Margaret Thatcher: The Autobiography

by Margaret Thatcher

  Te Kanawa, Dame Kiri, 92

  television: in election campaigns, 406–7, 410

  terrorism: and Northern Ireland, 278–9, 462; Palestinian, 499

  Thatcher, Carol (MT’s daughter): birth, 56; home in ‘Dormers’ (Kent), 69; childhood, 70–1; schooling, 71; and MT’s proposals on financing of student unions, 114; and MT’s election as Party leader, 174; accompanies MT in 1979 election campaign, 250; in Downing Street, 260; in Australia, 285; travels with Gow, 482; and MT’s 1990 leadership campaign, 719

  Thatcher, (Sir) Denis: marriage to MT, 8, 54; on political effect of war, 36; meets and courts MT, 48–9, 53–60; supports MT’s political ambitions and actions, 56, 63, 113, 258; and Suez crisis, 60; and MT’s selection as Finchley candidate, 64–7; overseas travels, 64, 69; and MT’s election as MP, 68; rugby refereeing, 70; investigates Rolls-Royce figures, 128; praises Reagan, 213; retires, 226n; accompanies MT in 1979 election campaign, 250, 253; and Private Eye’s ‘Dear Bill’ feature, 259; at Chequers, 266–7; unveils Blackpool Heliport, 422; and Brighton bomb, 459; shops in Harrods, 471; entertains Raisa Gorbachev, 510; affected by Palestinian refugee camps, 531; congratulates Sherbourne in 1987 election, 568; plays golf with Bush in Bermuda, 694; and Lord’s Taverners, 713; and MT’s 1990 leadership campaign, 719, 722, 724, 731–2; leaves Downing Street, 734, 737–8; entertains Chequers staff after MT’s resignation, 736–7

