Macmillan, Maurice, Viscount, 113, 140, 143, 195
Macpherson, Niall, 80–1
MacShane case see Express Newspapers v. MacShane
McWhirter, Ross, 217
Madrid: European Council meeting (1989), 642–4, 648, 651, 653, 658–9
Maginnis, Ken, 479
Mahathir bin Mohamad, 541
Major, (Sir) John: appointed to DHSS, 485; and Commonwealth Heads conference, Kuala Lumpur (1989), 541–2; as Foreign Secretary, 541, 662; on proposed NHS reforms, 582; on level of community charge, 603–4, 607; as Chancellor, 607, 609, 618, 629, 647–8, 662; on capping of local authorities, 609; on monetary union in EC, 646; told of Lawson’s resignation, 647; favours entry into ERM, 648–51; and EMU, 649–50; as potential Party leader, 660, 662; as successor to MT, 710, 724, 725, 736–7; seconds MT’s nomination in 1990 leadership contest, 718, 727; contests and wins 1990 leadership election, 722, 732, 734; told of MT’s resignation, 732
Manchester: riots, 326
Mandela, Nelson, 535, 539–44
manifestos: preparation and presentation, 404–6, 411
Manley, Michael Norman, 288
Marsh, Richard, Baron, 309
Marshall, Walter, 623–5
Marten, Neil, 89
Martens, Wilfried, 481
Marxism: as threat, 436, 457
Mates, Michael, 603
Maude, Angus (later Baron): and MT’s Shadow Cabinet appointments, 179; replaces Gilmour at Research Department, 181; on Conservative policy, 184; co-drafts The Right Approach, 193; helps draft MT’s Commons speech, 199; in 1979 election campaign, 246; on union reform, 304; leaves Cabinet, 319
Maude, Francis, 728, 736
Maudling, Reginald: and MT’s speeches on foreign affairs, 20, 204, 206; appointed Chancellor in reshuffle (1962), 82; in leadership contest, 87–9; as Deputy Leader, 92; on race relations, 93; declines Trade and Industry Shadow appointment, 100; and economic policy, 123; and 1972 miners’ strike, 136; leaves Home Office, 140; MT appoints Shadow Foreign Secretary, 178; opposes monetarism, 186; and wage control, 187; MT dismisses as Shadow Foreign Secretary, 195
Maxse, Marjorie, 47
Maxwell-Fyfe, David (later Earl of Kilmuir), 40
Mayhew, Patrick, 493, 495, 702
Maze Prison (Northern Ireland), 465–6
Medium Term Financial Strategy (MTFS), 300–1, 317, 329, 420, 627, 630
Methodism, 2, 4–5, 7–8, 22, 25, 31–2
Mexico, 336–7
Meyer, Sir Anthony, 709
Middle East: crises and conditions, 296, 525
Milan: European Council meeting (1985), 473, 551–3
Mill, John Stuart: On Liberty, 17
Millar, Ronnie: contributes to MT’s speeches, 189, 410; and Conservative advertising campaign, 226; and trade union reform, 234; in 1979 election campaign, 250, 252; and MT’s refusal to make U-turn, 315
Miller, John, 45–6, 49
Miller, Phee, 46, 49
Millington, Wing-Commander, 15
Milosevic, Slobodan, 213
miners’ strikes: (1972), 116, 124, 127, 132–6, 142, 241; (1984–5), 135, 436–57; Heath opposes, 142–4; public reaction to, 143; (1973–4), 437; see also National Union of Mineworkers
Miners’ Wives Back to Work Campaign, 451
Minimum Lending Rate (MLR), 141
missiles: deployment, 334, 338, 383–4, 425, 430, 433, 672, 683; defence measures, 512–13; upgrading, 673
Mitterrand, François: supports Britain in Falklands conflict, 346–7, 374, 478; supplies Exocet missiles to Argentina, 374; compliments Reagan at Versailles summit, 389; on arms control, 414; authorizes air strikes in Lebanon, 432; at Athens meeting of European Council, 434–5; MT meets before visit to Gorbachev, 519; at Fontainebleau European Council (1984), 547–8; calls special Council on Eastern Europe, 663; at Dublin Council (1990), 665; MT lunches with in Rome, 668; on Soviet borders, 669; concedes German interests, 685; and German reunification, 686, 689; and Iraqi attack on Kuwait, 699; at 1990 CSCE Paris summit, 721–3
Molesworth, Cambridgeshire, 383
Molyneaux, Jim, 475, 733
monetarism: Keith Joseph advocates, 152, 194; Maudling opposes, 186; and wage limitation, 186; as Conservative economic strategy, 316, 632; criticized, 319; MT’s policy on, 627–40; and exchange rate, 628
Monetary Compensatory Amounts (MCAs), 433 & n
monetary policy: Roy Jenkins’, 132; and 1972 budget, 137; under MT, 185
