Beyond Belief
Page 45
Brown Shirts, 35
Brú, Federico Laredo, 116
Brundage, Avery, 64–67, 69, 70, 72, 75
Brutto, Frank, 152, 156
Buchenwald, 243, 244, 255, 256, 258, 260, 268
Buffalo Courier Express, 145, 153
Bullitt, William, 129
Business Week, 34
Businessmen, 34–35
Canterbury, Archbishop of (William Temple), 189, 190, 195, 204
Canton (Ohio) Repository, 49
Carlson, John Roy, 122
Casablanca conference (1943), 47
Catton, Bruce, 126
CBS radio, 166, 175, 181
Celler, Emanuel, 112, 210, 213, 214, 226
Censorship, German policy on, 21
Chamberlain, Neville, 53, 100
Chandler, Norman, 33, 80, 268
Charleston Post, 72
Chattanooga Times, 55
Chelmno, 162, 259
Chicago Daily News, 22, 25, 28, 55, 104, 122, 160
Chicago Herald American, 270, 271
Chicago Tribune, 5, 14, 15, 17, 27–28, 36, 37n, 42, 51, 70, 90, 106, 145, 152, 154, 155, 165, 172, 174, 177, 181, 187, 211, 212, 215, 219, 226, 265
Chichester, Bishop of, 191
Childs, Marquis, 242–243
Christian Century, The, 5, 17, 36–37, 45, 70, 76, 77, 93, 107, 114, 143, 184–185, 192, 202–203, 224, 230, 237, 241, 249–250, 274
Christian Science Monitor, 5, 17, 35, 42–44, 51, 59, 60, 78, 107, 117, 148, 157, 175, 177–179, 181, 188, 198, 202, 203, 208, 210–214, 219, 221, 223, 225, 229, 230, 234, 235–237, 239, 252–253
Church Peace Union, 199
Ciechanowski, Jan, 103
Cincinnati Enquirer, 42
Cincinnati Post, 115
Cincinnati Times Star, 107
Citizenship restrictions, 56, 58–61
Clapper, Raymond, 207, 209–210
Cleveland News, 60, 71
Cleveland Plain Dealer, 54, 101, 202
Cockburn, Claud, 10
Collier’s, 5, 197
Columbia (South Carolina) State, 116–117
Columbus Dispatch, 47
Columbus (Ohio) Journal, 17
Column Review, 76
Committee on Fair Play in Sports, 76
Committee on Public Information, 8
Commonweal, 5, 26, 76, 230, 231, 275
Concentration camps: see Annihilation program
Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO), 199
Congressional Record, 113
Coughlin, Father Charles, 127
Cowan, Howard, 258
Cracow, 153
Cranston, Alan, 102
Creel, George, 8
Cuba, 115–119
Cunningham, Bill, 77
Curley, James M., 76
Currivan, Gene, 258
Cynicism, 8, 9, 240; see also Skepticism
Czech Jews, 219, 234, 253
Dachau, 243, 252, 255, 258, 260
Daily Mail, 163
Daily Telegraph and Morning Post, 163, 164
Daley, Arthur, 82
Dallas News, 42, 181, 219
Dallas Times Herald, 49
Daly, John, 166
Daniell, Raymond, 239
Danish Jews, 218
Das Schwarze Korps, 110
Davis, Elmer, 265–266
Davis, Jerome, 246–247
Dawidowicz, Lucy, 146n
Dawson, Geoffrey, 29
Dayton (Ohio) News, 138
De Luce, Daniel, 248
Dearborn Independent, 109–111
Death camps: see Annihilation program
Death marches, 239
Denny, Harold, 268–270
Denver Post, 181
Deportations, 156, 218–219
first wave, 136, 142–145
rationalizing, 176–180
