Joan of Arc

by Castor, Helen

For the duke of Burgundy’s arrival in Paris, see Journal, p. 240 (trans. Parisian Journal, p. 237). He had been asked to come by Bedford because of the reverses of the previous weeks: see Monstrelet, Chronique, IV, p. 333.

  For Bedford’s attitude to Joan, see p. 208.

  For Bedford’s letter requesting reinforcements and King Henry’s coronation, see H. Nicolas (ed.), Proceedings and Ordinances of the Privy Council of England, III (London, 1834), pp. 322–3.

  For Bedford and Burgundy in Paris and the ceremony of 14 July, see Journal, pp. 240–1 (trans. Parisian Journal, pp. 237–8); the journal of Clément de Fauquembergue, the clerk of the Paris parlement, in Quicherat, Procès, IV, p. 455; Monstrelet, Chronique, IV, pp. 333–4.

  For English payments to the duke of Burgundy, see J. Stevenson (ed.), Letters and Papers Illustrative of the Wars of the English in France, II, part I (London, 1864), pp. 101–11; Vaughan, Philip the Good, p. 17.

  For Burgundian envoys at Reims, see Beaucourt, Charles VII, II, pp. 403–4.

  For the continued Armagnac advance towards Paris, see ‘Journal du siège’ in Quicherat, Procès, IV, p. 187; Chartier in Quicherat, Procès, IV, p. 78.

  Gerson’s death: see McGuire, Jean Gerson, p. 319.

  For Alain Chartier’s Epistola de puella, see Quicherat, Procès, V, pp. 131–6 (quotations from pp. 134, 135), and English translation in Taylor, Joan of Arc, pp. 108–12.

  For Christine de Pizan’s Ditié de Jehanne d’Arc, see Quicherat, Procès, V, pp. 3–21 (quotation from p. 11), and English translation in Taylor, Joan of Arc, pp. 98–108.

  For Joan’s letter to the people of Reims, see Quicherat, Procès, V, pp. 139–40, and English translation in Taylor, Joan of Arc, pp. 118–19.

  7: A CREATURE IN THE FORM OF A WOMAN

  For Bedford’s report of the duke of Burgundy to the royal council, which has a definite air of protesting too much, see Beaucourt, Charles VII, II, p. 403n.

  For the Armagnac delegation to Arras, which arrived in the first few days of August, see Beaucourt, Charles VII, II, pp. 405–7; Monstrelet, Chronique, IV, pp. 348–9; Vaughan, Philip the Good, pp. 21–2.

  For the presence of Anne of Burgundy, duchess of Bedford, at her brother’s court, see Journal, p. 241 (trans. Parisian Journal, p. 238); Morosini, Chronique, III, pp. 186–7; Beaucourt, Charles VII, II, pp. 407–8.

  For the reinforcement of the defences of Paris, see Journal, p. 239 (trans. Parisian Journal, p. 236); DeVries, Joan of Arc: A Military Leader, p. 130.

  For Bedford’s return with new troops, see Journal, p. 242 (trans. Parisian Journal, p. 238); journal of Clément de Fauquembergue in Quicherat, Procès, IV, p. 453; Nicolas (ed.), Proceedings and Ordinances of the Privy Council, III, pp. 322–3; J. H. Ramsay, Lancaster and York: A Century of English History, I (Oxford, 1892), pp. 401–2.

  For Bedford’s letter from Montereau, see Monstrelet, Chronique, IV, pp. 340–4, and English translation in Taylor, Joan of Arc, pp. 119–22.

  For Brother Richard riding with the Armagnacs, see Journal, pp. 242–3 (trans. Parisian Journal, pp. 238–9).

  For the encounter at Montepilloy, see Monstrelet, Chronique, IV, pp. 344–7; Cagny in Quicherat, Procès, IV, pp. 21–3; Chartier in Quicherat, Procès, IV, pp. 82–4; ‘Journal du siège’ in Quicherat, Procès, IV, pp. 192–6.

  For Bedford moving to defend Normandy, see Beaucourt, Charles VII, II, p. 34; Barker, Conquest, pp. 133–4.

  For the submission of Compiègne and Beauvais to the Armagnacs, see ‘Journal du siège’ in Quicherat, Procès, IV, pp. 190, 196–7.

