The Age of Radiance
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Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 128, 308, 310, 363
Esau, Abraham, 105
Ester, Julius, 26
Falk, Jim, 369
fallout shelters, 286, 376
Fate of the Earth, The (Schell), 299, 328
Fat Man bomb, 154, 197–98, 211, 216, 217, 230, 237, 371
FBI
Bohr and, 174–75
Einstein and, 122
Fermi and, 123
Manhattan Project and, 149, 155, 171
Oppenheimer and, 155, 170, 257, 258, 260, 261, 262
spying detected by, 238–39, 240, 241, 242, 363
Szilard and, 149
Feather, Norman, 146
Fermi, Enrico, 54, 55–72, 157, 369, 379
atomic bomb design and, 168, 170, 266–67
atomic bomb testing and, 201–02, 206, 207, 229, 266–67
childhood of, 56–57
death of, 265–66, 269
decision to emigrate to the United States by, 64–65, 67, 68–72
education of, 57–58
element discovered by, 84
family life of, 123
German nuclear program and, 185
Hahn’s research on nucleus and, 103–04
Hanford reactor and, 164–65
irradiation research of, 90
legacy of, 55–56, 266, 369
Los Alamos and, 158–59, 160, 225, 228, 247
Manhattan Project and, 148, 154, 155
marriage of, 66–67, 123, 159
need for atomic bomb research advocated by, 114, 119
Nobel Prize to, 69–70, 71, 83, 97, 110, 128
nuclear fission experiment at Columbia and, 104, 105, 133
nuclear reactor design by, 129–39, 149, 160, 163, 172, 185, 233
Oak Ridge reactor and, 163
on Oppenheimer, 261
personality of, 165, 193, 225–26
political campaigns and power of, 251
postwar research at Chicago by, 225
research approach of, 123–25
research secrecy and, 112–13, 254
on scientific advances, 379
subatomic particle research of, 226
Szilard and, 229
Teller and, 147, 157, 158, 227, 228, 229, 247, 253, 265, 330
thermonuclear fusion research and, 228, 235, 247, 254
US military research and, 122–23
University of Rome research on uranium of, 58–64, 91, 266
uranium fission research of, 109–13, 124–25, 129, 266
wartime status as enemy alien, 128–29
Wigner on, 109
Fermi, Giulio, 55, 69, 71–72, 128, 226
Fermi, Laura, 55, 63–64, 65, 66–67, 69, 70, 71–72, 83, 115–16, 123–24, 126, 128, 129, 159, 170, 176, 225–26, 265, 266
Fermi, Nella, 55, 65, 70, 71–72, 123, 128, 226–27, 266, 269
Fermilab, 266
Fermi paradox, 76, 337
fermium, 253, 266
Forsmark nuclear power plant, Sweden, 312
Ferraby, Tom¸ 212
Feynman, Richard (Dick), 151, 152, 164, 166, 202, 205, 247
films, radiation theme in, 274–75, 310–11, 367
First Lightning weapons test, 233–34, 235, 238, 239, 373
Fischer, Emil, 86, 88
fishermen
thermonuclear testing affecting, 273, 340
tsunami affecting, 344–45
Fitch, Val, 196, 203
Flerov, Georgi, 171–72, 193–94
Flexible Response strategy, 283, 287, 372
Fokker, Adriaan, 94, 95
Fonda, Jane, 310
France, 351, 364
Franck, James, 89, 91, 93, 207, 225
Frank, Barney, 334–35
Frayn, Michael, 181
French Academy of Sciences (Académie des Sciences), 14, 27, 34, 37, 188, 325
Frisch, David, 150
Frisch, Otto Robert, 91, 121
atomic trigger device designed by, 166–67
background of, 91
Meitner’s relationship with, 97, 189, 190
move to England by, 120
move to Los Alamos by, 152–53
nuclear fission research of Meitner and, 99–102, 103, 105, 144
