The Noonday Demon

by Solomon, Andrew

  414 Paul MacLean’s views on the triune brain are in his book The Triune Brain in Evolution.

  415 Timothy Crow’s views are expressed in a broad range of work, the relevant portion of which is cited in the bibliography. The most straightforward articulation of his linguistic principles and his theories of brain asymmetry is in his article “A Darwinian Approach to the Origins of Psychosis,” British Journal of Psychiatry 167 (1995).

  415 On language as a function of brain asymmetry, see Marian Annett, Left, Right, Hand and Brain: The Right Shift Theory, and Michael Corballis, The Lopsided Ape: Evolution of the Generative Mind.

  415 On deaf people and left-hemisphere strokes, see Oliver Sacks, Seeing Voices.

  416 On deep grammar, see Noam Chomsky’s Reflections on Language.

  416 On the specific effects of right-brain strokes, see Susan Egelko et al., “Relationship among CT Scans, Neurological Exam, and Neuropsychological Test Performance in Right-Brain-Damaged Stroke Patients,” Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology 10, no. 5 (1988).

  416 Timothy Crow’s proposition that schizophrenia and affective disorders are the price of a bihemispheric brain is in “Is schizophrenia the price that Homo sapiens pays for language?” Schizophrenia Research 28 (1997).

  417 For general information on prefrontal cortex asymmetries and depression, see Carrie Ellen Schaffer et al., “Frontal and Parietal Electroencephalogram Asymmetry in Depressed and Nondepressed Subjects,” Biological Psychiatry 18, no. 7 (1983).

  417 The work on blood flow abnormalities in the prefrontal cortex of patients with depression is in J. Soares and John Mann, “The functional neuroanatomy of mood disorders,” Journal of Psychiatric Research 31 (1997), and M. George et al., “SPECT and PET imaging in mood disorders,” Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 54 (1993).

  418 On neurogenesis—the reproducing of adult brain cells—see, for example, P. S. Eriksson “Neurogenesis in the adult human hippocampus,” Nature Medicine 4 (1998).

  418 For a good general discussion of TMS, see Eric Hollander, “TMS,” CNS Spectrums 2, no. 1 (1997).

  418 On learned resilience, still an open field in which the hard data are just beginning to accumulate, see Richard Davidson’s “Affective style, psychopathology and resilience: Brain mechanisms and plasticity,” to be published in American Psychologist in 2001.

  418 On left cortex activation and deactivation, see Richard Davidson et al., “Approach-Withdrawal and Cerebral Asymmetry: Emotional Expression and Brain Physiology I,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 58, no. 2 (1990). For work on brain asymmetry and the immune system, see Duck-Hee Kang et al., “Frontal Brain Asymmetry and Immune Function,” Behavioral Neuroscience 105, no. 6 (1991). For Richard Davidson’s work with babies and maternal separation, see Richard Davidson and Nathan Fox, “Frontal Brain Asymmetry Predicts Infants’ Response to Maternal Separation,” Journal of Abnormal Psychology 98, no. 2 (1989).

  418 In support of the assertion that the majority of people are left-side activated, see A. J. Tomarken’s “Psychometric properties of resting anterior EEG asymmetry: Temporal stability and internal consistency,” Psychophysiology 29 (1992).

  418 The idea that right-frontal brain activation is often correlated with high levels of cortisol is explored in N. H. Kalen et al., “Asymmetric frontal brain activity, cortisol, and behavior associated with fearful temperament in Rhesus monkeys,” Behavioral Neuroscience 112 (1998).

  418 Timothy Crow’s papers on handedness discuss the connections among language, hand skill, and affect. See “Location of the Handedness Gene on the X and Y Chromosomes,” American Journal of Medical Genetics 67 (1996), and “Evidence for Linkage to Psychosis and Cerebral Asymmetry (Relative Hand Skill) on the X Chromosome,” American Journal of Medical Genetics 81 (1998).

  419 Hamlet’s line is in act 2, scene 2, line 561.

  419 That evolution will cast light into the fog of modern psychiatry is one of the central arguments of Michael McGuire and Alfonso Troisi’s book, Darwinian Psychiatry. The lines quoted here are from page 12.