  For the negotiations at Arras and Compiègne, see Beaucourt, Charles VII, II, pp. 405–10; Monstrelet, Chronique, IV, pp. 348–9; Vaughan, Philip the Good, pp. 21–2.

  For the letter from the count of Armagnac and Joan’s response, see Tisset, Condamnation, I, pp. 225–6, and English translation in Taylor, Joan of Arc, pp. 122–3.

  For Joan’s move from Compiègne to occupy Saint-Denis, see Cagny in Quicherat, Procès, IV, pp. 24–5; Thompson, ‘“Monseigneur Saint Denis”’, pp. 27–8.

  For the king moving to Saint-Denis and Joan to La Chapelle with all her captains, see Cagny in Quicherat, Procès, IV, pp. 25–6; Chartier in Quicherat, Procès, IV, pp. 85–6; ‘Journal du siège’ in Quicherat, Procès, IV, pp. 197–8.

  For the defences of Paris, see DeVries, Joan of Arc: A Military Leader, pp. 141–2.

  For the summons issued by Bedford, see Stevenson (ed.), Letters and Papers, II, part I, pp. 118–19.

  For the Armagnac assault on Paris, including ‘… these men were so unfortunate’, and Joan’s shouted exchange with the soldiers defending the walls, see Journal, pp. 244–5 (trans. Parisian Journal, pp. 240–1); also the journal of Clément de Fauquembergue in Quicherat, Procès, IV, pp. 456–8; Cagny in Quicherat, Procès, IV, pp. 26–7; Chartier in Quicherat, Procès, IV, pp. 86–8; ‘Journal du siège’ in Quicherat, Procès, IV, pp. 197–9; DeVries, Joan of Arc: A Military Leader, pp. 143–6.

  For Charles’s letter to Reims, 13 September 1429, see Beaucourt, Charles VII, III, pp. 518–19; and for the financial difficulties of his government, see ‘Journal du siège’ in Quicherat, Procès, IV, p. 200; Beaucourt, Charles VII, II, p. 239n.

  For Joan the next day, see Cagny in Quicherat, Procès, IV, pp. 27–9; Chartier in Quicherat, Procès, IV, p. 88; DeVries, Joan of Arc: A Military Leader, pp. 146–7.

  Collecting the dead: Journal, p. 246 (trans. Parisian Journal, p. 241).

  Quotations from Gerson’s De mirabili victoria: Duparc, Nullité, II, p. 39, and English translations in Elliott, ‘Seeing Double’, p. 47; Taylor, Joan of Arc, p. 83; Fraioli, Early Debate, p. 212.

  The treatise De bono et malu spiritu was definitely written before 22 September, when the university of Paris paid for a copy. Its author is unknown, but he was a member of the university responding to Gerson’s De mirabili victoria. For its Latin text and a French translation see N. Valois (ed.), ‘Un nouveau témoignage sur Jeanne d’Arc: Réponse d’un clerc parisien à l’apologie de la Pucelle par Gerson (1429)’, in Annuaire-Bulletin de la Société de l’Histoire de France, 43 (1906), pp. 161–79; English translation in Taylor, Joan of Arc, pp. 125–30, and see discussion in Elliott, ‘Seeing Double’, pp. 47–50.

  Jean Chartier reported that the armour Joan left at Saint-Denis was the very armour in which she had been injured: Quicherat, Procès, IV, p. 89.

  For Joan’s journey back to the Loire valley, see ‘Journal du siège’ in Quicherat, Procès, IV, p. 201.

  ‘And thus was the will …’: Cagny in Quicherat, Procès, IV, p. 29.

  For Bedford’s return to Paris, and the fines imposed on Saint-Denis, see Journal, pp. 246–7 (trans. Parisian Journal, p. 242).

  For the extension of the Armagnac–Burgundian truce to include Paris, Burgundy’s arrival in the capital, and Burgundian negotiations with both sides, see Beaucourt, Charles VII, II, pp. 411–13; Stevenson (ed.), Letters and Papers, II, part I, pp. 126–7; Journal, pp. 247–8 (trans. Parisian Journal, pp. 242–3). The Parisian journal-writer believed that the duke of Burgundy became regent of France, and that the duke of Bedford’s authority would now be limited to Normandy; this was not true, but emphasises how important the gesture of making Burgundy the governor of Paris was for the city’s inhabitants.

