Banks, Nathaniel P., 299–300, 301, 303, 309, 312, 407–8, 409, 410; Battle of Cedar Mountain, 410–13
“Barbara Fritchie” (Whittier), 471n
Barstow, Francis, 270
Battle of Sayler’s Creek, 654
Baylor, Robert W., xxx
Beaumont, William, 91
Beauregard, Pierre G. T., 125n, 150, 245, 326, 524, 528, 537, 615; First Manassas and, 252, 259–60, 261, 265, 266–67, 269; Fort Sumter and, 226; Lee’s command and, 262; Mexican War and, 141, 154; size of command, 528
Bee Jr., Barnard E., 266, 266n
Benét, Stephen Vincent, 108n, 282, 283, 283n, 693
Benjamin, Judah, 608
Benton, Thomas Hart, 116, 181
Bercsenyi, Count Laszlo, 8
Berryville, Battle of, 532
Big Bethel, Battle of, 256
Billies, Richard, 360n
Blair, Francis Preston, 227, 228
Blair, Montgomery, 227, 227n
Booth, John Wilkes, xxxviii
Brady, Mathew, 673–74
Bragg, Braxton, 525, 528, 609, 614
Branch, Lawrence, 352–53, 352, 354, 355–56
Brandy Station, Battle of, 531, 540; Rooney Lee wounded at, 531
Branham, Caroline, 56
Breckinridge, John, 193, 216, 634, 644, 646, 647
Brockenbrough, Judge, 682–83, 687
Bronte, TX, 190, 190n
Brooke, Sir Alan, 267n
Brown, John (or “Osawatomie Brown), xvi–xxiii; beliefs compared to Lee’s, xlii; “bleeding Kansas” and, xvii, 182; burial of, xxxix; capture of, xxxiv–xxxv; character of, xvii–xviii, xxx, xxxi, xxxiii–xxxiv, xxxv–xxxvi, xxxviii; deaths of sons, xvii, xxix, xxxi, xxxvi; execution of, xxxvii–xxxviii, 227, 298; gender equality and, xviii; as hero and martyr, xxxv, xxxvi–xxxix; killing of freed black man, xx; raid on Harpers Ferry, xviii–xxiii; Wendell Phillips’s funeral oration, xl; wife’s demand to visit, xxxvii
Buchanan, James, 193, 226; Harpers Ferry and, xxi, xxii, xxv, xxvi; inaugural address, 196; as “Old Public Functionary,” xxii; secretary of war, Floyd and, xxiii; three “propositions,” 217, 218; vice president King and, xxii; views on slavery, xxii, 194
“Buchanan’s Blunder,” 201
Buckner, Simon B., 280, 528
Buford, John, Jr., 33, 550; Battle of Gettysburg and, 544, 550–51, 553
Buford, Napoleon B., 33
Bull Run, First Battle of (First Manassas), xxxviii, 141, 252, 255, 259–60, 261, 263, 264–69, 433; casualties, 269, 269n; McDowell and, 241
Bull Run, Second Battle of (Second Manassas), 427–28, 435–58; casualties, 437, 444, 447, 451, 452; diagram, August 29, 1862, 441; diagram of battlefield, 453; Ewell’s wounding at, 534; Federal prisoners taken, 458; Federal weaponry captured, 458–59; Henry House Hill, 452; Jackson’s request for reinforcements, 448–49; Lee allows Federal wounded to be collected, 456; Lee’s error, 442, 443, 445; Lee’s signals to Jackson, 448; Longstreet’s disobedience, 442–43, 444, 445, 454; rout of Federal troops, 450
Burnside, Ambrose Everett, 37, 398, 399, 408, 413, 460, 477, 483–84; advance on Richmond, 493; Battle of Fredericksburg, 496–504; carbine invented by, 492, 492n; character of, 492; engineers for, 499; Grant’s opinion of, 492; Hooker replaces, 504’ Rappahannock crossing, 493–94, 497, 498; reconnaissance balloons of, 496; replaces McClellan, 492; strategic errors, 494, 496–97, 501, 502; “United States Colored Troops” of, 636
Burr, Aaron, 12
Butler, Benjamin, 253, 256, 259
Calhoun, John C., 24–25
Cameron, Simon, 230
Camp Cooper, TX, 188–89, 191, 196
Camp Lee, VA, 238
Candide (Voltaire), 4
Carlisle, PA, 541, 546, 546n
Carroll, Charles, 168, 168n
Carter, Martha Custis Williams (Markie), 224, 229, 260, 415, 605–6, 608
Carter, Robert “King” (maternal grandfather), 6, 21, 22; Shirley and, 6, 11, 14, 22, 415
