, 136, 145, 198n37, 201n15, 219n47; Klan in, 127, 170, 177; in popular culture, 93
Kennedy, Stetson, 181
Kent, Frank R., 16, 20
Kluxer (periodical), 36, 42, 47
Knights of Columbus, 55, 70, 128, 146; in Klannish imagination, 33, 65, 70, 91, 168, 177; sports and, 168, 169–70, 172, 173, 174
Knight Vale of the K.K.K. (novel), 91, 99
Kourier (periodical), 42–43, 44, 45, 47–49, 149–50, 198n37
Kourier Magazine (periodical), 45–46, 48–49, 51, 69, 70, 72, 146
Ku Klux Klan, 2–5; as American institution, 1–2; commercial value of, 9–10, 12, 20, 25, 56, 57, 66, 75, 79–80, 92, 95–96, 99, 100, 113–14, 117, 118, 132, 135, 179, 214n30; decline of, 5, 30, 46, 47–48, 150, 157, 179, 180–81; federalized nature of, 9, 11, 39, 42, 47, 64, 90, 106, 107, 121, 129, 131, 144, 149, 165, 178, 182, 197n22; publicity campaigns of, 20, 22–23, 27–30, 39–40, 45, 106, 127, 144, 171, 175–76, 177. See also Junior Ku Klux Klan; secrecy; violence; Women of the Ku Klux Klan
Lasker, Albert, 23, 192n29
Lawson, John Howard, 1–2, 115, 116
Levine, Lawrence, 7, 8
Lewis, Sinclair, 75, 76, 93–94, 206n63
Lincoln, Abraham, 72, 77, 104, 113, 204n6
literature. See under mass culture
Liveright, Horace, 54
Lowe, Thomas, 37, 197n19
Lutz, H. A., 133, 135
Machamer, Jefferson, 17
Maltz, Albert, 1, 2
Marquis, Don, 17, 35, 43–44
masculinity, 82, 86, 87, 98; Klan and, 11, 13, 83, 102, 162
Masons, 3, 32, 64, 128
mass culture, 6, 8–9; film and, 103, 104, 111; literature and, 53, 55, 76–77, 98; music and, 123, 128, 133, 139, 156; press and, 12, 13–14, 22–23, 31–32, 34–35, 42, 51; radio and, 128, 142–43, 147, 148–49, 151–52, 157; sport and, 160, 164; theater and, 103
Mast, Blaine, 64, 65
Mayer, Louis B., 104, 118, 122
Mayfield’s Weekly (periodical), 33, 197n22
McCall, Herschel C., 23, 32, 193n32
McKinnon, T. J., 173, 221n44
McMahon, E. M., 110, 132
McNeile, Cyril, 96
Mecklin, John Moffat, 59–60, 61, 177, 188n16, 202n29
Mencken, H. L., 11, 19, 24, 35, 52, 57, 77, 100; followers of, 55, 60, 92, 93, 147; Klan and, 26; mass culture and, 13, 53, 54, 98, 103, 124, 144, 164
Mer Rouge. See violence
Micheaux, Oscar, 112
Middletown, 14, 24, 56, 167–68
Minnesota, 116; Klan in, 127, 199n45; press in, 26, 36, 41, 49, 67
Missouri, 20, 65, 124, 135; Klan in, 47, 108, 128, 132, 144, 198n37, 214n30; in popular culture, 94
modernism, 9, 11, 181; alienation from, 7, 55; mass culture and, 52, 73, 75, 82, 115, 124, 140, 143; press culture and, 14, 22, 31, 44; race and, 75–76, 105, 158
Morley, Clarence, 163
Mormonism, 58, 165, 168
Movie Weekly (periodical), 102, 110, 114
music. See jazz; mass culture
NAACP, 71, 86, 87, 105, 169, 206n42
Nathan, George Jean, 12–13, 17, 52, 77, 100, 182
Nations, Gilbert O., 20
nativism. See immigration
NBC, 142, 149, 157, 158, 160
New Jersey, 166; Klan and, 21, 65, 69, 123, 125, 127, 132, 149, 199n45
New York (city), 10, 22, 57, 103, 108, 109, 114, 115, 121, 124, 131, 142, 147, 152, 157, 216n18; censorship in, 70, 82, 101; Klan activity in, 65, 127, 148, 153; opposition to Klan in, 3–4, 33, 68, 147; press in, 16, 17, 21; sports in, 165, 168, 221n32. See also Smith, Alfred E.