  CHAPTER XII: HOPE

  424 Angel’s move had been from Norristown, which was a residential long-term-care facility or mental hospital, to Pottstown Community Residential Rehab (CRR), then to South Keim Street, which is defined as an Intensive Housing Program, or Supported Housing Arrangement, intended for graduates of the CRR program.

  430 The quotations from Thomas Nagel are in his book The Possibility of Altruism, pages 126 and 128–29.

  430 The lines from The Winter’s Tale are from act 4, scene 4, lines 86–96.

  433 On the matter of a depressive’s perceived control over his circumstances, see Shelley E. Taylor’s Positive Illusions. I also refer to a series of experiments related to me by the documentarian Roberto Guerra.

  433 Freud’s reference is from his seminal 1917 essay “Mourning and Melancholia,” taken from A General Selection from the Works of Sigmund Freud, John Rickman, editor, page 128.

  433 The quotation from Shelley E. Taylor is from Positive Illusions, pages 7 and 213.

  435 Emmy Gut’s thoughts are in Productive and Unproductive Depression and are sketched out in chapter 3.

  435 The quotation from Julia Kristeva is from Black Sun, page 42.

  435 These numbers on SSRI prescriptions have been taken from Joseph Glenmullen’s Prozac Backlash, page 15.

  435 The information on TWA flight 800 was given to me by a friend who had lost a relative on that flight in July 1996.

  437 The quotation from Daniel Deronda is from page 251.

  438 Emily Dickinson on despair is in poem 640 on page 318 of Thomas Johnson’s edition of The Complete Poems of Emily Dickinson. Its first line is “I cannot live with You.”

  439 The quotation from Areopagitica is from Paradise Lost, page 384. The first quotation from Paradise Lost itself is from page 226 (Book IX, lines 1070–73); the second is from page 263 (Book XI, lines 137–40); and the third is from page 301 (Book XII, lines 641–49).

  440 Fyodor Dostoyevsky’s famous remarks are in The Idiot, page 363.

  440 For more on Heidegger and the relationship between anguish and thought, see his monumental masterpiece Being and Time.

  440 Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von Schelling’s words come from his “On the Essence of Human Freedom,” in his Saemmtliche Werke, vol. 7, page 399. I thank Andrew Bowie for help in interpreting this passage. For more, see Andrew Bowie’s Schelling and Modern European Philosophy.

  440 The lines from Julia Kristeva on lucidity are from Black Sun, pages 4 and 22.

  443 The words from Schopenhauer are from his essay “On the Sufferings of the World,” in Essays and Aphorisms, page 45.

  443 The flip remark from Tennesee Williams is from Five O’Clock Angel: Letters of Tennesee Williams to Maria St. Just, 1948–1982, page 154. I thank the persistently studious Emma Lukic for finding this quotation for me.

  443 The Oxford English Dictionary defines joy as “a vivid emotion of pleasure arising from a sense of well-being or satisfaction; the feeling or state of being highly pleased or delighted; exultation of spirit; gladness, delight,” volume 5, page 612.

  Bibliography

  Abraham, H. D., et al. “Order of onset of substance abuse and depression in a sample of depressed outpatients.” Comprehensive Psychiatry 40, no. 1 (1999): 44–50.

  Abraham, Karl. Selected Papers of Karl Abraham, M.D. 6th ed. Trans. Douglas Bryan and Alix Strachey. London: The Hogarth Press Ltd., 1965.

  Abrams, Richard. Electroconvulsive Therapy. 2nd ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992.

  Adams, Peter. The Soul of Medicine: An Anthology of Illness and Healing. London: Penguin Books, 1999.

  Aguirre, J. C., et al. “Plasma Beta-Endorphin Levels in Chronic Alcoholics.” Alcohol 7, no. 5 (1990): 409–12.

  Aigner, T. G., et al. “Choice behavior in rhesus monkeys: Cocaine versus food.” Science 201(1978): 534–35.