Carter, Thomas, 676, 680
Casey, Silas, 33
Cashtown, PA, 547, 550, 551, 554
Catumse (Comanche chief), 189
Cavalryman of the Lost Cause (Wert), 337n
Cedar Mountain, Battle of, 410–13, 413n
Chaffin’s Bluff, VA, 318
Chambersburg, PA, 542
Chancellorsville, Battle of, 508–21, 578, 620; A. P. Hill wounded at, 517–18; proach to (diagram), 508; casualties, 519, 520; Catherine Furnace, 515; Hooker’s trenches and abatis, 512, 512n; Hooker’s withdrawal, 518–19; Hooker wounded at, 518; Jackson’s injury and death, 298, 514, 517, 520; as Lee’s greatest victory, 520; Lee’s plan, 513, 514–15; position of armies, (diagram), 508; rebel yell and, 516; size of forces, 509
Chancellorsville, VA, 510, 519
Charleston, SC, 285, 286
Charleston Mercury, 227, 281, 291
Charles XII (Voltaire), 36
Chase, Salmon P., 263
Cheat Mountain, Battle of, 273, 273n, 274, 276–80, 282
Chesnut, Mary, 225, 226, 243, 244, 269, 304, 345
Chickahominy river, 323, 328, 337, 344; map, 320; McClellan’s error at, 321–22; plan of battle north of (map), 327; railroad crossing of, 318
Chickamauga, Battle of, 610
Childe, Edward (brother-in-law), 191
Childe, Mildred Lee (sister), 46, 50, 191
Chilton, R. H., 390
Christian, Bolivar, 682
Churchill, Winston, 267n, 471n, 618n, 654, 654n
Civil War, 632; ambulances, 456, 456n; balloons, use of, 265, 355, 360, 360n, 496; bleak outlook for the Confederacy, 288–89, 291; blows to the Confederacy (spring 1862), 305, 308; casualties (see specific battles); defense of the Confederacy, strategy, 234–35; embalming of bodies and, 19n; first general killed, 258; as first modern war (doctrine of total war), 331; foreign military observers, 446n, 523, 549, 570, 571, 581; Fredericksburg as engaging largest total number of men, 496; generals graduating from West Point, 184; generals who were precursors of future wars, 331; Grant on Mexican War’s connection to, 104; initial days (spring 1861), 231–61; largest cavalry battle, 531; largest number of men engaged during war, 496, 499, 499n; Lee as legend, 287, 445, 485, 610, 632–33; Lee’s fortifications and prolonging of war, 632; Lee’s outlook for, 242, 247; maps, lack of quality of, 349, 361, 362, 365, 404, 438; military intelligence and, 333, 374, 527; missed opportunities to end in 1861, 257, 268; missed opportunities to end in 1862, 330, 375, 393, 430, 503–4; prelude to, states’ violence to each other, 94; rapid pace of events, 304, 402; refugees and civilian losses, 524; romanticizing of, 287; scorched earth policy, 184, 615, 632; “skirmishers,” 479, 479n; surrender (see Appomattox); unmarked roads as problem in, 348–49; Virginia’s strategic position in, 248–49; as war of attrition, 615, 628; weaponry, 326–28, 326n, 372, 372n, 474, 474n, 492, 492n, 506, 588. See also specific battles; specific campaigns
Civil War Observation Balloons (Billies), 360n
Clark, William, 90
Clay, Henry, 68
Cocke, Edmund, 679
Cocke, Elizabeth, 677, 684
Cocke, St. George, 251
Cockspur Island, GA, 49–53
Cold Harbor, Battle of, 629–31; casualties, 630; Grant’s regrets about, 630; horror of, 630; size of forces, 629
Cold Harbor, VA, 352
Comanche Moon (McMurtry), 190n
Comte de Paris, Captain the, 314, 314n