second wave, 151–152
Des Moines Register, 70
Destroyer-bases arrangement, 131
Detroit Free Press, 85, 88, 241, 255
Detroit News, 52, 92
Dewey, Thomas E., 98, 129, 199, 231, 238
Dieckhoff, Hans, 87–88, 98, 110, 123, 131
Dies, Martin, 124
Digby, Fred, 76
Diplomatic corps, 31–32
Discovering the News (Schudson), 9
Division of Press Intelligence, 4–6
Dodd, Martha, 26, 28, 33
Dodd, William, 24, 29, 32, 50, 60, 61, 70, 72, 79, 84
Dodds, Harold W., 213
Downs, Bill, 246, 247
Drummond, Roscoe, 209
Duel, Wallace R., 55, 160
Dulles, Allen, 25
Dutch Jews, 174, 179, 187, 219
Dyer, Braven, 81
Early, Stephen, 5
Ebbutt, Norman, 28–29
Economist, 178, 179
Eden, Anthony, 190, 204, 205, 208
Editor & Publisher, 243
Editorial boards, 31, 38, 110, 111
Editorial Research Reports, 210–211
Einsatzgruppen (Action Groups), 150
Einstein, Albert, 43, 89, 107
Einzelaktionen, 13, 32
Eisenhower, Dwight, 254–255
Elliott, John, 16, 17, 43
Endreis, Guido, 52
Espionage, 121–131
Etheridge, Mark, 26
Evian-les-Bains conference, 93–97
Extermination, interpretations of term, 157–158; see also Annihilation program
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), 121, 126
Feingold, Henry, 205
Fifth-column fears, 121–131
Final Solution: see Annihilation program
Finley, John, 171n
Fish, Hamilton, 194
Fluchtingshilfe, 235
Folliard, Edward, 242
Ford, Henry, 109–110
Fort Oswego, New York, 230, 232
Fortune, 115
Fosdick, Harry Emerson, 76
Frame, Walter C., 126
Francis, Warren B., 77
Frank, Hans, 153
Frankfurter, Felix, 47, 84, 90, 171n
Frankfurter Zeitung, 17
Free port notion, 229–232
Free World Association, 199
French Jews, 147, 149, 177, 178, 197
Freud, Sigmund, 88, 89, 107
Friends of New Germany (FONG), 122–123
Galicia massacre, 151
Gallico, Paul, 81, 83, 84
Gannon, Franklin, 28–29
Garmisch-Partenkirchen, 63, 67
Gary (Indiana) Post Tribune, 101
Gas chambers: see Annihilation program
Gedye, G. E. R., 23, 87
Geist, Raymond, 24, 32
Germany Puts the Clock Back (Mowrer), 57
Germany Will Try Again (Schultz), 22
Ghali, Paul, 178, 257–258
Ghettoization, 148, 157
Gillette, Guy M., 225, 231
Givner, Joan, 30n
Goebbels, Joseph, 21, 27, 30, 52, 72, 73, 83, 123, 161, 176
Goering, Hermann, 18, 19, 27, 30, 33, 123, 138n
Gordon, George, 20
Gould, Alan, 79, 83
Government responsibility, question of, 48–51
Grafton, Samuel, 229–231
Graham, Kay, 228n
Gratke, Charles E., 252–253
Greek Jews, 218, 219
Green, William, 37, 199
Greensboro (North Carolina) Press, 118
Grigg, Joseph, 159–160
Guggenheim, Paul, 194
Gunther, Franklin Mott, 194
Gunther, John, 31
Halberstam, David, 170, 171n
Hamilton (Ohio) Journal News, 49
Hanfstaengl, Ernst, 18
Harper’s, 5, 37, 47
Harriman, Averell, 242
Harrison, Earl, 226
Harrison, Leland, 218