  Thatcher, Margaret, Baroness (née Roberts): birth, 2; early love of poetry, 4, 13, 15; piano-playing, 6; schooling, 9, 13–15; cinema-going and entertainments, 10–12; walking, 10; reading, 13–15, 22–3; interest in chemistry, 14–15; radio-listening, 17–18; early political conviction and activities, 23, 34–6, 38–9, 43; admitted to and attends Oxford University, 27–34; choral singing, 31, 48; religious observance and beliefs, 32–4, 531; teaches school in Grantham, 32; lessons in public speaking, 37–8; attends early Party Conferences (1946, 1948), 39, 45; degree, 39, 43; employed by plastics company, 44–5; contests Dartford in 1950 and 1951 elections, 46–53; engagement to Denis, 48–9; dress, 51, 64–5, 563, 677; marriage and family life, 54–5, 70; journalistic writing, 55, 170, 201; reads for Bar, 55, 57–8; birth of twins and motherhood, 56–7; practises law, 58; driving, 63; selected as parliamentary candidate for Finchley, 64–6; first elected as MP, 68; homes and properties, 69, 104n, 226n, 258; early activities in Parliament, 71–6, 81; and mother’s death, 71; appointed to Pensions and National Insurance, 78; re-elected at Finchley, 85–6, 89, 103, 147, 162, 253, 568; appointed opposition Treasury spokesman, 89–91; Heath appoints to Housing and Land, 89; in Heath’s Shadow Cabinet, 91–2; speech to Conservative Political Centre on ‘What’s Wrong with Politics?’, 95; questions liberal morality, 96–8; overseasvisits, 98–9; as Shadow Minister of Education, 99–100; visits to Soviet Union, 99, 507–8, 516, 519–22; as Education Secretary, 104, 105–13; and school milk provision, 111–13; as Shadow Environment Minister, 149; helps draft 1974 manifesto, 154, 159; broadcasts, 160, 239; as potential Party leader, 162–3, 165; economic post under Carr, 164–5; contests and wins leadership election, 165–6, 168–74; performances in Commons, 165, 168, 236, 270, 496, 502, 734–6; accused of food hoarding, 166–7; Shadow Cabinet appointments, 176–80; private office, 181–2; changes in manner and appearance as leader, 182; relations with press, 182; voice, 182–3; speeches at Party Conferences, 189–91, 221; reshuffles Shadow Cabinet, 191; view of European membership, 200–1; speeches on foreign affairs, 204–6, 209–10; visits to USA, (1975), 207–9; (1977), 211; (1979), 293; (1981), 335–6; (1983), 423; (1984), 514; (1987), 634, 672; (1988), 680; (1989), 687; (1990), 697–700; ‘Iron Lady’ sobriquet, 210; visits Tito in Yugoslavia, 212–13; relations with Reagan, 213–14, 335–6; as Opposition leader, 215–16; on trade union reform, 232–7, 240–1; in 1979 election campaign, 244–53; audiences with Queen, 255–6; forms government (1979), 255–6; private secretaries, 256–7; sleep needs, 257; appoints first Cabinet, 260–4; and ‘wets’, 276 & n, 332–3; visits Northern Ireland, 278–80; refuses to make U-turn, 315–16; economic strategy, 316–22, 328–30; and social reform, 328; unpopularity, 332; and economic recovery (1981), 333, 397; attends Cancún summit, 336–7; visits to Far East, 390, 525; concern over nuclear strategy, 394–5; in 1983 election campaign, 409–16; eye operation, 423; escapes Brighton bomb, 458–60; as assassination target for IRA, 468, 549; visits Hungary, 506–7, 692–3; discusses Reykjavik agreement with Reagan, 518–19; foreign policy, 524; visits Egypt and Jordan, 530; visits to Israel, 531–3; at Nassau meeting of Commonwealth heads, 536–8; wins rebate from EC contributions, 548–9; and manifesto for 1987 election, 560–4; in 1987 election campaign, 566; view of society and individuals, 587–8; addresses Royal Society, 593–4; reduces state role in economy, 627; differences with Lawson, 630–3, 635–8; and Lawson’s resignation, 646–7; opposes federalist aims in Europe, 654; Bruges speech on Britain in Europe, 656–7, 712; reshuffles Cabinet, (1981) 319, 330–2; (1983), 418, 421–2; (1985), 483–5; (1987), 569; (1989), 659–63; speech on political union in EC, 665; visits Poland, 676–80; visits Czechoslovakia, 692–3; resignation as PM, 706, 732–8; campaign and defeat in 1990 leadership election, 708–10, 714–15, 718–29; unfulfilled policies, 710–11; attacked by Howe in Commons resignation speech, 716–18

  Thatcher, (Sir) Mark (MT’s son): birth, 56; home in ‘Dormers’ (Kent), 69; childhood, 70–1; schooling, 71; and MT’s election as Party leader, 174; and MT’s 1990 leadership campaign, 719; and MT’s departure from Downing Street, 737

  Theosophy, 4

  Third World: Soviet intervention in, 334, 338; and Cancún summit, 337

  Thomas, Harvey, 252

  Thomas, John Stradling, 238

  Thomas, J.P.L., 47

  Thomas, Peter, 92, 125

  Thorneycroft, Peter (later Baron): speaks at Oxford, 40; resigns, 62, 331; supports MT at Finchley, 66; and MT’s Shadow Cabinet appointments, 179; as Chairman of Central Office, 180; and Heath’s role in 1979 election, 229; opposes Stepping Stones initiative, 232; and trade union reform, 234, 304; in 1979 election campaign, 243–4, 246, 248–50; criticizes economic strategy, 329–30

  Thorpe, Jeremy, 147–8, 237

  three-day working week, 143–4

  Tiananmen Square (Peking): massacre (1989), 529

  Tickell, (Sir) Crispin, 338

  Tilney, Sir John and Lady, 266

  Time magazine, 336

  Times, The: on MT’s foreign affairs speech, 210; on industrial disputes, 305–6; and leaked CPRS paper, 402