Confederate Army, 34; antagonistic commands of, 270–71, 275, 280; bridge demolition and, 491n; captured soldiers from, 289; concentration of Confederate troops in Northern Virginia as strategic error, 244; conscription, 295, 614, 637; conscription of slaves, 642–43; court-martial proceedings, 407; deserters, 614, 644, 646; Distribution of the Confederate forces in Virginia and opposing Union forces, March 24, 1863, 292; fury in battle and, 42; future Confederate generals at West Point with Lee, 33; future generals aboard the Petrita, Mexican War, 125; highest rank in, 234; Lee accepts responsibility for s
urrender, 659; Lee accepts shared command, 231–33; Lee appointed general in chief, 640, 643–44; Lee made commander of the Army of Northern Virginia, 325; Lee’s formation of (spring 1861), 224, 231–61; Lee’s tasks in, 251; maps, lack of quality of, 349, 404, 438; number of troops in Virginia, 301; popular generals, 245; practice of demanding “contribution” from captured towns, 546; “Quaker guns,” 304; rebel yell, 266, 371; recruitment of troops, 246, 250–51; sickness of troops, 275, 278; spying for, 263; supplies and shortages, 246–47, 251, 271–72, 291, 305, 398, 404, 423, 454–55, 537, 537n, 646; supply routes, 249, 250; term of enlistment, 247, 295; troops defending Richmond, number of, 345; uniforms, 233, 254, 256, 502, 502n; Virginia’s forces join, 255–56; warnings against looting, 546n; weaponry, 246, 304, 305, 375, 385. See also Army of Northern Virginia; specific battles; specific campaigns
Confederate Navy, 237, 238, 244
Confederate States of America (CSA): as alliance of equals, not a union, 330; blows to (spring 1862), 305; Confederate dollars, 404, 461, 472, 532, 538–39; defeat of, 672; defense strategy for, 234–35; Department of the South, 285; Department of War, 253, 528; dire problems (1862), 520; “Dixie” and anthems of, 260, 260n; hope for a negotiated peace, 610, 634; Lee as legend in, 287, 610, 640; Lee made commander of the Army of Northern Virginia, 325; Lee offered command in, 231–33; Lee offered commission by, 226; Lee’s fortifications and survival of, 614; policies on slavery and race, 233; refusal to surrender, 610; Richmond as capital, 243–44, 247; total war against, “razed earth” policy, 184, 615, 632, 639; Union captures New Orleans, 308, 521; vice president Stephens, 232–33; Virginia and, 234, 243
Connally, James, 107n, 108, 109, 110, 119, 119n, 158
Connell, Evan S., 669n
Conner, David, 125
Conscription and Conflict in the Confederacy (Moore), 643
Considérations sur l’Art de la Guerre (Napoleon), 185
Cooper, James Fenimore, 44
Corrick’s Ford, Battle of, 258
Cortinas, Juan, 213–14
Couch, Darius, 511–12, 518
Coulling, Mary P., 295n, 414, 609, 677, 678, 679
Crater, Battle of the, 635–36; casualties, 636
Crockett, David (Davy), 170n
CSS Virginia vs. U.S.S. Monitor, 237, 306
Cuba, 167, 193; Lee offered leadership of junta, 167–68
Custer, George A., 163, 163n, 656, 669, 669n
Custis, George Washington Parke (father-in-law), 38, 47, 605; adopted son of Washington, xxiii, 19, 38, 46, 52; Arlington and, xxiii, 19, 38, 46, 171, 199, 199n; bequests of, 199; character of, 161, 165, 165n, 182, 198; compared to Count Rostov, 54; connection to Lee family, 19, 46–47; death, 198; emancipation of slaves in will of, 200, 204–9, 680; financial problems, 52, 165; Lee as executor of will and handling of estate, xv, xxiii–xxiv, 198, 199, 212; negligence of estates, 199, 199n, 201; portrait of, 47; relationship with Lee, 47, 52, 198; Romancock estate, 199, 201; slaves owned by, xxiii, 52, 165, 200–209, 212; Washington’s sword, 658n; wedding of Lee and daughter, 55; White House plantation and, 6, 199, 201