  Albert, R. “Sleep deprivation and subsequent sleep
phase advance stabilizes the positive effect of sleep deprivation in depressive episodes.” Nervenarzt 69, no. 1 (1998): 66–69.

  Aldridge, David. Suicide: The Tragedy of Hopelessness. London and Philadelphia: Jessica Kingsley Publishers, 1998.

  Allen, Hannah. “A Narrative of God’s Gracious Dealings with That Choice Christian Mrs. Hannah Allen.” In Voices of Madness. Ed. Allan Ingram. Thrupp, England: Sutton Publishing, 1997.

  Allen, Nick. “Towards a Computational Theory of Depression.” ASCAP 8, no. 7 (1995).

  Altshuler, Kenneth, et al. “Anorexia Nervosa and Depression: A Dissenting View.” American Journal of Psychiatry 142, no. 3 (1985): 328–32.

  Alvarez, A. The Savage God: A study of suicide. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1971.

  Ambrose, Stephen E. Undaunted Courage. New York: A Touchstone Book, 1996.

  Ambrosini, Paul. “A review of pharmacotherapy of major depression in children and adolescents.” Psychiatric Services 51, no. 5 (2000): 627–33.

  American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 4th ed. Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association, 1994.

  Andersen, Grethe. “Treatment of Uncontrolled Crying after Stroke.” Drugs & Aging 6, no. 2 (1995): 105–11.

  Andersen, Grethe, et al. “Citalopram for poststroke pathological crying.” Lancet 342 (1993): 837–39.

  Andrews, Bernice, and George W. Brown. “Stability and change in low self-esteem: The role of psychosocial factors.” Psychological Medicine 25 (1995): 23–31.

  Annett, Marian. Left, Right, Hand and Brain: The Right Shift Theory. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1985.

  Anthony, James, et al. “Comparative epidemiology of dependence on tobacco, alcohol, controlled substances, and inhalants: Basic findings from the National Comorbidity Survey.” Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology 2, no. 3 (1994): 244–68.

  Anthony, W. A., et al. “Supported employment for persons with psychiatric disabilities: An historical and conceptual perspective.” Psychosocial Rehabilitation Journal 11, no. 2 (1982): 5–24.

  ———. “Predicting the vocational capacity of the chronically mentally ill: Research and implications.” American Psychologist 39 (1984): 537–44.

  Aquinas, St. Thomas. Summa theologiae I–II, q. 25, a. 4. In Sancti Thomae de Aquino opera omnia. Vol. 6. Rome: Leonine Commission, 1882–.

  ———. Summa Theologica: Complete English Edition in Five Volumes. Vol. 2. Trans. Fathers of the English Dominican Province. Reprint, Westminster, Md.: Christian Classics, 1981, I–II, q. 25, a. 4.

  Arana, José, et al. “Continuous Care Teams in Intensive Outpatient Treatment of Chronic Mentally Ill Patients.” Hospital and Community Psychiatry 42, no. 5 (1991): 503–7.

  Araya, O. S., and E. J. Ford. “An investigation of the type of photosensitization caused by the ingestion of St. John’s Wort (Hypericum perforatum) by calves.” Journal of Comprehensive Pathology 91, no. 1 (1981): 135–41.

  Archer, John. The Nature of Grief. London: Routledge, 1999.

  Ardila, Alfredo, et al. “Neuropsychological Deficits in Chronic Cocaine Abusers.” International Journal of Neuroscience 57 (1991): 73–79.

  Arieno, Marlene A. Victorian Lunatics: A Social Epidemiology of Mental Illness in Mid-Nineteenth-Century England. Selinsgrove, Pa.: Susquehanna University Press, 1989.

  Aristotle. “Problemata.” The Works of Aristotle Translated into English. Vol 7. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1971.

  Arnold, Matthew. The Poems of Matthew Arnold. Ed. Kenneth Allott. London: Longman’s, 1965.

  Artaud, Antonin. Antonin Artaud: Works on Paper. Ed. Margit Rowell. New York: Museum of Modern Art, 1996.