  Tito, Marshal Josip Broz, 212–13, 294

  Tocqueville, Alexis de, 523

  Tokyo, 283–5; IDU conference (1989), 685

  Toronto: G7 summit (1988), 652

  Torquay: MT’s speech in (1987), 519

  Townend, John, 732

  Toxteth, Liverpool: riots, 326–7

  Trade Disputes Act (1906), 303

  trade unions: and local government press exclusion, 74; relations with Labour Party, 90, 227–8; and Labour Party policy, 102n; Heath confronts, 127; and Upper Clyde Shipbuilders difficulties, 133; and imprisonment of members, 138; and Wilson’s ‘social contract’, 146; Howe’s militancy against, 186; in Grunwick affair, 216–19, 221; and closed shop, 218–19, 221, 236, 240, 269, 301–2, 400, 613; Conservative policy on, 219–20, 227, 232, 240–2, 398–401, 405; MT supports reforms, 219–21, 232–7, 240–1, 269–70, 301–6, 406, 418, 613; in 1979 election campaign, 245, 248–9; Conservatives seek consent, 263; picketing rights limited, 269, 302–3; and overmanning in industry, 298–9; in Germany, 300; and Conservative financial strategy, 301; balloting, 302, 399–400, 405–6; immunities, 303–5, 330, 398; Cabinet differences over reforms, 330; Tebbit and, 331, 398–9; wage demands, 397; legislation on, 398; and unemployment, 398; elections, 399; fund Labour Party, 400; political levy, 400, 406; and strike prevention of essential services, 400, 406; hard Left dominance in, 418; individuals’ rights protected, 613

  Trade Unions and Labour Relations Act (1974), 398

  Trades Union
Congress (TUC): and Industrial Relations Act (1971), 127–8, 138; and prices and incomes policy, 139–40, 220; opposes renewal of Social Contract, 227; and Conservative union reforms, 303; Conservative Party consults over union reform, 400; Conference (1984), 450; Conference supports miners’ strike (1984), 450–3; intervention in miners’ strike, 455–6; and Scargill’s intransigence, 455; Delors addresses, 655

  Trafalgar Square: community charge riot, 607

  Trafford, Tony, 461

  Training and Enterprise Councils (TECs), 613

  Transport and General Workers’ Union (TGWU), 138, 307, 446–7, 449

  Transport, Ministry of, 92

  Treasury: and proposed NHS reforms, 282–4; and level of community charge, 604–5

  Trend, Sir Burke, 119

  Trident missiles, 383–6, 395

  Trudeau, Pierre, 336–7, 506

  Turkey, 699, 702

  Turnberry (Scotland): NATO foreign ministers’ meeting (1990), 694–5

  Turnbull, Andrew, 647, 732

  22 Committee see 1922 Committee

  25 de Mayo (Argentine aircraft carrier), 366, 368

  Tynan, Kenneth, 31

  Uganda, 537

  Ulster Defence Regiment (UDR), 472–3

  Ulster Unionist Party, 147

  unemployment: numbers under Heath, 132–3, 136; Keith Joseph on fear of, 158; falls (1978), 224; under MT, 315, 333, 336, 398; falls (1980s), 612

  United Nations (UN): Security Council resolutions on Falklands dispute, 346–7, 353, 373; Charter, 355–6, 366, 371; involvement in Falklands dispute, 365, 370, 376–8; Britain uses veto in Falklands vote, 377–8; Special Session on disarmament, 394; in Lebanon, 423, 425–7, 431–2; and actions against Saddam, 701, 706; resolution enabling embargo on Iraq, 703; Children’s Summit (1990), 705