Custis, Mary Lee Fitzhugh (mother-in-law), 47, 67; Arlington and, 171; connection to Lee family, 19, 47; death, 182–83; evangelical Christianity of, 161, 183; marriage of Lee and daughter, 70; sister of William Fitzhugh, 19; wedding of Lee and daughter, 55
Dabney, Robert L., 350, 350n, 353, 354, 368, 376, 382, 383, 411, 412
Danton, Georges, 37
Davis, Jefferson, 246, 271, 414, 524, 608, 640n; appoints Lee commander (after Johnston’s wounding), 325; armistice hopes, 638; Battle of First Manassas and, 267; Battle of Frayser’s Farm and, 383; Battle of Gettysburg and, 528; Battle of Mechanicsville and, 356, 357; Battle of Second Manassas and, 454; Battle of Seven Pines and, 324, 325, 328; character of, 255; conscription of slaves and, 643; courage of, 324; defense of Richmond and, 313, 321, 345; evacuation of Richmond, 647; as Federal prisoner, 61, 688; flight of, 672, 672n; foreign support for the Confederacy sought, 423, 525, 592; Indian hostilities and, 186; lack of leadership, 615–16; Lee and, xxiv, 167, 168, 243, 245, 247–48, 251, 254, 255, 256, 267, 268, 285, 325, 348, 423, 425–26, 445, 505, 528, 603–4, 640; Lee offers to resign, 609; Lee’s command of Texas cavalry and, 185–86; Lee’s Gettysburg campaign and, 537; Lee’s strategy and, 329–30, 338; Lee’s testimony at trial of, 688; Lee’s warning of dire situation, 639; mistaken view of his military ability, 243, 255, 262; Second U.S. Cavalry and, 188, 192; as secretary of war, xxiv, 179, 185–86; telegram to Lee, 289; at West Point, 33; wife of, 243, 243n; withdrawal from Centreville and, 292
Davis, Varina, 243, 261, 270
Dead Man’s Walk (McMurtry), 190n
Declaration of Independence, 4, 12, 168
Democratic Party: Buchanan and, xxii; division into northern and southern factions, 193, 216; Franklin Pierce and, 193; McClellan as presidential candidate, 610, 634–35, 638; presidential race 1860 (Douglas-Johnson candidates), 216; Senator Benton and, 116
Derwent cottage, Powhatan County, VA, 677, 679, 682
Des Moines, IA, 85, 86
Destruction and Reconstruction (Taylor), 349
Devisme, Louis François, 658
Dickens, Charles, 90, 171n
Dill, Sir John, 458n
“Dixie” (song), 260, 456, 537, 690
Doniphan, Alexander, 107
Doubleday, Abner, 553
Douglas, Stephen A., 216
“Dover Beach” (Arnold), 620
Dred Scott v. Sanford, 196
Drewry’s Bluff, VA, 318
Dungeness, Cumberland Island, GA, 16
Early, Jubal A., 387, 405n, 509, 520, 546n, 565, 628; Battle of Gettysburg and, 554, 563–64, 564n; raid on Washington, 634, 639
École Polytechnique, Paris, France, 32, 50
Edwards, Willis G., 220
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 99, 247, 251, 425, 545n, 558n, 574n, 617n, 640n, 665n
Emancipation Proclamation, 209
Emerson, Ralph Waldo, xxxvi
Emory M. Thomas, 235n
Esposito, Vincent J., 528, 618
Eustis, Abram, 61, 66, 69
Everett, Edward, xli–xlii, 220, 220n
Ewell, Richard Stoddert, 309, 311, 312, 351, 353, 369–70, 410, 434; Battle of Gettysburg, supply and ammunition train of, 561–62; Battle of Gettysburg, 547, 554, 557, 563–64, 564n, 566, 571, 571n, 572, 575, 578–79, 580, 581–82, 586, 681; Battle of Mechanicsburg, 354; Battle of Second Manassas, 435, 436, 437, 534; Battle of Wilderness, 617, 618–19, 620; capture of, 650; capture of Carlisle, 541, 546, 546n; character of, 558; illness of, 628; Gettysburg campaign and advance, 535–36, 539, 540, 541, 542, 545, 601; Lee’s orders about Culp’s Hill and, 557–59, 558n, 562–63; loss of leg, 534, 626; promotion to lieutenant general, 526; Route of, June 26, 1862 (map), 352; Stuart’s failure to guard forces of, 540–41
