by Richard Toye
24 Norman Rose, Churchill: An Unruly Life, Simon & Schuster, London, 1994, p. 40.
25 ‘Mr Churchill – Imperialist!’ (review of My African Journey), Observer, 6 Dec. 1908.
26 See ‘Men and Things’, Palestine Post, 10 Oct. 1948.
27 Ryszard Kapuscinski, The Shadow of the Sun: My African Life, Penguin, London, 2002 (first published 2001), p. 321.
28 Wm. Roger Louis, In the Name of God, Go! Leo Amery and the British Empire in the Age of Churchill, W. W. Norton & Co., New York, 1992, p. 30.
29 Leo Amery diary, 28 Sept. 1951, Leo Amery Papers, 7/45.
30 For example John Ramsden excludes India from his analysis in Man of the Century: Winston Churchill and His Legend since 1945, HarperCollins, London, 2002, giving his reasons on p. xvi.
31 As Hyam points out in ‘Churchill and the British Empire’, p. 167.
1. LEARNING TO THINK IMPERIALLY
1 Nigel Nicolson (ed.), Harold Nicolson: Diaries and Letters, 1930–1939, Collins, London, 1966, pp. 396–7 (entry for 14 June 1939).
2 Chamberlain advised his fellow citizens to ‘Learn to think Imperially’: ‘Mr Chamberlain in the City’, The Times, 20 Jan. 1904.
3 Paul Addison, Churchill: The Unexpected Hero, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2005, p. 17.
4 Geoffrey Best, Churchill: A Study in Greatness, Penguin, London, 2002 (first published by Hambledon, London, 2001), p. 24.
5 Elizabeth Everest to WSC, 8 April 1894, CV I, part 1, p. 463.
6 ‘Music, Dancing, and Theatre Licences’, The Times, 11 Oct. 1894.
7 WSC, My Early Life: A Roving Commission [originally published by Thornton Butterworth, London, 1930], CW, vol. I, p. 71.
8 WSC to Jack Churchill, 7 Nov. 1894, CV I, part 1, p. 532.
9 WSC, My Early Life, p. 71.
10 Gordon Halswell to WSC, 6 Oct. 1933, CV V, part 2, p. 661.
11 WSC to Lady Randolph Churchill, 24 May 1887, and J. W. Spedding to WSC, 10 July 1890, CV I, part 1, pp. 133, 205.
12 Speech of 26 July 1897. These last words were a fairly direct borrowing from William Whewell, A Sermon preached on Trinity Monday, June 15 1835, before the Corporation of the Trinity House, London 1835, p. 15: ‘Can we suppose otherwise, than that it is our office to carry civilization and humanity, peace and good government, and, above all, the knowledge of the true God, to the uttermost ends of the earth?’ I am grateful to Boyd Hilton and the archivist of Trinity College, Cambridge for assistance on this point.
13 WSC, Thoughts and Adventures [first published by Thornton Butterworth, London, 1932], CW, vol. XIII, p. 32.
14 Roland Quinault, ‘Churchill, Lord Randolph Henry Spencer (1849–1895)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2004 [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/5404, accessed 13 Aug. 2007]; WSC, My Early Life, p. 125.
15 The Times, 3 Dec. 1874, CV I, part 1, p. 1.
16 WSC, My Early Life, p. 16.
17 WSC, Lord Randolph Churchill, pp. 448–50.
18 ‘Satan Absolved’ (1899), in The Poetical Works of Wilfrid Scawen Blunt: A Complete Edition, vol. II, Macmillan, London, 1914, p. 285.
19 Wilfrid Scawen Blunt, ‘Randolph Churchill: A Personal Recollection’, Nineteenth Century and After, 59 (1906), pp. 401–15, at 403.
20 Parliamentary Debates, House of Commons, 4th Series, vol. 280, 8 June 1883, col. 49.
21 WSC, Lord Randolph Churchill, p. 207.
22 Ibid., p. 208.
23 ‘Lord R. Churchill At Chatham’, The Times, 7 June 1883.
24 Lord Randolph Churchill, speech of 15 April 1884, quoted in WSC, Lord Randolph Churchill, p. 227.
25 Lala Baijnath, England and India, Jehangir B. Karani & Co., Bombay, 1893, pp. 88–9.
26 Letter of 3 March 1885, quoted in WSC, Lord Randolph Churchill, p. 796.
27 Roy Foster, Lord Randolph Churchill: A Political Life, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1981, pp. 169, 171.
28 Lord Randolph Churchill, speech of 6 Aug. 1885, quoted in WSC, Lord Randolph Churchill, p. 376.
29 ‘The Primrose League’, The Times, 20 April 1885; WSC, ‘The Scaffolding of Rhetoric’ (unpublished article), 1897, CV I, part 2, p. 820.