  Åsberg, Marie. “Neurotransmitters and Suicidal Behavior: The Evidence from Cerebrospinal Fluid Studies.” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 836 (1997): 158–81.

  Aseltine, R. H., et al. “The co-occurence of depression and substance abuse in late adolescence.” Developmental Psychopathology 10, no. 3 (1998): 549–70.

  Åsgård, U., et al. “Birth Cohort Analysis of Changing Suicide Risk by Sex and Age in Sweden 1952 to 1981.” Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 76 (1987): 456–63.

  Astbury, Jill. Crazy for You: The Making of Women’s Madness. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996.

  Atay, Joanne, et al. Additions and Resident Patients at End of Year, State and County Mental Hospitals, by Age and Diagnosis, by State, United States, 1998. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, May 2000.

  Axline, Virginia M. Dibs in Search of Self. New York: Ballantine Books, 1964.

  Babb, Lawrence. The Elizabethan Malady: A Study of Melancholia in English Literature from 1580 to 1642. East Lansing: Michigan State College Press, 1951.

  Baca-García, Enrique, et al. “The Relationship Between Menstrual Cycle Phases and Suicide Attempts.” Psychosomatic Medicine 62 (2000): 50–60.

  Baldessarini, Ross J. “Neuropharmacology of S-Adenosyl-L-Methionine.” The American Journal of Medicine 83, suppl. 5A (1987): 95–103.

  Ball, H. Irene, et al. “Update on the incidence and mortality from melanoma in the United States.” Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 40 (1999): 35–42.

  Ball, J. R., et al. “A controlled trial of imipramine in treatment of depressive states.” British Medical Journal 21 (1959): 1052–55.

  Barbey, J. T., and S. P. Roose. “SSRI safety in overdose.” Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 59, suppl. 15 (1998): 42–48.

  Barinaga, Marcia. “A New Clue to How Alcohol Damages Brains.” Science, February 11, 2000, 947–48.

  Barker, Juliet. The Brontës. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1994.

  Barlow, D. H., and M. G. Craske. Mastery of Your Anxiety and Panic: Client workbook for anxiety and panic. San Antonio, Tex.: Graywind Publications Incorporated/The Psychological Corporation, 2000.

  Barlow, D. H., et al. “Cognitive-behavioral therapy, imipramine, or their combination for panic disorder: A randomized controlled trial.” Journal of the American Medical Association 283 (2000): 2529–36.

  Baron, Richard. “Employment Policy: Financial Support versus Promoting Economic Independence.” International Journal of Law and Psychiatry 23, no. 3–4 (2000): 375–91.

  ———. The Past and Future Career Patterns of People with Serious Mental Illness: A Qualitative Inquiry. Supported under a Switzer Fellowship Grant from the National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research. Grant Award H133F980011.

  ———. “Employment Programs for Persons with Serious Mental Illness: Drawing the Fine Line Between Providing Necessary Financial Support and Promoting Lifetime Economic Dependence.” Manuscript.

  Barondes, Samuel H. Mood Genes. New York: W. H. Freeman and Company, 1998.

  Barthelme, Donald. Sadness. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1972.

  Bassuk, Ellen, et al. “Prevalence of Mental Health and Substance Use Disorders Among Homeless and Low-Income Housed Mothers.” American Journal of Psychiatry 155, no. 11 (1998): 1561–64.

  Bateson, Gregory. Steps to an Ecology of Mind. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1972.

  Batten, Guinn. The Orphaned Imagination: Melancholy and Commodity Culture in English Romanticism. Durham, N.C., and London: Duke University Press, 1998.

  Baudelaire, Charles. The Flowers of Evil. Ed. Marthiel Mathews and Jackson Mathews. New York: New Directions, 1989.

  ———. Les Fleurs du Mal. Paris: Éditions Garnier Frères, 1961.

  Beatty, William, et al. “Neuropsychological performance of recently abstinent alcoholics and cocaine abusers.” Drug and Alcohol Dependence 37 (1995): 247–53.

  Beck, Aaron T. Depression: Causes and Treatment. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1967.