American Settler Colonialism: A History
Page 43
33. May, Battle for Batangas, 256; Bell Telegraphic Circular No 37 from Batangas, April 7, 1902, Box 1, James Franklin Bell Papers, Carlisle Barracks.
34. May, Battle for Batangas, 161, 243.
35. Kramer, Blood of Government, 152–153; May, Battle for Batangas, 274, 264.
36. “Cover-up, if at all possible, would always appear to be the best policy of the military.” Barnett, Atrocity and American Military Justice in Southeast Asia, 26.
37. Kramer, Blood of Government, 145; May, Battle for Batangas, 284.
38. Linn, U.S. Army and Counterinsurgency in Philippine War, 26–27.
39. “A Synopsis of the Progressive Development of the Moro Province, 1903–12,” Box 1, John P. Finley Papers, Carlisle Barracks.
40. Patricio N. Abinales, “The U.S. Army as an Occupying Force in Muslim Mindanao, 1899–1913,” in Alfred W. McCoy and Francisco Scarano, eds., Colonial Crucible: Empire in the Making of the Modern American State (Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 2009), 416; Kramer, Blood of Government, 217.
41. Abinales, “U.S. Army as Occupying Force in Muslim Mindanao,” 412.
42. Ibid., 411; Joshua Gedacht, “Mohammedism Religion Made it Necessary to Fire: Massacres on the American Imperial Frontier from South Dakota to the Southern Philippines,” in McCoy and Scarano, eds., Colonial Crucible, 397–409.
43. Gedacht, “Mohammedism Religion Made It Necessary to Fire.”
44. McCoy, Policing America’s Empire, 62.
45. Go, “Imperial Power and Its Limits,” 212.
46. Linn, Philippine War, 324, 328.
47. Samuel B. Young to Theodore Roosevelt, May 26, 1900, Box 12, Young Papers, Carlisle Barracks.
48. Thompson, Imperial Archipelago, 166; Young to Roosevelt, May 26, 1900, Box 12, Young Papers, Carlisle Barracks.
49. Thompson, Imperial Archipelago, 73.
50. Kramer, Blood of Government, 116–130; Roth, Muddy Glory, 60.
51. Kramer, Blood of Government, 102–103.
52. Batson to his wife, May 21, 1899, Box 3, Batson Papers, Carlisle Barracks.
53. “Letters of Major Matthew A. Batson, Cuban and Philippine Campaigns, 1898–1901,” Box 3, Batson Papers, Carlisle Barracks; Linn, Philippine War, 216; McCoy, Policing America’s Empire, 83.
54. Kramer, 73–82; Majares, War against the Americans, 209.
55. Thompson, Imperial Archipelago, 174; Kramer, Blood of Government, 85.
56. Linn, Philippine War, 218, 213.
57. Kramer, Blood of Government, 29, 434–435.
58. May, Battle for Batangas, 200; Majares, War against the Americans, 280.
59. Kramer, Blood of Government, 67; Patricio Abinales, “An American Colonial State: Authority and Structure in Southern Mindanao,” in Shaw and Francia, eds., Vestiges of War, 109.
60. Kramer, Blood of Government, 435, 217.
61. Majares, War against the Americans, 209–210.
62. Eva-Lotta E. Hedman and John T. Sidel, Philippine Politics and Society in the Twentieth Century: Colonial Legacies, Post-colonial Trajectories (New York: Routledge, 2000), 7; McCoy, Policing America’s Empire, 125.
63. McCoy, Policing America’s Empire, 29, 10.
64. Ibid., 59–205.
65. Hedman and Sidel, Philippine Politics and Society in Twentieth Century, 15.
66. John T. Sidel, Capital, Coercion, and Crime: Bossism in the Philippines (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1999), 146.
67. Hedman and Sidel, Philippine Politics and Society in Twentieth Century,8.
68. Ibid., 41.
69. Kathleen M. Nadeau, The History of the Philippines (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2008), 60, 69–71.
70. Robert Nashel, Edward Lansdale’s Cold War (Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press, 2005); Hedman and Sidel, Philippine Politics and Society in Twentieth Century, 42.
71. On Indonesia see Bradley R. Simpson, Economists with Guns: Authoritarian Development in U.S.-Indonesian Relations, 1960–1968 (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2008); the literature on the Vietnam War is massive; for an excellent recent overview see Scott Laderman and Edwin Martini, eds., Four Decades On: Vietnam, the United States, and the Second Indochina War (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2013.
72. Nadeau, History of the Philippines, 94.
73. Hedman and Sidel, Philippine Politics and Society in Twentieth Century, 36; McCoy, Policing America’s Empire, 433–451.