30 Blunt, ‘Randolph Churchill’, p. 412.
31 N. G. Chandavarkar, English Impressions (1887), pp. 44–5, quoted in Foster, Lord Randolph Churchill, p. 409.
32 Lord Randolph Churchill, speech of 21 Nov. 1885, quoted in Foster, Lord Randolph Churchill, p. 204. A baboo – or babu – was a native Indian clerk, defined by Winston Churchill as ‘the Oriental embodiment of Red Tape’: The Story of the Malakand Field Force: An Episode of Frontier War [first published by Longmans, Green & Co., 1898], CW, vol. II, p. 163n.
33 Lord Randolph Churchill to Oscar Browning, 14 March 1890, Oscar Browning Papers, OB/1/345/C.
34 Brian Roberts, Churchills in Africa, Hamish Hamilton, London, 1970, pp. 4, 14.
35 Ibid., p. 30. Rather hypocritically he then spent £2000 on a diamond necklace himself: ‘I don’t mean to give it to Jennie, but she can wear it at times, and if we get hard up I shall sell it.’ Lord Randolph Churchill to his mother, 30 Nov. 1891, Lord Randolph Churchill Papers, Add. 9248/27/3787.
36 Lord Randolph Churchill, Men, Mines and Animals in South Africa, Sampson, Low, Marston & Co., London, 1893, p. 25.
37 Ibid., p. 94.
38 Lord Randolph Churchill to WSC, 27 June 1891, CV I, part 1, p. 248.
39 WSC to Lord Randolph Churchill, 22 July 1891, ibid., p. 260.
40 WSC to Lord Randolph Churchill, 27 Sept. [1891], ibid., p. 270.
41 Churchill, Men, Mines and Animals, p. 92.
42 Lord Randolph Churchill to his mother, 15 July 1891, Lord Randolph Churchill Papers, Add. 9248/27/3761.
43 Churchill, Men, Mines and Animals, p. 120.
44 Lord Randolph Churchill to his mother, 30 Sept. 1891, Lord Randolph Churchill Papers, Add. 9248/27/3786.
45 Earl of Rosebery, Lord Randolph Churchill, Arthur L. Humphreys, London, 1906, pp. 72, 181.
46 WSC, Thoughts and Adventures, p. 32.
47 Aylmer Haldane, A Soldier’s Saga, William Blackwood & Sons, Edinburgh and London, 1948, pp. 119–20.
48 See Foster, Lord Randolph Churchill, pp. 382–403.
49 Blunt, ‘Randolph Churchill’, p. 406.
50 WSC, Lord Randolph Churchill, pp. 102, 214.
51 Ibid., p. 487. This remark was endorsed by Rosebery: Lord Randolph Churchill, p. 117.
52 Lord Randolph Churchill to WSC, 9 Aug. 1893, CV I, part 1, p. 391.
53 WSC, My Early Life, p. 20.
54 See especially John MacKenzie (ed.), Imperialism and Popular Culture, Manchester University Press, Manchester, 1986, and J. A. Mangan, ‘Benefits bestowed’: Education and British Imperialism, Manchester University Press, Manchester, 1988.
55 See Bernard Porter, The Absent-Minded Imperialists: Empire, Society, and Culture in Britain, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2004.
56 John Colville, The Fringes of Power: Downing Street Diaries, 1939–1955, Hodder & Stoughton, London, 1985, pp. 320, 444 (entries for 18 Dec. 1940 and 28 Sept. 1941).
57 E. D. W. Chaplin (ed.), Winston Churchill and Harrow, Harrow School Book Shop, Harrow-on-the-Hill, 1941, pp. 71, 77.
58 WSC, ‘Back to the Spartan Life in Our Public Schools’, Daily Mail, 1 Dec. 1931, in WSC, The Collected Essays of Sir Winston Churchill, ed. Michael Wolff, 4 vols., Library of Imperial History, London, 1976, vol. IV, pp. 86–7.
59 J. E. C. Welldon to Oscar Browning, 4 May 1885, Browning Papers, OB/1/1728A.
60 Haldane, A Soldier’s Saga, p. 131.
61 L. S. Amery, My Political Life, vol. I: England before the Storm, 1896–1914, Hutchinson, London, 1953, p. 40.
62 J. E. C. Welldon, Recollections and Reflections, Cassell, London, 1915, pp. 144–5.
63 J. E. C. Welldon to Harcourt Butler, c. 1890, Harcourt Butler Papers, MS Eur. F11/27.
64 Welldon to Harcourt Butler, 5 Sept. 1923, ibid.
65 J. E. C
. Welldon, ‘The Imperial Aspects of Education’ (paper delivered on 14 May 1895), Proceedings of the Royal Colonial Institute, 26 (1894–5), pp. 322–39, at 333.