Hart, Moss, 200
Hawkins, Eric, 211
Hearst, William Randolph, 225, 275, 2
76n
Hearst papers, 138, 139n, 157, 224–227, 230, 238, 255, 257
Hecht, Ben, 187, 200, 203
Helldorf, Wolf von, 50, 55
Henry, Bill, 73
Hess, Rudolf, 27
Heydrich, Reinhard, 170, 171, 253
Hilberg, Raul, 260, 270
Himmler, Heinrich, 27, 178, 198
Hindus, Maurice, 246–248
Historical hindsight, 146n
Historical record, press and, 9–10
Hitler, Adolf, 19, 27, 29, 37n, 43; see also Annihilation program
“conciliatory” speech (1933), 45, 46
economic recovery of Germany and, 34
Kristallnacht and, 100, 104
Mein Kampf, 31, 102
Olympic Games and, 63, 84–85
Roehm, murder of, 54, 55n
as viewed by press, 48–52
Holt, E. Berg, 208
Holyoke Times Telegraph, 93
Homosexuality, 37n
Hoover, Herbert, 98–99, 103, 109
Hoover, J. Edgar, 125, 126
Hottelet, Richard C., 23, 140, 268
House Un-American Activities Committee, 124, 129
Houston Post, 42
Howe, Louis, 4
Howe, Quincy, 166
Hull, Cordell, 20, 22, 25, 43, 60, 88–90, 202, 205, 208, 212, 277
Hungarian Jews, 221–223, 231, 235–239
Hutchinson, Paul, 37
Ickes, Harold, 99
Il Tempo, 239
Illustrated magazine, 148
Immigration issue, 86, 88–92, 106–109, 111, 211, 225, 226, 230–232
Evian-les-Bains conference, 93–97
fifth-column fears and, 128–131
legislation, 112–115
St. Louis, voyage of, 116–120
Indianapolis Star, 78
Innocence, German protestations of, 18–19
Inside Europe (Gunther), 31
Inter-Allied Information Committee, 186, 211
Intergovernmental Committee on Refugees, 225
Intermarriage, 58–60
International Church Movement Ecumenical Refugee Commission, 234–235
International Olympic Committee (IOC), 63, 64
Interventionist sentiment, 131
Irgun, 200
Isolationism, 9, 32, 137
Jackson (Michigan) Citizen Patriot, 91
Jahncke, Ernst, 77–78
James, Edwin L., 19, 128, 261
Jefferson, Thomas, 1
Jewish Agency, 181
Jewish Frontier, The, 165n, 166n
Jewish National Committee, 219
“Jews as cause of” theory of antisemitism, 42–48
Johnson, Edwin C., 200
Journalism Quarterly, 17
Justice Department, 121, 126
Kansas City Star, 181, 234
Kiev massacre, 151, 156–157, 219, 245–247
Kirchwey, Freda, 206, 213, 275
Kirkpatrick, Helen, 259
Knauth, Percy, 24, 136n, 260
Knickerbocker, H. R., 14, 18, 22, 24, 28, 147
Knox, Frank, 22, 25, 31
Kochan, Lionel, 98
Koestler, Arthur, 241, 242, 275
Kölnische Zeitung, 153
Kristallnacht, 38, 53, 86, 97–109, 253
Krock, Arthur, 4, 171n
Kuhn, Fritz Julius, 123
Kurfürstendamm riots (1935), 41, 50, 53, 54, 56
La Guardia, Fiorello, 58, 199
Laird, Tom, 77
Landau, Ida, 213
Landon, Alf, 99
Lansing Journal, 71
Laqueur, Walter, 195
Latvia, 159–160, 172
Lauterbach, Richard, 248–249
Law, Richard, 204, 207
Lawrence, Bill, 245–248, 261
Leiper, Henry Smith, 76
Lend-Lease Act, 131