74. Hedman and Sidel, Philippine Politics and Society in Twentieth Century, 51–58.
75. McCoy, Policing America’s Empire, 511–515, 519.
76. Ibid., 1, 20; Patricio N. Abinales, “Notes on the Disappearing ‘middle’ in Post-authoritarian Philippine Politics,” in Shiraishi Takashi and Pusuk Phongpaichit, eds., The Rise of Middle Classes in Southeast Asia (Kyoto: Kyoto University Press, 2008), 176–193.
Chapter 9
1. “The American Indian and Alaska Native Population: 2010 Census Briefs.” http://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-10.pdf
2. Colin Calloway, First Peoples: A Documentary Survey of American Indian History (New York: St. Martin’s, 2008), 525.
3. Kevin Bruyneel, The Third Space of Sovereignty: The Post-Colonial Politics of U.S.-Indigenous Relations (Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 2007), 12.
4. United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous People. http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unpfii/documents/DRIPS_en.pdf; see also Elvira Pulitano, ed., Indigenous Rights in the Age of the UN Declaration (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012); the literature on the global human rights movement is rapidly emerging. For overviews see Jack Donnelly, Universal Human Rights in Theory and Practice (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2013) and Aryeh Neier, The International Human Rights Movement: A History (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2012).
5. Philip J. Deloria, Indians in Unexpected Places (Lawrence, KS: University of Kansas Press, 2004), 237.
6. Deloria, Indians in Unexpected Places, 231.
7. Ibid., 52–80; Louis S. Warren, Buffalo Bill’s America: William Cody and the Wild West Show (New York: Vintage Books, 2005).
8. Deloria, Indians in Unexpected Places, 109–135; Calloway, First Peoples, 400–401; see also David L. Fleitz, Louis Sockalexis: The First Cleveland Indian (Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2002).
9. Calloway, First Peoples, 399–402.
10. Paul C. Rosier, Serving Their Country: American Indian Politics and Patriotism in the Twentieth Century (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2009), 42–70; Calloway, First Peoples, 438–445.
11. Rosier, Serving Their Country,9–11.
12. Calloway, First Peoples, 448.
13. Rosier, Serving Their Country, 109–160.
14. Sherry L. Smith, Hippies, Indians, and the Fight for Red Power (New York: Oxford University Press 2012), 13.
15. Ibid., 78–11; 170–184.
16. Ibid., 183–212; quotation, 186.
17. For an in-depth account see Peter Matthiessen, In the Spirit of Crazy Horse (New York: Viking, 1991).
18. Bruyneel, The Third Space of Sovereignty, 220, xvii.
19. Candace Fujikane, “Introduction: Asian Settler Colonialism in U.S. Colony of Hawai’i,”in Candace Fujikane and Jonathan Y. Okamura, eds., Asian Settler Colonialism: From Local Governance to Habits of Everyday Life in Hawai’i (Honolulu, HI: University of Hawai’i Press, 2008), 11.
20. http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/15000.html David Stannard, “The Hawaiians: Health, Justice and Sovereignty,” in Fujikane and Okamura, eds., Asian Settler Colonialism, 161–169.
21. Fujikane, “Introduction,” 26; Karen K. Kosasa, “Searching for the ‘C’ Word: Museums, Art Galleries, and Settler Colonialism in Hawai’i,” in Fiona Bateman and Lionel Pilkington, eds., Studies in Settler Colonialism: Politics, Identity and Culture (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011), 153–168.
22. Sally Engle Merry, “Law and Identity in an American Colony,” 144–145; and Mililani B. Trask, “
Hawaiian Sovereignty,” 71–75, both in Merry and Donald Brenneis, eds., Law and Empire in the Pacific: Fiji and Hawai’i (Santa Fe, NM: School of American Research Press, 2003); see also Pulitano, ed., Indigenous Rights in Age of UN Declaration.
23. The Apology can be accessed online at http://www.hawaii-nation.org/publawall.html Fujikane, “Introduction,” 14.
24. Kyle Kajihiro, “The Militarizing of Hawai’i: Occupation, Accommodation, and Resistance,” in Fujikane and Okamura, eds., Asian Settler Colonialism, 170–194.
25. Elivira Pulitano, “Kanawai, International Law, and the Discourse of Indigenous Justice: Some Reflections on the Peoples’ International Tribunal in Hawai’i,” in Pulitano, ed., Indigenous Rights in Age of UN Declaration.
26. Linda S. Parker, Native American Estate: The Struggle over Indian and Hawaiian Lands (Honolulu, HI: University of Hawai’i Press, 1989), 122; Fujikane, “Introduction,” 10.
27. Ibid., 1–5; Helani Sonoda, “A Nation Incarcerated,” in Fujikane and Okamura, eds., Asian Settler Colonialism, 99–115.