  For Bedford’s private suggestion that April might see a new campaign rather than peace, see Monstrelet, Chronique, IV, p. 362.

  For Henry VI’s English coronation, see Griffiths, Reign of King Henry VI, p. 190.

  For Alençon wanting Joan with him, and being refused: Cagny in Quicherat, Procès, IV, pp. 29–30.

  For Perrinet Gressart, see A. Bossuat, Perrinet Gressart et François de Surienne (Paris, 1936), pp. 113–19; Barker, Conquest, pp. 137–8.

  For the siege of Saint-Pierre-le-Moûtier, see the testimony of Jean d’Aulon in Duparc, Nullité, I, pp. 484–5 (trans. English in Taylor, Joan of Arc, pp. 345–6); DeVries, Joan of Arc: A Military Leader, pp. 151–6; and re timing, Morosini, Chroniqu
e, III, pp. 229–30n.

  For Joan’s letter to Riom, see Quicherat, Procès, V, pp. 147–8 (where Quicherat notes that he saw a fingerprint and a black hair caught in the wax of the seal), and English translation in Taylor, Joan of Arc, pp. 130–1.

  For Pancrazio Giustiniani’s letter of 20 November, see Morosini, Chronique, III, pp. 228–37.

  8: I WILL BE WITH YOU SOON

  For the siege of La Charité, including comment on the cold, see the account of the Berry herald in Quicherat, Procès, IV, p. 49; also Cagny in Quicherat, Procès, IV, p. 31; Chartier in Quicherat, Procès, IV, p. 91; DeVries, Joan of Arc: A Military Leader, pp. 157–8.

  For the king at Mehun-sur-Yèvre, see Beaucourt, Charles VII, II, p. 265.

  The tax exemption for Domrémy: Quicherat, Procès, V, pp. 137–9.

  For the ennoblement of Joan and her family, granted at Mehun-sur-Yèvre in December 1429, see Quicherat, Procès, V, pp. 150–4.

  Joan’s movements are relatively hard to track in January and February 1430, but see itinerary in Pernoud and Clin, Joan of Arc: Her Story, p. 271.

  For the deliberations of the town council of Tours about Joan’s request for financial support for the wedding of the painter’s daughter, see Quicherat, Procès, V, pp. 154–6.

  For Philip of Burgundy’s marriages and illegitimate children, see Vaughan, Philip the Good, pp. 8, 54–7; for the Order of the Golden Fleece, pp. 57, 160–2. Isabel of Portugal’s mother was Philippa of Lancaster, eldest daughter of John of Gaunt. For Jean Le Févre’s astonishing account of the wedding celebrations, see Le Févre, Chronique, II, pp. 158–72; for the Order of the Golden Fleece, pp. 172–4.

  For Burgundy refusing the Garter, and his statement of independence, see C. A. J. Armstrong, ‘La Double Monarchie, France-Angleterre et la maison du Bourgogne (1420–1435): Le Déclin d’une alliance’, in Annales de Bourgogne, 37 (1965), pp. 105–6; Chastellain, Oeuvres, II, pp. 10–11.

  For Anne of Burgundy at the wedding, see Le Févre, Chronique, II, pp. 166–7.

  For St Michael in the Salisbury breviary, see Bibliothèque Nationale de France MS 17294 f. 595v, available online via Gallica at http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b8470142p/f1200.image; P. Contamine, ‘La “France anglaise” au XVe siècle: Mythe ou réalité?’, in La ‘France anglaise’ au Moyen Age, actes du IIIe Congrès National des Sociétés Savantes (Poitiers, 1986), I (Paris, 1988), p. 27.

  For La Hire seizing Château Gaillard on 24 February, see Barker, Conquest, pp. 142–3.

  For the Armagnac attack on Saint-Denis, see Journal, p. 251 (trans. Parisian Journal, p. 246).

  For Burgundy becoming count of Champagne, and contracting to serve King Henry for two months, see Vaughan, Philip the Good, pp. 17–18; Armstrong, ‘Double Monarchie’, p. 90; Beaucourt, Charles VII, II, p. 418.