Lerner, Max, 231, 275
Leutchenberg, William, 125
Levszaky, 253
Levy, Joseph, 222
Lewald, Theodor, 72
Lewis, Sinclair, 18
Lewis, Ted, 265
Ley, Robert, 198
Lichtenberg, Bernard, 155
Lidice massacre, 171, 253, 277
Life, 5, 128, 143, 144, 248, 254n, 271, 275n, 276n
Lindbergh, Charles, 80
Lippmann, Walter, 45–47, 109, 175
Literary Digest, 5, 43, 49, 57, 65, 80, 82, 123
Lithuania, 160, 165
Lochner, Louis, 21, 23–24, 28–30, 46n, 152, 155–156, 160–161
London Daily Herald, 15
London Evening Standard, 161
London Times, 28–29, 46, 163, 179, 189–191, 195
Long, Breckinridge, 131, 208, 213, 215–216, 225–226
Look, 5, 123
Los Angeles Examiner, 5, 122, 181, 182, 187, 219, 247
Los Angeles Times, 5, 16, 17, 36, 51, 59, 61–62, 73–74, 76, 77, 81, 143, 161, 164–165, 175, 176, 181, 184, 186, 187, 191, 198, 202, 203, 211, 219, 224, 229, 233–235, 247, 253, 255, 268
Louisville Courier Journal, 264, 265
Lubell, Samuel, 128
Lublin, 168, 185, 267
Ludlow Amendment, 108n
Luther, Hans, 47
Lutheran Companion, 44
Lvov ghetto, 156
Lvov massacre, 150, 168
Mahoney, Jeremiah T., 77, 78
Maidanek, 258, 259, 261, 267, 270
Manchester Guardian, 22, 25, 104, 164, 177, 190, 195, 204
Mandell, Richard, 64
Massacres, 185–186
Galicia, 151
Kiev, 151, 156–157, 219, 245–247
Latvia, 159–160
Lidice, 171, 253, 277
Lvov, 150, 168
Odessa, 151
Vilna, 160, 161, 172, 176
Mauthausen, 152, 154
Mayer, Arno, 276n
Mayer, Helen, 72
Mayer, Milton, 244
McCaleb, Kenneth, 245, 269
McCall’s, 126
McCardell, Lee, 272
McCloy, John, 71–72, 229n, 263
McCormick, Anne O’Hare, 52, 201, 237
McCormick, Robert R., 27–28, 36, 37n
McDermot, J., 183
McGill, Ralph, 77
McKelway, Ben, 268
McKenzie, Vernon, 240, 269
Mein Kampf (Hitler), 31, 102
Memphis Commercial Appeal, 116
Messersmith, George, 15, 21, 24–26, 32, 70
Meyer, Eugene, 228n
Miami Herald, 5, 113–114, 165, 181, 202, 219
Miller, Douglas, 24, 32, 35
Milwaukee Herald, 70
Milwaukee Journal, 55, 91
Minneapolis Star, 71
Minneapolis Tribune, 37
Mischlinge, 60
Mobile (Alabama) Register, 73
Moffat, Pierrepont, 105–106
Moley, Raymond, 209
Montreal Daily Star, 164
Moody Bible Institute Monthly, 44
Morgenthau, Henry, 227, 229n
Moscow Declaration, 251
Mowrer, Edgar Ansel, 22, 24, 25, 28, 33, 57, 146, 227
Mowrer, Lilian, 33
Muni, Paul, 200
Munich Illustrated Press, 143
Munich pact, 53, 98, 100
Murray, Phillip, 208
Murrow, Edward R., 187–188, 244, 259
Mussolini, Benito, 65
Mutual radio, 175, 181
Myler, Joseph, 265
“Nansen” passport system, 214
Nashville Banner, 14–15
Nation, The, 5, 19, 31, 33, 78, 99, 114, 128, 130, 192, 201, 216, 224, 226, 230, 232, 237, 238, 243, 275, 276n
NBC radio, 175, 181
Nelson, W. R., 133
Neurath, Konstantin von, 19
Neutrality Act, 108
New Orleans Item Tribune, 76