  United States of America: enters Second World War, 27; restraint over use of A-bomb, 42; and Suez crisis, 60–1; MT visits, 98, 207–9, 211, 293, 335–6, 423, 514, 634, 672, 680, 687; hostages in Iran, 193, 294, 295; and Vietnam War, 203–4; in arms race, 211; and Northern Ireland terrorism, 279–80; relations with Germany under Bush Presidency, 280, 670; and Rhodesia settlement, 289; under Reagan’s presidency, 334–5; relations with Europe, 338; relations with Argentina, 341–2, 344; support for British in Falklands War, 346, 349, 351–2, 357–8, 366, 374; and threat of Soviet intervention in Falklands War, 353; and proposals for settling Falklands crisis, 355; calls for halting British Falklands task force, 356; renews negotiations during Falklands War, 376; dominance and forces in NATO, 381–2; arms supply to Britain, 383–6; defence programme, 383–5; sanctions against Soviet Union, 387–9; and control of Cruise missiles, 395; and nuclear arms control, 395–7, 424–5; British antipathy to, 418, 429, 499; intervenes in Grenada, 427–321; troops killed in Beirut, 427, 431; support for IRA, 462, 482; Haughey’s speech in, 478; attacks on Libya, 499–503, 557; imposes sanctions on Libya, 499; bases in Britain, 500, 502; Extradition Treaty with Britain, 503; Strategic Defence Initiative, 504, 511–15; and first use of nuclear weapons, 513–14; supports Israel, 529; Middle East policy, 530; free trade relations with, 649; relations with Britain revive (1990), 671, 694; and ‘Irangate’ affair, 672; prepared to negotiate on SNF, 682–3; on future of NATO, 695–6; in First Gulf War, 706

  universities, 575–6

  Upper Clyde Shipbuilders (UCS), 132–3, 136

  Uruguay: GATT round, 666–7

  Utley, Peter, 76, 234

  Valtin, Jan see Krebs, Richard

  Value Added Tax (VAT), 271–2

  Van Agt, Andries, 291

  Van Straubenzee, Bill, 105, 115

  Vance, Cyrus, 211–12

  Vancouver, Commonwealth Heads meeting (1987), 541

  Varley, Eric, 191

  Vassall spy case, 82

  Venice: European Council meeting (1980), 293, 296

  Versailles: G7 summit (1982), 376–7, 389

  Vienna: airport terror attack, 499

  Vietnam, 203–4, 207

  Viljoen, Gerrit, 542

  Villiers, Sir Charles, 309

  Vinson, Nigel, 156

  Waddington, David, 661, 731

  wages see incomes policy

  Wakeham, Alison, Lady (née Ward), 167, 260

  Wakeham, John (later Baron): as Chief Whip, 421; trapped and injured in Brighton bombing, 461; and MT’s 1985 Cabinet reshuffle, 483; and Westland affair, 491; and 1987 election, 559; as Energy Secretary, 625; in Cabinet subcommittee on Gulf War, 702; and Howe’s resignation, 713; and 1990 leadership campaign, 719, 723–31; told of MT’s resignation, 732

  Wakeham, Roberta, 460

  Waldegrave, William (later Baron), 558, 598–600, 702, 713, 729

  Walden, Brian, 219, 233, 244, 305, 410, 711

  Wales: devolution proposals, 196–7, 237–8; MT visits in 1979 election campaign, 246–7

  Walesa, Lech, 677–9

  Walker, Peter: in Heath’s Cabinet, 125; at Department of Trade and Industry, 140; advocates right to buy council houses, 152–3; supports Heath in leadership election, 170; MT dismisses from Shadow Cabinet, 179–80; on prices and incomes, 185, 187; abstains in Scotland and Wales Bill debate, 198; MT appoints Minister of Agriculture, 262; as Energy Minister, 438; and miners’ strike (1984), 442, 452, 455; argues against use of law against NUM, 445; announces no power cuts in miners’ strike, 454–5; and privatization of gas and electricity, 622–3

  Walker-Smith, Sir Derek, 131

  Wall Street Journal, 207n, 503

  Walters, Sir Alan: on monetary policy, 137, 317, 320; at Institute of Economic Affairs, 157; on inflation, 185, 187; helps draft MT’s Zurich Economic Society speech, 194; as MT’s economic policy adviser, 317, 320–1; on reducing public expenditure, 321–2; currency crisis in Hong Kong, 527; advocates removing nuclear power stations from privatization, 625; on Exchange Rate Mechanism, 631–2, 634, 641, 644, 650; advises against raising interest rates, 640, 644–5; as economic policy advisor, 645; Lawson threatens to resign over, 646–7; resigns, 647