money supply, 96, 141, 158–9, 265, 270, 285, 301, 317, 651, 710
Monopolies and Mergers Commission, 439
Montgomery, Fergus, 166, 168
Moore, Charles, 718
Moore, Henry, 259–60
Moore, Major-General Jeremy, 350
Moore, John: in Cabinet as Transport Secretary, 558; and 1987 election, 559; as Health Minister, 579–83; pneumonia, 580, 661; heads Social Security Department, 584; and privatization of British Gas, 622; removed from government, 661; supports MT in 1990 leadership contest, 718–19, 725–6
Moore, Sir Philip, 256
Morning Cloud (yacht), 162
Morrison, Peter, 714–15, 718–25
mortgages: rates, 141, 151, 153–5, 159–60; tax relief on, 576, 615, 617
Mortimer, Jim, 414
Moscow: MT visits, 99, 506–7, 516, 519–20; Olympic Games (1980), 294
Moss, Robert, 209–10
Moss, Stanley, 38
Motability (organization), 238
Mount, Ferdinand, 402, 407, 410
Mountbatten, Louis, 1st Earl, 278
Mubarak, Hosni, 530
Mugabe, Robert, 286, 288–9, 540
Mulley, Fred, 217
Mulroney, Brian, 536, 540, 666
Multi-National Force: in Lebanon, 426–7, 431–2
Munich Agreement (1938), 21–2
Murphy, Sir Leslie, 311
museums and galleries: entry charges, 110
Muslim fundamentalism, 525
Mutual Balanced Force Reductions, 204
mutually assured destruction (MAD), 513
Muzorewa, Bishop Abel, 286, 289
Nagasaki, 42
Nally, Dermot, 470
Namibia, 535
Nassau, Bahamas: Heads of Commonwealth meeting (1985), 536–40
National Armaments Directors (NADs), 489–91
National Assistance, 79
National Association of Colliery Overmen, Deputies and Shotfirers (NACODS), 449–52, 456
National Association for Freedom (NAFF), 217–18
National Association of Head Teachers, 103
National Bus Company, 405
National Coal Board: and 1972 miners’ strike, 134; NUM rejects 1973 offer, 142; opposes pit closures, 323; and threatened strike (1981), 323–4; aims, 436; MacGregor chairs, 438; closes pits, 440; negotiates with NUM (1984–5), 444, 447, 450–1, 454–5; dealings with NACODS, 449–52; offers Christmas bonus to working miners, 454
National Curriculum Council, 573
national curriculum (education), 570, 572–4
National Dock Labour Scheme (NDLS), 446–7, 449; abolished, 613
National Economic Development Council (NEDC), 300
National Enterprise Board, 269
National Freight Authority, 92
National Freight Consortium, 620
National Government, 21
National Graphical Association (NGA), 442
National Grid, 623–4
National Health Service: introduced, 37; reforms, 274, 581; financing, 401, 580–1; Conservative reform proposals, 561, 564, 569, 578–85; as fixed point, 578; and private sector, 578–9; and elderly care, 579; review (1988), 580
National Industrial Relations Court (NIRC), 126, 138
National Insurance, 79, 318
National Rivers Authority, 623
National Union of Conservative and Unionist Associations, 460 & n
National Union of Journalists (NUJ), 303
National Union of Mineworkers (NUM)
: rejects NCB’s 1973 offer, 12; strike (1972), 133–4, 136; continuing militancy, 144–5, 436–7, 440; threatens strike (1981), 324–5, 437; overtime ban (1983), 438–9; balloting procedures, 440–1, 443, 448; calls strike (1984), 440; strike tactics, 441, 445; court cases, 444; negotiations with NCB (1984), 444, 447, 450–1, 455; picketing, 444–5; fined and funds sequestered, 453, 455; receives financial support from foreign countries, 453; acts of violence, 454; return to work, 454–6; legal actions against, 455; see also miners’ strikes
National Union of Teachers (NUT), 108
National Working Miners’ Committee, 451
nationalized industries, 306
Nationwide (TV programme), 412
natural gas: pipeline from Soviet Russia, 387–9
Nazism, 20–4, 41
Neale, Gerry, 718–19
Neave, Airey: background, 167–8; supports MT in leadership campaign, 168–73; and MT’s Shadow Cabinet appointments, 175–6; as Shadow Northern Ireland Secretary, 179; supports changes at Central Office, 180; and MT’s personal staff, 181; killed by INLA bomb, 239, 481; and Northern Ireland problem, 463
Neave, Diana, 168
Netherlands: and South Africa, 539
Neubert, Michael, 718–19
New Ireland Forum, 470
Newton, Sir Isaac, 16
Newton, Tony, 661, 731
Niehans, Jurg, 320