28. Jo Ann Umilani Tsark, “Native Hawaiian Health Data: Contours of a Hidden Holocaust,” in Ward Churchill and Sharon Venne, eds., Islands in Captivity: The International Tribunal on the Rights of Indigenous Hawaiians (Boston, MA: South End Press, 1997), 273–276.
29. Laura E. Lyon, “From the Indigenous to the Indigent: Homelessness and Settler Colonialism in Hawai’i,” in Bateman and Pilkington, eds., Studies in Settler Colonialism, 140–152.
30. J. Kehaulani Kauanui, Hawaiian Blood: Colonialism and the Politics of Sovereignty and Indigeneity (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2008), 3.
31. Gary Okihiro, Island World: A History of Hawai’i and the United States (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 4); Trask, “Hawaiian Sovereignty,” 71–75; Merry, “Law and Identity,” 144–145.
32. Donald Craig Mitchell, Take my Land, Take my Life: The Story of Congress’s Historic Settlement of Alaska Native Land Claims, 1960–1971 (Fairbanks, AK: University of Alaska Press, 2001), 278.
33. Walter R. Borneman, Alaska: Saga of a Bold Land (New York: Harper Collins, 2003), 465–467.
34. Haycox, Alaska: An American Colony, 283; the ANCSA can be accessed online at: www.alaskool.org/projects/ancsa/reports/rsjones1981/ANCSA_History71.htm
35. Mitchell, Take my Land, Take my Life, 11; Haycox, Alaska: An American Colony, 285–286.
36. Stephen Haycox, Alaska: An American Colony (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2002), 283; Borneman, Alaska: Saga of a Bold Land, 471.
37. Mitchell, Take my Land, Take my Life, 10, 504.
38. David S. Case and David A. Voluck, Alaska Natives and American Laws (Anchorage, AK: University of Alaska Press, 2012), 198.
39. Mitchell, Take my Land, Take my Life, 495.
40. Case and Voluck, Alaska Natives and American Laws, 264.
41. Borneman, Alaska: Saga of a Bold Land, 471.
42. Case and Voluck, Alaska Natives and American Laws, 443.
43. Calloway, First Peoples, 467–468; 525.
44. Rosier, Serving Their Country, 277.
45. Case and Voluck, Alaska Natives and American Laws,4–5.
46. Ibid., 160; Calloway, First Peoples, 470.
47. US Commission on Civil Rights, “A Quiet Crisis: Federal Funding and Unmet Needs in Indian Country.” http://www.usccr.gov/pubs/na0703/na0204.pdf
48. Jeffrey Ostler, The Lakotas and the Black Hills: The Struggle for Sacred Ground (New York: Viking, 2010), 139–191; Tim Giago, “Black Hills Settlement Funds Top $1 Billion.” http://www.huffingtonpost.com/tim-giago/black-hills-claims-settleb_533267.html
Conclusion: The Boomerang of Savagery
1. Aziz Rana, The Two Faces of American Freedom (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2010), 13; Paul C. Rosier, Serving Their Country: American Indian Politics and Patriotism in the Twentieth Century (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2009), 3; Lorenzo Veracini, Settler Colonialism: A Theoretical Overview (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010), 94.
2. John E. Ferling, Struggle for a Continent: The Wars of Early America (Arlington Heights, IL: Harlan Davidson, 1993), 6; Colin G. Calloway, New Worlds for All: Indians, Europeans, and the Remaking of Early America (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997), 114; Alfred W. McCoy, Policing America’s Empire: The United States, the Philippines, and the Rise of the Surveillance State (Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 2009), 37, 540; see also the classic work by Richard Drinnon, Facing West: The Meta-physics of Indian Hating and Empire Building (Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1980).
3. On World War II see William Hitchcock, The Bitter Road to Freedom: The Human Cost of Allied Victory in World War II Europe (New York: The Free Press, 2009); John Dower, War Without Mercy: Race and Power in the Pacific War (New York: Pantheon, 1986); and Michael S. Sherry, The Rise of American Air Power: The Creation of Armageddon (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1987); on the legacies of World War II and Korea, see Sahr Conway-Lanz, Collateral Damage: Americans, Noncombatant Immunity, and Atrocity after World War II (New York: Routledge, 2006); on the Korean War see The Korean War: A History (New York: Modern Library, 2010) by Bruce Cumings, who estimates that the US Air Force killed one ninth of the Korean population; on Vietnam, see Bernd Greiner, War Without Fronts: The USA in Vietnam (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2009). John Tirman (see footnote 4) has chapters on all these conflicts and more. See also Michael S. Sherry, In the Shadow of War: The United States Since the 1930s (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1995); Yuki Tanaka and Marilyn B. Young, Bombing Civilians: A Twentieth Century History (New York: The New Press, 2009); and Dower, Cultures of War: Pearl Harbor/ Hiroshima/ 9–11/ Iraq (New York: W.W. Norton, 2010).