Expédition de Russie (Ségur), 34–35
Fairfax, John Walter, 542–43
Falling Waters (Hoke’s Run), Battle of, 259, 259n
Faulkner, Charles James, xxxv
Faulkner, William, 592
Field, Charles W., 309
First Cavalry, xxv
Fitzhugh, Anna (cousin), 214, 240, 241
Fitzhugh, Norman, 420
Fitzhugh, William, 13; Chatham estate, 19; Lee’s acceptance at West Point and, 24, 25; Ravensworth estate, 19, 24, 45
Floyd, John B., xxiii, xxv, 271, 275, 280–81, 282, 289; disgrace of, 280
Foch, Marshal Ferdinand, 401, 401n
Ford, Gerald, 671
Fort Carroll, Baltimore, MD, 166–72, 173
Fort Chadbourne, TX, 190
Fort Donelson, 280
Fort Donelson, TN, 288–89, 292
Fort Fisher, 97
Fort Hamilton, Brooklyn, 97; Lee stationed at, 97–102, 106–7
Fort Henry, TN, 288, 292
Fort Lafayette, New York City, 97
Fort Mason, TX, 188, 196, 197, 215, 220
Fort McHenry, MD, 50, 166
Fort M
onroe, VA, 256, 304; Confederate prisoners in, 604; Jefferson Davis imprisoned in, 61, 688; Lee’s lessons from, 76; Lee stationed at, xxvi, 53, 60–61, 63, 69, 74–75; “outworks” project of, 60–61, 69, 74–75’ post war at, 66–67, 74; raid on Harpers Ferry and, xxii, xxv; Union occupation of, 249, 253
Fort Moultrie, SC, 220
Fort Norfolk, VA, 251
Fort Pulaski, GA, 53
Fort Sumter, SC, 220, 226, 252; first shot fired at, xxxviii, 210, 226–27; surrender of, 227, 238
Fort Wool (formerly Fort Calhoun), VA, 60–61, 75, 106, 253
Foundation of the Science of War, The (Fuller), 312
Four Years with General Lee (Taylor), 430n
Franklin, William B., 343–44, 501
Frayser’s Farm (Glendale), Battle of, 381–85, 381n; casualties, 384
Frederick II (Frederick the Great), King of Prussia, 235, 301, 405, 424, 454n
Fredericksburg, Battle of, 496–504; casualties, 502–3, 504; Lee’s advantages over Burnside, 498; Lee’s lack of supplies and inability to pursue Burnside, 503–4; Lee’s quote to Longstreet, 37, 487, 502; map of positions, 495; rebel yell, 502; Saint Marye’s Heights, 501, 502; size of forces (largest number of men engaged during war), 496, 499, 499n; weaponry, 328; wounded, 503, 504
Fredericksburg, VA: Burnside’s forces at, 408, 493; civilian evacuation of, 497; defensive problems of, 494; distance from Richmond, 505; Early’s disastrous battle against Sedgwick at, 520; Early’s division at, 509; Federals’ barricading of, 503; Lee’s winter quarters at, 504–5; McDowell’s forces at, 398; shelling of, 498; Sumner’s threat to shell civilians, 497; taking by Federals, 499; Washington and, 496
Freeman, Douglas Southall, 50, 235n, 473n; absence of Jackson at Gettysburg, Lee’s comment, 603; Battle of Gettysburg, 554, 562, 581, 583, 586, 595, 596; Battle of Wilderness, 619; biography of Lee by, 211; exoneration of Lee at Gettysburg, 551–52; on Henry Lee, III, 9, 15, 16; on Jackson at Battle of Gaines’s Mill, 370; on Lee and Loring, 275; on Lee and secession, 211–12; on Lee at Cerro Gordo, 137; on Lee at Fort Hamilton, 99, 106; on Lee’s character, 44, 308; Lee’s copy of the Book of Common Prayer, 612; on Lee’s marriage and family, 93; on Lee’s order to Huger, 357–58; on Lee’s study of Napoleon, 185; on Lee’s tour of the Carolinas, 86–97; on Lee under fire, Mexican War, 125; on Longstreet, 526, 544–45, 559–60, 577n; on Malvern Hill, 386; on Santa Anna’s forces, 131n; on size of Lee’s army, 464–65; on spy named Harrison, 543n; on travel hardships, 93
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