  For the founding membership of the Order of the Golden Fleece, see Le Févre, Chronique, II, pp. 173–4.

  For Hugues de Lannoy and his campaign for anti-Armagnac action, see Vaughan, Philip the Good, pp. 22–4; Beaucourt, Charles VII, II, pp. 415–17.

  For Burgundian–Armagnac jousting at Arras, see Monstrelet, Chronique, IV, pp. 376–7; Chastellain, Oeuvres, II, pp. 18–26.

  For the complexities of Burgundian interests and entanglements in the Low Countries, see Vaughan, Philip the Good, pp. 48–52, 57–60.

  For English preparations for Henry VI’s coronation campaign, see Barker, Conquest, pp. 144–5.

  For Joan’s letters to Reims, see Quicherat, Procès, V, pp. 159–62, and translations in Taylor, Joan of Arc, pp. 131–2, 133–4.

  For Joan’s letter to the Hussites, see Quicherat, Procès, V, pp. 156–9, and translation in Taylor, Joan of Arc, pp. 132–3.

  For Catherine de La Rochelle, see Tisset, Condamnation, I, pp. 103–6 (trans. French in Tisset, Condamnation, II, pp. 99–100; English in Hobbins, Trial, pp. 83–4, and Taylor, Joan of Arc, pp. 172–3).

  Joan’s movements in April are once again not easy to track, but see Cagny in Quicherat, Procès, IV, p. 32; Chartier in Quicherat, Procès, IV, pp. 91–2; DeVries, Joan of Arc: A Military Leader, pp. 162–3.

  For Armagnac raids on Paris, and ‘the duke of Burgundy was expected daily’, see Journal, p. 253 (trans. Parisian Journal, p. 247).

  For Compiègne, its defences and its significance, see Barker, Conquest, p. 146; DeVries, Joan of Arc: A Military Leader, p. 164.

  For Henry VI’s arrival and entourage, see Griffiths, Reign of King Henry VI, pp. 190–1; Barker, Conquest, pp. 144–5.

  For Pierre Cauchon, see F. Neveux, L’Évêque Pierre Cauchon (Paris, 1987), pp. 70–82, 85–6; Monstrelet, Chronique, IV, p. 389.

  Negotiations for peace were supposed to start on 1 April, but the duke of Burgundy refused to come, and the English asked for a postponement until 1 June: Beaucourt, Charles VII, II, pp. 418–20.

  For Burgundy’s muster at Péronne and his journey south, see Monstrelet, Chronique, IV, pp. 378–84.

  For Charles’s letter to the towns of Armagnac France on 6 May, see Beaucourt, Charles VII, II, p. 423.

  It is very difficult to establish a clear chronology of military events during these weeks, but for Franquet d’Arras, see Monstrelet, Chronique, IV, pp. 384–5; Tisset, Condamnation, I, pp. 150–1 (trans. French in Tisset, Condamnation, II, p. 130; English in Hobbins, Trial, p. 103, and Taylor, Joan of Arc, pp. 190–1).

  For Poton de Xaintrailles, see Monstrelet, Chronique, IV, p. 382.

  For Joan at Soissons, see the account of the Berry herald in Quicherat, Procès, IV, pp. 49–50.

  For Joan at Crépy and Compiègne, the fighting and her capture, see Cagny in Quicherat, Procès, IV, pp. 32–4; Monstrelet, Chronique, IV, pp. 386–8. There has been much discussion over the years about whether the closing of the gate of Compiègne was the result of treachery, but there is no clear evidence that it was, and no plausible reason to think it, given that Compiègne did not subsequently fall. For detailed discussion, see DeVries, Joan of Arc: A Military Leader, pp. 166–74.

  For Duke Philip’s meeting with Joan, and Monstrelet’s failure to recall what was said, see Monstrelet, Chronique, IV, p. 388.

  The duke’s letter announcing Joan’s capture: Quicherat, Procès, V, pp. 166–7; see also Vaughan, Philip the Good, p. 186.

  For Joan in the custody of Jean de Luxembourg at Beaulieu-les-Fontaines, see Monstrelet, Chronique, IV, p. 389.