‘Night of the Long Knives’ (1962), 81–2
Nimrod Airborne Early Warning System, 486
1922 Committee: MT attends, 71–2; du Cann chairs, 140; Heath’s opposition to Executive, 163; MT meets as Party leader, 177; MT addresses (1986), 558; and 1990 leadership election, 714–15
Nitze, Paul, 397
Nixon, Richard M., 203, 209
Nkomo, Joshua, 286–7, 289
No Turning Back Group, 719
Noble, Michael, 126
Noraid, 481
North Atlantic Council, 696
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO): US leadership, 203, 386; strength compared with Warsaw Pact, 210; Soviet attempts to split, 281–2; strategy, 282; and defence spending, 316; Reagan and, 335; modernization programme, 382; and Western security, 386; need for unity, 388; and arms control, 414; and Anglo-Irish Agreement, 473–5; MT on importance of, 657; and missile deployment, 672–3; and ‘flexible response’, 673, 681; heads of government summits (Brussels), 675, 682–3, 688; and SNF modernization, 682; united Germany in, 690; MT proposes membership for east European countries, 693; foreign ministers’ meeting on (1990), 694–6; MT discusses future with Bush, 694–6, 720; Turnberry meeting (1990), 694
North Sea oil, 272, 282, 299, 318, 320
Northern Ireland: and Scotland/Wales devolution, 238; MT visits, 278–80; terrorism and violence in, 278–80, 462, 477–80; conflict in, 462–3; and dicussions with Republic of Ireland, 462–3, 468–73; administration and government, 463–4; education, 464; MT’s policy on, 464–5; relations with UK, 464; hunger strikes, 465–9; general strike (1985), 475–6
Northern Ireland Office (NIO), 472
Nott, (Sir) John: in Economic Dining Group, 164; as Trade Secretary, 261; on union reform, 304; and British Leyland finances, 312; as Defence Secretary, 319; attacks Howe’s budget proposals, 329; and Argentine threat to Falklands, 343–4; in Falklands debate, 348; in War Cabinet, 350; announces Falklands exclusion zone, 351; supports MT in Falklands War, 352, 355, 362, 364; and conduct of Falklands war, 368, 373–4; attends Trooping the Colour ceremony, 379; and dual key control of nuclear weapons, 395; stands down from Parliament, 486
Nottinghamshire: miners ballot against strike, 441
Novak, Michael, 588
nuclear power stations, 625
nuclear weapons: used against Japan, 41–2; control of, 204, 211–12, 383, 395–6, 423–4; in NATO, 382; French, 383; independent British, 383–5, 424; and British defence strategy, 394–5; and unilateralism, 395; Gorbachev on, 511; as deterrent, 513–14, 518
Nutting, Sir Anthony, 60
N.W.L. Limited v. Nelson Wood (legal case; ‘Nawala Case’), 304
Nyerere, Julius, 288, 337
Obaasanjo, General Olusegun, 538
Observer (newspaper), 402
Official Unionist Party (OUP, Northern Ireland), 465, 469
Ogilvy, (Sir) Angus, 429
Ohira, Masayoshi, 284–5
oil price rises, 143, 268
Olivier, Sir Laurence (later Baron), 183
Olympic Games, Moscow (1980), 294
O’Neill, Sir Con, 200
Onslow, (Sir) Cranley, 714, 718, 723, 725–6
OPEC, 334
Open University, 110
opinion polls: and 1979 election, 251–2; MT disregards, 394; in 1983 election, 413; show Labour lead (1987), 557; (1990), 711, 714
Organization of African Unity, 286
Organization of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS), 427, 431
Orgreave Coke Works, 445
Orpington (constituency), 59, 63
Ostia (bulk carrier), 449
O’Sullivan, John, 204, 561
Outer Space Treaty (1967), 515
Owen, David (later Baron), 564
Oxford: in wartime, 29
Oxford Union, 34–5
Oxford University: MT attends (Somerville College), 27–34, 39; political life, 34–6, 38–40; MT graduates from, 43
Oxford University Appointments Committee, 44
Oxford University Conservative Association (OUCA), 34–6, 38–9
Oxford University Graduate Conservative Association (OUGCA), 45, 53
Ozal, Turgut, 699, 721
Paisley, Ian, 465, 469, 474–5
Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), 530–2
Palestinians: terrorists, 499; claims and rights, 529–30; refugee camps, 531
Palmerston, Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount, 596
Pannell, Charlie, 72
Panorama (TV programme), 308, 410
Papandreou, Andreas, 434, 549