66 Ibid., pp. 325, 333.
67 Notably Reginald Bosworth Smith, who campaigned against British withdrawal from Uganda, for which he was praised by Welldon in front of the school. Churchill drew Bosworth Smith’s activities to Lord Randolph’s attention. R. Bosworth Smith, ‘The Continuity Of Moral Policy’ (letter to the editor), The Times, 25 Oct. 1892; WSC to Lord Randolph, 5 Nov. 1892, CV I, part 1, p. 346; ‘Lecture by Mr H. M. Stanley’, Harrovian, 17 Nov. 1892.
68 ‘The Oldham Election’, Manchester Guardian, 28 June 1899.
69 Jim Golland, Not Winston, Just William? Winston Churchill at Harrow School, The Herga Press, Harrow, 1988, p. 13; Robert Somervell, Chapters of Autobiography, Faber & Faber, London, 1935, p. 103.
70 WSC, ‘Influenza’, 1890, quoted in Golland, Not Winston, Just William?, pp. 11–12.
71 Churchill’s history notebook, c. 1892, Churchill Papers, CHAR 1/11. This may have been singled out for preservation because it describes, amongst other things, the military exploits of his ancestor, the first Duke of Marlborough.
72 J. E. C. Welldon, Forty Years On: Light and Shadows (A Bishop’s Reflections on Life), Ivor Nicolson & Watson, London, 1935, p. 120.
73 WSC to Lord Randolph Churchill, [30 March 1892], CV I, part 1, p. 329; ‘Lecture by Mr H. M. Stanley’, Harrovian, 17 Nov. 1892.
74 ‘The Toryism of Tomorrow: An interview with Lord Randolph Churchill’, Pall Mall Gazette, 27 Nov. 1884, in Foster, Lord Randolph Churchill, p. 407.
75 WSC to Lady Randolph Churchill, 6 April 1897, CV I, part 1, p. 751. See also WSC to Bourke Cockran, 12 April [1896], in Michael McMenamin and Curt J. Zoller, Becoming Winston Churchill: The Untold Story of Young Winston and His American Mentor, Greenwood World Publishing, Oxford/Westport, CT, 2007, p. 87, and, for the 1920s, Parliamentary Debates, House of Commons, 5th Series, vol. 149, 15 Dec. 1921, cols. 181–2.
76 WSC’s speech of 16 Aug. 1929, in David Dilks, ‘The Great Dominion’: Winston Churchill in Canada, 1900–1954, Thomas Allen, Toronto, 2005, p. 75. See also WSC, My Early Life, p. 56.
77 J. E. C. Welldon to Harcourt Butler, 27 June 1923, Harcourt Butler Papers, MS Eur. F11/27.
78 William D. Rubinstein, ‘The Secret of Leopold Amery’, Historical Research, 73 (2000), pp. 175–96.
79 Amery, My Political Life, vol. I, p. 35.
80 WSC, My Early Life, p. 32.
81 WSC to Lord Curzon, 3 June 1901, Lord Curzon Papers, MS Eur. F111/272.
82 His obituarist, in drawing attention to this devotion, stated that it was ‘of the Pickwick-Sam Weller type’: ‘Bishop Welldon: A Great Personality’, The Times, 19 June 1937.
83 J. A. Mangan, ‘ “The grit of our forefathers”: Invented Traditions, Propaganda and Imperialism’, in MacKenzie, Imperialism, pp. 115–39, at 121; David Gilmour, Curzon, John Murray, London, 1994, pp. 170–1, 207.
84 WSC to J. E. C. Welldon, 16 Dec. 1896, CV I, part 2, p. 714.
85 Welldon to Harcourt Butler, 27 June 1923 and 2 Jan. 1924, Harcourt Butler Papers, MS Eur. F11/27.
86 Welldon to Maud Hoare, 10 May 1935, Templewood Papers, Anderson Collection, File 9.
87 M. Philips Price, My Three Revolutions, George Allen & Unwin, London, 1969, p. 289.
88 Douglas S. Russell, Winston Churchill: Soldier, Conway, London, 2006 (first published 2005), p. 44.
89 WSC, My Early Life, p. 58.
90 For example ‘Kaffir’, WSC to Jack Churchill, [11 July 1891], CV I, part 1, p. 257.
91 WSC to Lady Randolph, 19 Oct. [1893], ibid., p. 592.
92 Penny Summerfield, ‘Patriotism and Empire: Music-Hall Entertainment, 1870–1914’, in MacKenzie, Imperialism, pp. 17–48, at 29.