New York (state), 41, 166, 199n45, 219n47; censorship in, 55, 101, 102, 111; Klan activity in, 29, 101, 102, 132, 133, 146
New York World (periodical), 17, 23, 44; series on Klan, 3–4, 10, 13, 15–16, 19, 20, 62, 66
Notre Dame University, 164, 166, 220n20
Oberholtzer, Madge, 5
Ohio, 175, 219n47; Klan in, 91, 110, 112, 131, 161, 188, 214n30; press in, 21, 33, 36, 42, 198n37; sports in, 166, 167, 168, 171
One Clear Call (film), 118
O’Neill, Eugene, 100–101, 102
Oregon, 4, 67, 126, 131, 145, 199n45, 202n40
Paley, William S., 142, 158
Parker, William, 20–21
Peer, Ralph S., 139, 140
Pennsylvania, 64, 67, 178; Klan in, 65, 102, 107, 128, 129, 133, 166, 175; press in, 25, 36, 47, 189, 199n45
Petersen, Herman, 79–81, 91, 96, 99, 183, 204n17, 205n18
Phagan, Mary, 2, 138–39
Pickford, Mary, 100, 175
Pilgrim, The (film), 102, 106
pluralism: Klan and, 8, 57, 59, 142, 160, 168, 178, 183; in postwar era, 6, 58, 75, 152, 161, 165. See also culture wars; modernism
populism, 5, 20, 35, 139
Pound, Ezra, 7, 54
press culture. See under mass culture
Processional (play), 2, 115–17
prohibition, 7, 50, 70, 93, 188n20, 202n30; Klan and, 3, 90, 91, 110, 118, 131, 138
propaganda, 60, 80, 87; by Klan, 10, 38, 63, 89, 100, 106–7, 145, 149, 171, 178, 183; Klan fears of, 12, 23, 64, 69, 70, 146
Protestantism, 2, 9, 39, 42, 50, 73, 76, 92, 94, 102, 155, 188n16; churches, 25, 57–58, 103, 107, 111, 113, 131, 148, 155, 172, 173, 205n18; Klan identity and, 4, 5, 10, 13, 27, 33, 44, 45, 51, 63, 65, 75, 89, 90, 99, 100, 110, 121, 131, 141, 149, 150, 182
Pulitzer Prize, 3, 19, 54
racism. See white supremacism
radio. See under mass culture
Radio Corporation of America (RCA), 142, 143, 150, 157
Randolph, A. Philip, 23, 26
Rankin, John E., 1
Reconstruction, 2, 66, 85, 104, 118, 205n33. See also Dunning School
Reichard, Ernest, 35, 38, 39, 63
Republican Party, 2, 83, 153, 176, 196n10; 1928 election and, 50
, 51
Roach, Hal, 117
Robeson, Paul, 101, 123, 134
Rodeheaver, Homer, 126, 135
Rogers, Joel, 84, 87
Roosevelt, Theodore, 72
Rubin, Joan Shelley, 8, 55, 73
Rubin, Victor, 89
Rutledge, Grady, 18–19, 63, 191n16
Sacco-Vanzetti case, 14–15
Salvation Army, 55, 101, 134
Saturday Evening Post (periodical), 22, 35, 43, 75, 95
Schlesinger, Arthur M., 52–53
schools. See education
Searchlight (periodical), 38, 63; content, 33, 36, 102, 146, 173, 195n2, 202n27; control of, 32, 35, 37, 42
secrecy: condemnations of, 11, 15, 60, 66, 67, 94, 98, 99, 102, 118, 166, 181; Klan use of, 3, 28, 29, 63, 81, 113, 128, 144, 174, 177–78
Seldes, Gilbert, 34, 35, 58, 102, 116, 123
Shands, Hubert, 88–89
Sheehan, Murray, 94, 95, 99
Shuler, Bob, 20, 152
Simmons, William J., 2, 27, 29, 47, 57, 89, 109, 113, 202n30; publicity and, 3, 15–16, 23, 27, 62, 201n18; and struggle to control the Klan, 4–5, 38, 61, 63, 67, 198n24, 202n35, 221n44
Simon & Schuster, 44, 54
Sletterdahl, Peter J., 36, 49, 67
Smith, Alfred E., 5, 15, 50–51, 158
Snyder, Ruth, 14
Sound and Fury (novel), 93, 99
Southern Publicity Association, 3, 198n24
Spaeth, Sigmund, 123, 124, 125, 127, 130
sports. See under mass culture; and specific sports
Stephenson, David C., 5, 6, 29, 32, 46, 187, 196n10
Stetson, Augusta E., 146–47, 216n16
Stevens, James, 92–93, 95
Stoddard, Lothrop, 71, 72, 75, 105, 203n57
Sunday, Billy, 126, 135, 175
Superman, 180–81
Sutton, George, 78, 79, 80, 204n17, 205n18
Symbol of the Unconquered, The (film), 112
Tennessee, 51, 139, 157; Klan in, 21, 69, 107, 135, 144, 179; press in, 24, 28, 50, 198n37
Texas, 51, 58, 69, 88, 102, 219n47; Hiram Evans and, 4, 164, 198n24; Klan in, 32, 62, 108, 110, 118–20, 129, 197n22; press in, 20, 22, 24–25, 27, 28, 33, 145, 190n13, 198n37; sports in, 169, 172
theater. See under mass culture
Thomas, J. Parnell, 1
Time (periodical), 14, 29, 35, 43
Tin Pan Alley, 10, 123, 135, 136, 144, 156
Tolerance (periodical), 17–19, 190n15, 191n16
Toll of Justice, The (film), 110–11, 112, 114, 118, 121
Traitor Within, The (film), 112–13, 114
Ku Klux Kulture Page 38