New Orleans Times Picayune, 181
New Republic, The, 5, 31, 95–96, 130, 143, 192,
214, 216, 224–231, 237, 238, 275, 276n
New Statesman and Nation, 244
New York Daily News, 100
New York Evening Post, 14, 18, 28, 38
New York Herald Tribune, 5, 16, 17, 20, 28, 43, 49, 58, 77, 95, 104, 106, 116, 128, 130, 148, 149, 154–157, 166, 171, 175, 181, 182, 186, 187, 201, 202, 206, 211, 213, 214, 219, 221n, 224, 225, 229, 230, 233, 236, 248, 264
New York Journal American, 5, 126, 130, 139, 151, 154, 155, 161, 165, 181–183, 211, 216, 219, 247
New York Post, 50, 55, 122, 126, 150, 192, 201, 214, 216, 224, 226, 227, 229, 230, 232, 238, 241, 275
New York Sun, 5, 58, 106, 157, 201
New York Times, 5, 15, 16, 19, 20, 21n, 25, 26, 28, 31, 44, 51, 52, 54, 55, 61, 66, 75, 77, 82–84, 87, 94, 102, 104, 105, 108, 118, 120, 124, 128, 137, 142, 143, 151, 153–155, 161, 164, 168–173, 178–179, 181–184, 186, 187, 191, 197, 201–204, 206, 208, 211, 213, 215–217, 219–224, 226, 229–231, 233–237, 247, 248, 253n, 255, 264, 273, 276n
New York Times Magazine, 241, 268
New York World Telegram, 5, 28, 68, 126, 127, 154, 165, 174, 181, 186, 191, 198, 202, 206, 213, 219, 233
New Yorker Staatzeitung und Herald, 99, 102
Newark Star Ledger, 145
Newsweek, 5, 20, 35, 51–53, 59, 64, 91, 94, 96, 100, 104, 105, 147, 174, 187, 199, 203, 232, 270, 271
Nichol, David M., 167
Niebuhr, Reinhold, 192
Norfolk (Virginia) Pilot, 67–68
Norwegian Jews, 187, 218–219
“Nothing but” theory of antisemitism, 56–57, 60, 62
Nuremberg Laws, 57–62, 73
Oakland Tribune, 54
Odessa massacre, 151
Oeschner, Frederick, 28, 138, 144, 151–152, 160
Office of Public Opinion Research of Princeton, 6
Office of War Information, 5, 192, 251–253
Ogden, Rollo, 171n
Ohrdruf, 260, 270
Olsen, Sidney, 253–254
Olympic Games (1936), 37, 41, 63–85
Overseas News Agency, 198
Owens, Jesse, 63, 83–84
Paassen, Pierre van, 28
Palestine, 117, 210, 214, 224, 225n, 237–238, 251, 276n
Paul, Richard, 266–267
Pearson, Drew, 193
Pegler, Westbrook, 73–74, 83, 128, 230
Pehle, John, 228, 251, 263, 265–266
Petain, Marshal, 147
Peters, C. Brooks, 21n, 24
Philadelphia Bulletin, 130, 202
Philadelphia Inquirer, 5, 105, 264
Philadelphia Record, 31, 38, 77–79, 96, 104, 116, 130
Phillips, William, 24
Pittsburg Post Gazette, 116
Pittsburg Press, 126
Pittsburg Sun, 14
PM, 5, 130–131, 147, 148, 182–183, 186, 212, 214, 216, 222, 226, 234, 236–238, 251, 275, 276n
Polish government in exile, 162, 163, 167, 169, 174, 183, 198, 199, 219, 249, 250
Polish Jews, 148, 149, 153, 154, 159, 161–174, 183–184, 189–191, 197–199, 216–217, 219, 220, 239, 277
Porter, Katherine Ann, 30n
Portland (Oregon) News, 92
Poughkeepsie News, 14
Povich, Shirley, 77, 83
Powers That Be, The (Halberstam), 170, 171n