  For a précis of the archbishop’s letter to Reims, see Quicherat, Procès, V, pp. 168–9.

  For the letters from the university of Paris and the vicar-general of the inquisitor in English France to the duke of Burgundy, and another letter from the university of Paris to Jean de Luxembourg, see Tisset, Condamnation, I, pp. 4–9.

  For the thinking behind the trial, see Hobbins, Trial, pp. 20–1.

  For Burgundy’s difficulties and commitments in the summer of 1430, see Vaughan, Philip the Good, pp. 24–5, 63–4; Barker, Conquest, pp. 152–3.

  For Cauchon’s role and the decision to ransom Joan, see Neveux, L’Évêque Pierre Cauchon, pp. 86, 135–6.

  For Henry’s arrival in Rouen, see Cochon, Chronique normande, pp. 312–13.

  For the situation in Normandy, the reconfiguring of the royal council during the young king’s visit, and the counsellors’ attitude to Joan’s trial, see A. Curry, ‘The “Coronation Expedition” and Henry VI’s Court in France, 1430 to 1432’, in J. Stratford (ed.), The Lancastrian Court (Donington, 2003), pp. 40–2; Harriss, Cardinal Beaufort, p. 202; Barker, Conquest, pp. 150–1.

  For Cauchon’s payment for the negotiations, see Quicherat, Procès, V, pp. 194–5.

  For the English raising money to buy Joan from the Burgundians, see Quicherat, Procès, V, pp. 178–92.

  For Pieronne in Paris, see Journal, pp. 259–60 (trans. Parisian Journal, pp. 253–4).

  For Joan’s escape attempts, see Tisset, Condamnation, I, pp. 145, 153, 155–6 (trans. French in Tisset, Condamnation, II, pp. 127, 131, 133; English in Hobbins, pp. 100–1, 103–5, and Taylo
r, Joan of Arc, pp. 187, 191–3); and see below, pp. 176, 178, 181–2, 290.

  For the letters from the university of Paris to Cauchon and King Henry, see Tisset, Condamnation, I, pp. 11–14 (Latin letter to Cauchon trans. French in Tisset, Condamnation, II, pp. 13–14; both letters trans. English in Hobbins, Trial, pp. 38–9).

  For King Henry’s edict, see Tisset, Condamnation, I, pp. 14–15 (trans. English in Hobbins, Trial, pp. 40–1, and Taylor, Joan of Arc, pp. 135–6).

  For Joan in Rouen by Christmas Eve, see Pernoud and Clin, Joan of Arc: Her Story, p. 101.

  9: A SIMPLE MAID

  The interrogations that took place during Joan’s trial were so wide-ranging and repetitive, and her answers at times so elliptical and contradictory, that it is impossible here to cover everything contained in the whole transcript. Instead, I have sought to give a flavour of the exchanges, a sense of the central theological issues, and the main contours of Joan’s developing responses.

  For the opening of the session of 21 February, and the list of those in attendance, see Tisset, Condamnation, I, pp. 32–3 (trans. French in Tisset, Condamnation, II, pp. 32–3, and notes on personnel; English in Hobbins, Trial, pp. 46–7).

  For the university’s sense of its own importance, the narrowing of its intellectual outlook as it became a partisan institution as a result of the civil war, and the principles of academic discourse, see Sullivan, Interrogation, pp. 2–6.

  For the session of 9 January, see Tisset, Condamnation, pp. 2–3 (trans. French in Tisset, Condamnation, II, pp. 4–5; English in Hobbins, Trial, pp. 34–5).

  For the process of inquisition initiated by public infamy, see Hobbins, Trial, pp. 16–22.

  ‘the report has now become well known …’: Tisset, Condamnation, I, p. 1 (trans. French in Tisset, Condamnation, II, p. 1; English in Hobbins, Trial, p. 33).

  For the care taken to follow proper procedure, the possibility of saving Joan’s soul, and the vacancy in the see of Rouen, see Neveux, L’Evêque Pierre Cauchon, pp. 137–9.

  For the hearings from 9 January to 20 February, and their personnel, see Tisset, Condamnation, I, pp. 3–32 (trans. French in Tisset, Condamnation, II, pp. 4–32; English in Hobbins, Trial, pp. 34–46).