4. John Tirman, The Deaths of Others: The Fate of Civilians in America’s Wars (New York: Oxford University Press, 2011), 5, 15; Christopher Waldrep and Michael Bellesiles, eds., Documenting American Violence: A Sourcebook (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006), 6.
5. Jennifer Rutherford, The Gauche Intruder: Freud, Lacan and the White Australian Fantasy (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 2000), 207–208.
6. Rob Capriccioso, “A Sorry Saga: Obama Signs Native American Apology Resolution; Fails to Draw Attention to It,” January 13, 2010: http://www.indianlaw.org/node/529; Audra Simpson, “Settlement’s Secret,” Cultural Anthropology 26 (May 2011), 205–217; see also Roy L. Brooks, ed., When Sorry Isn’t Enough: The Controversy over Apologies and Reparations for Human Injustice (New York: New York University Press, 1999).
7. As Elvira Pulitano has pointed out the UN Declaration is an ambiguous and in some respects contradictory document, yet “UNDRIP constitutes, with all its imperfections and among all the controversy, a significant achievement for peoples worldwide.” Clint Carroll adds, “In highlighting on a global stage the persistence of colonial relations between indigenous peoples and settler states, it seems that the Declaration has already served an important purpose.” Elvira Pulitano, ed., Indigenous Rights in the Age of the UN Declaration (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012), 25, 143.
8. On the disclaimer, see the explanation by US Advisor Robert Hagen, “On the Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, to the UN General Assembly,” September 13, 2007, http://usun-ny.us/press_releases/20070913_204.html
9. Robert J. Miller, Jacinta Ruru, Larissa Behrendt, and Tracey Lindberg, Discovering Indigenous Lands: The Doctrine of Discovery in the English Colonies (New York: Oxford University Press, 2010), 266.
10. Lorenzo Veracini, “Telling the End of the Settler Colonial Story,” in Fiona Bateman and Lionel Pilkington, eds., Studies in Settler Colonialism: Politics, Identity and Culture (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011), 209.
11. Larissa Behrendt, Achieving Social Justice: Indigenous Rights and Australia’s Future (New South Wales: The Federation Press, 2003), 5, 176; see also Manfred Berg and Bernd Schaefer, eds., Historical Justice in International Perspective: How Societies are Trying to Right the Wr
ongs of the Past (Washington, DC: German Historical Institute and Cambridge University Press, 2009).
12. Candace Fujikane and Jonathan Y. Okamura, eds., Asian Settler Colonialism: From Local Governance to Habits of Everyday Life in Hawai’i (Honolulu, HI: University of Hawai’i Press, 2008), 13.
Index
Note: Locators followed by ‘fn’ refer to foot notes.
Abenaki, 50–1
Aborigines, 8–9, 11, 18–19, 21
Adams, John Q., 80, 82
African-Americans, 2, 51, 64, 71, 75, 80, 84, 87–8, 99, 107–10, 148, 155–6, 170–2, 179, 187, 191
Aguinaldo, Emilio, 168–9, 176
Alabama, 77, 79–82, 171
Alachua, 79
Alaska, xi, 145–6, 160–7, 185, 191, 194
Alaska Native Allotment Act, 164
Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (ANCSA), 191–3
Aleuts, 160–1
ambivalence, vii–x, 1–15, 19–22, 26–34, 47–48, 52, 55, 58, 60–64, 67, 69–72, 75–81, 85, 88, 90–91, 94–97, 99, 101–05, 114–28, 132–34, 136, 140, 142, 146, 149, 153, 159, 161, 168, 173, 176–81, 197
American exceptionalism, 9, 12, 21, 199
American Revolution, 5, 13, 29, 55–62, 73, 77
Amherst, Jeffrey, 51–4
Apaches, ix, 28, 42, 88, 90, 99, 103, 122, 130–3, 171, 177–8, 198
Apalachee, 39–40, 43
Apalachicola, 79
apology (U.S. to Indians), 199–200
Apology Resolution (Hawai’i), 99, 190
Arapaho, 120, 122, 139
Argentina, 4, 18, 208–9 (fn.)
Arizona, 27, 93, 113, 130–3
Arkansas, 39, 98, 107
Armstrong, William, 138–9
Assinibone (Indians), 139
Australia, 4, 7, 8–10, 12, 18, 21, 29, 123, 141, 172, 179, 189, 198, 200
Bacon’s (Nathaniel) Rebellion, 32, 38, 55, 66
Balangiga massacre, 174–5
Bannocks, 127, 136