Pardoe, John, 85
Paris: MT attends CSCE summit (1990), 720–3, 726
Parkinson, Cecil (later Baron): and MT’s 1981 Cabinet reshuffle, 330; as Party Chairman, 332; in War Cabinet for Falklands, 350, 368; and preparation of election manifesto, 404, 406; and 1983 election campaign, 407; reorganizes Central Office, 407; affair with Sarah Keays, 420–2; as Secretary of State for Trade and Industry, 421; resigns, 422; as Energy Secretary, 569, 623; and privatization of electricity, 623–6; unsuitable as Party leader, 660; as Transport Secretary, 661; supports MT in 1990 leadership election, 728
Parsons, Sir Anthony: condemns Soviet aggression in Afghanistan, 294; and Falklands crisis, 346, 370–1, 373, 377–8
Patten, Chris (later Baron): as Director of Research Department, 181; and MT’s 1975 Conference speech, 189; co-drafts The Right Approach, 193; prepares Party manifesto (1978), 225; and trade union reform, 234; as Environment Secretary, 604, 661–2; reviews community charge, 604–5; opposes capping of local authorities, 608–10; as potential Party leader, 660; and 1990 leadership election, 730
Peace Ballot (1935), 8, 231
Pearce, Sir Austin, 494
Pearl Harbor, 27
Peel, Sir Robert, 404
Peking, 390
penal policy, 77
pensions: reforms, 79–1; widows’, 80–1; retirement, 318
Pensions and National Insurance, Ministry of: MT’s post in, 78–9, 82, 86
Pepper, Gordon, 187
Peres, Shimon, 532–3
perestroika, 692
Perez de Cuellar, Javier, 365, 370–3, 376
Pershing missiles, 334, 338, 384, 396, 414, 433, 672–3
Personal Equity Plans (PEPs), 616
Peru: peace initiative in Falklands War, 369
Peyton, John, 172
Philby, Kim, 82
Pike, Mervyn, 75
Pile, Sir William, 105, 107, 113
Pitt, Edith, 75
Pitt, William, the younger, 11
planning, 592
Pohl, Karl Otto, 640–1
Poland: Germany invades (1939), 22; and Nazi-Soviet pact, 24; Solidarity movement, 334, 387, 676–9, 683; martial law in, 386–8; MT visits, 676–80; communism collapses, 683
Polaris submarines, 383, 536
police: demoralised, 263; and enforcement of union picketing laws, 302; and riots, 326–7; in miners’ strike (1984), 441–2, 445
Pompidou, Georges, 129–30
Ponsonby, Amanda, 645
Popieluszko, Fr Jerzy, 678
Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP), 122
Port Stanley, Falkland Islands: airport bombed, 367; British assault on, 378–80
Portillo, Michael, 731–2
Portugal: admitted to EC, 549–50; and Social Charter, 659
Potsdam Conference (1945), 37
Poulson, John, 123 & n
poverty: and crime rates, 588–9
Powell, Anthony, 5
Powell, Sir Charles: meets Gorbachev with MT, 510; on outbreak of Gulf War, 697–8, 700; at 1990 Paris CSCE summit, 721; and MT’s resignation, 732
Powell, General Colin, 705
Powell, Enoch: resigns from Treasury, 62; speaks at new MPs’ dining club, 76; on immigration, 92–4, 222; qualities, 93; opposes British EC entry, 94, 129, 131, 146; resigns from Shadow Cabinet, 94; in general election (1970), 103; on changing policies, 120; and control of Rolls-Royce aerospace, 128; and industrial development, 137; challenges Heath, 140; recommends voting Labour (1974), 146; policy of integration in Northern Ireland, 464
Pre-Retirement Choice, 166
press, the: access to local government, 73–4
Prevention of Terrorism Act, 482
Price, Charles, 459
prices, 90, 94–5, 120, 264, 269; see also incomes policy
Priestley, J.B., 18, 36
Prior, James (later Baron): in Heath’s Cabinet, 125; as Leader of the House, 140; and manifesto for October 1974 election, 154; in leadership election, 172; MT reappoints as Shadow Employment Secretary, 179; and trade unions, 186, 219, 232–5, 240–1, 269, 301–2, 305, 330; and inflation, 187; co-drafts The Right Approach, 193; on pay policy, 228–9; and election manifesto (1979), 240; in 1979 election campaign, 246; as Employment Minister, 262; and British Steel Corporation closures, 308; on MT’s economic strategy, 319; as Northern Ireland Secretary, 391, 469–70; aschairman of GEC, 471, 492; resigns as Northern Ireland Secretary, 471; A Balance of Power (memoirs), 89
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