  Walters, Vernon, 352

  Ward, Alison see Wakeham, Alison, Lady

  Ward, George, 216

  Ward, Dame Irene, 57

  Warrender, Sir Victor see Bruntisfield, Baron

  Warsaw Pact: forces, 210, 381; disintegrates, 693

  Wass, (Sir) Douglas, 322

  water: privatization, 623

  Watergate, 203

  Weekend World (TV programme), 219, 233–4, 305, 410

  Weighell, Sid, 245

  Weinberger, Caspar, 349, 374, 385

  welfare state: introduced, 38–9

  Welsh Party Conference (1975), 186

  West Berlin: bomb attack on US servicemen, 500

  West Siberian Gas Pipeline, 387–8

  Western European Union, 657

  Westland helicopter company: controversy over, 484–96, 557

  Wheeler, Morris, 49

  White, Eirene, 77–8

  Whitelaw, William (later Viscount): relations with MT, 125, 419; as Employment Secretary, 143; on miners’ pay claim, 145; and manifesto for October 1974 election, 153–4; stands in leadership election, 172–4; as Deputy Leader of Party, 176–7; and Peter Thorneycroft, 180; and economic policy, 187; and Wilson’s incomes policy, 188; on Heath at 1975 Blackpool Conference, 190; as Shadow Home Secretary, 191; and British entry into Europe, 200; on immigration, 223–4; and pay policy, 232; and vote on devolution, 238; opposes TV election debates, 244; in 1979 election campaign, 246; and appointment of MT’s first Cabinet, 261; as Home Secretary, 262, 419; and Iranian Embassy siege, 295–6; recommends Scarman to investigate Brixton riots, 325–6; discusses Cabinet reshuffle with MT, 330; and Carrington’s resignation over Falklands, 348; in War Cabinet for Falklands, 350; and MT’s rejection of Pym’s Falklands settlement terms, 364; and conduct of Falklands war, 368; and 1983 election campaign, 407; as Leader of Lords, 418–19; and Grenada affair, 428; in committee on miners’ strike, 442, 455; and MT’s Cabinet reshuffle (1985), 483; and Heseltine’s resignation over Westland, 494;
meets Gorbachevs, 509; and preparations for 1987 election, 559; and MT’s fortunes in 1990 leadership election, 725

  Whitmore, Clive, 275, 352, 362

  Whittingdale, John, 719

  Wicks, Nigel, 494

  Wilberforce, Richard Orme Wilberforce, Baron, 133, 136

  Wilkie, David, 454

  Williams, Sir Herbert and Lady, 50

  Williams, Miss (headmistress), 14

  Williams, Shirley (later Baroness), 217, 236, 332

  Williamsburg, Virginia: G7 meeting (1983), 408, 414–15

  Willis, Norman, 455

  Wilson, Harold, Baron: photographed in Downing Street as child, 7; elected leader of Labour Party, 83–4; economic expertise, 85; calls 1966 election, 89; attacks ‘Selsdon Man’, 102; confronts trade unions, 127; in February 1974 election, 146; MT challenges in Commons, 184; incomes policy, 188; resigns (1976), 191, 202; MT’s view of, 192; and referendum on Europe, 202

  Windsor, Roger, 453

  Winning, Norman, 55

  Woerner, Manfred, 694

  Wolff, Michael, 154

  Wolfson, David, Baron, 181, 260, 275, 321, 332, 406–7, 410, 459

  Wood, Richard, 80

  Woodward, Rear Admiral (Sir) John (Sandy), 350, 368

  Woolton, Frederick Marquis, 1st Earl of, 47

  World in Action (TV programme), 223

  World Bank, 337

  World Climate Conference, Geneva (1990), 714

  World War II: outbreak, 18, 22; preparations for, 20; moral significance, 25; conduct and progress of, 27, 32, 34; USA enters, 27

  Worth, Squadron Leader, 36

  Wyatt, Woodrow (later Baron), 189

  Yakovlev, Alexander, 509, 673–4

  Yardley, Professor, 197

  Yarrow Shipbuilders, 132