93 WSC to Lady Randolph, 2 March 1899, CV I, part 2, p. 1012.
94 WSC, My Early Life, p. 96.
95 WSC, ‘The Insurrection in Cuba’, Daily Graphic, 13 Jan. 1896, CV I, part 1, pp. 616–17.
96 McMenamin and Zoller, Becoming Winston Churchill, pp. 83–7.
97 WSC, My Early Life, p. 94.
98 George R. Aberigh-Mackay, Twenty-One Days in India or The Tour of Sir Ali Baba K.C.B., W. Thacker & Co., London, 1910 (first published 1880), pp. 3–4, 41.
99 WSC to William Phillips, 15 Dec. 1942, in William Phillips, Ventures in Diplomacy, John Murray, London, 1955, p. 221.
100 George Chesney, Indian Polity: A View of the System of Administration in India, Longmans, Green & Co., London, 1868, p. 212. Churchill cited the book in The Story of the Malakand Field Force, p. 160.
101 Golland, Not Winston, p. 8; Russell, Winston Churchill, p. 19.
102 Lord Ismay, The Memoirs of Lord Ismay, Heinemann, London, 1960, pp. 15–16.
103 The serialization was published in book form as The Happy Warrior, Hulton Press, London, 1958. See also John Marsh, The Young Winston Churchill, Evans Brothers Ltd, 1955, to which Leo Amery provided the foreword.
104 Constance Leslie to H. Rider Haggard, 11 Feb. 1888, and WSC to Haggard, n.d., Churchill Papers CHAR 1/178/59–60.
105 WSC, Story of the Malakand Field Force, p. 144.
106 WSC to Lady Randolph, 2 March 1899, CV I, part 2, p. 1013.
107 Rudyard Kipling to Max Aitken, 15 Jan. 1914, in Thomas Pinney (ed.), The Letters of Rudyard Kipling, vol. IV: 1911–19, Macmillan, Basingstoke, 1999, p. 218.
108 Rudyard Kipling to George Saintsbury, 23 Dec. 1922, in Thomas Pinney (ed.), The Letters of Rudyard Kipling, vol. V: 1920–30, Macmillan, Basingstoke, 2004, p. 134.
109 Speech of 17 Nov. 1937.
110 Kipling to George Bambridge, 14 Feb. 1935, in Thomas Pinney (ed.), The Letters of Rudyard Kipling, vol. VI: 1931–36, Macmillan, Basingstoke, 2004, p. 333.
111 Kipling to Bambridge, 26–27 Feb. 1935, ibid., p. 340.
112 Speech of 17 Nov. 1937.
113 WSC to Lady Randolph, 14 Oct. [1896], CV I, part 2, p. 688.
114 WSC, My Early Life, p. 119.
115 J. Moray Brown and T. F. Dale, The Badminton Library of Sports and Pastimes: Polo (1901), pp. 254–5, quoted in Patrick F. McDevitt, May the Best Man Win: Sport, Masculinity, and Nationalism in Great Britain and the Empire, 1880–1935, Macmillan, New York, 2004, p. 39.
116 McDevitt, May the Best Man Win, ch. 3.
117 WSC, Story of the Malakand Field Force, p. 160.
118 WSC to Lady Randolph, 31 Aug. [1895], CV I, part 1, p. 585.
119 Roland Quinault, ‘Winston Churchill and Gibbon’, in R. McKitterick and R. Quinault (eds.), Edward Gibbon and Empire, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1997, pp. 317–32. Quotation at 332.
120 Lord Macaulay, Critical and Historical Essays, vol. II, Longmans, Green & Co., London, 1866, p. 185.
121 WSC, Story of the Malakand Field Force, p.3.
122 Parliamentary Debates, House of Commons, 5th Series, vol. 131, 8 July 1920, col. 173.
123 Paul Addison, Churchill on the Home Front, 1900–1955, Pimlico, London, 1993, p. 10.
124 Winwood Reade, The Martyrdom of Man, Watts & Co., London, 1934 (first published 1872), p. 431.
125 David. C. Smith, H. G. Wells: Desperately Mortal: A Biography, Yale University Press, New Haven and London, 1986, pp. 14–15.
126 WSC, My Early Life, p. 129; Joseph Spence, ‘Lecky, (William) Edward Hartpole (1838–1903)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edition, 2009.
127 Paul Addison, ‘Destiny, History and Providence: The Religion of Winston Churchill’, in Michael Bentley (ed.), Private and Public Doctrine: Essays in British History Presented to Maurice Cowling, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1993, pp. 236–50; Philip Williamson, ‘Christian Conservatives and the Totalitarian Challenge, 1933–40’, English Historical Review, 115 (2000), pp. 607–42.
128 See Addison, Churchill on the Home Front, p. 10.
129 Andrew S. Thompson, Imperial Britain: The Empire in British Politics,
c. 1880–1932, Longman, Harlow, 2000, p. 24.