thermal diffusion and, 162–63
Frisén, Jonas, 378
Fromm, Friedrich, 183
Fuchs, Elizabeth, 170–71
Fuchs, Klaus
background of, 170–71
Los Alamos research by, 152, 169–70, 227, 240
spying by, 170, 171, 172, 173, 194, 237, 238, 239, 240, 251, 259
Fukushima Daiichi power plant disaster, Japan, 5, 340–60
deaths from, 360
earthquake causing, 342–45
evacuations after, 346, 349–50, 356
evidence of ancient tsunami near, 342
government regulators and, 352–53, 354
health effects of, 350, 358
heat generation from fission fragments in, 343–44, 345–46, 356
information withheld in, 350–51, 354–55
location of, 341–42
plant damage after, 347–49, 351–52, 356, 359–60
political effects of, 357, 359
private industry’s relationship with government regulators in, 353
radiation released in, 336, 355, 357, 358
rehabilitation of area and resettlement after, 358–59
steam venting in, 346–47, 349
TEPCO’s responsibilities after, 351–52
tsunami damage in, 344–45, 352–53
US consultants on, 349, 351, 355, 356
workers at, 346–48, 349, 352, 353–55, 356–57
Fuller, Loie, 33–34
Gabor, Dennis, 75, 79
Gale, Robert, 319, 349
Gamow, George, 94, 99, 248, 282
Gard, Robert, 334
Gardner, Meredith, 238, 242
Garson, Greer, 51
Garwin, Richard, 225, 247–48, 251
Geiger, Hans, 74, 87, 89, 113
Geitel, Hans Friedrich, 26
genetic abnormalities, and radiation, 326
Giannini, Gabriel Maria, 59–60
Gibertson Company, 375
Giesel, Friedrich, 31, 35, 188
Girshfield, Viktor, 290
Glicksman, Maurice, 265
Gold, Harry, 170, 172–73, 240–41, 242, 251
Goldstine, Herman, 248
Goncharov, German, 255, 275
Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company, 132, 282
Gopnik, Adam, 337
Gorbachev, Mikhail
Chernobyl accident and, 318, 359, 361
International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) and, 364
on nuclear weapons, 328
proposed nuclear arms reduction treaty and, 329–30, 332–33
Reagan’s Strategic Defense Initiative and, 331, 332
START treaty and, 333
Göring, Hermann, 183
Goudsmit, Samuel, 186–87
Gore, Albert Sr., 293, 294
Great War (World War I), 32–33, 36, 74, 89, 91, 193, 372
Greenglass, David, 171, 172, 173, 194, 237, 240–41, 251
Greenglass, Ruth, 171, 173, 241
Greenglass, Samuel, 171
Greenewalt, Crawford, 134, 138, 164
Greisen, Kenneth, 204
Groves, Leslie
Allied bombing targets recommended by, 186
atomic bomb and, 197, 198, 199, 206, 207, 202, 229
Bohr surveillance ordered by, 174–75
bombing of Japan as signal to Russia and, 222
bombing of Vemork plant, Norway, and, 178
intelligence missions of, 185–86
Los Alamos and, 151, 157, 169, 225, 228
Manhattan Project management by, 147–50, 156, 165, 175, 197–98, 199
Oak Ridge National Laboratory and, 161, 162–63
Oppenheimer and, 262
postwar atomic arms research an
d, 229, 230
Russian scientists and, 194
silver supply and, 161
Soviet threat and, 227
Szilard and, 127, 150, 207, 208
uranium source and, 154
Grubbe, Emil, 13
Haber, Fritz, 75, 89, 92, 372–73
Hahn, David, 362–63
Hahn, Edith, 93
Hahn, Otto
Allied capture and internment of, 186–87, 188–89, 190
atomic bomb research and, 113, 121, 183, 187
awards and recognition of, 190
Hitler’s Jewish laws and, 92, 93
on Meitner, 86, 96, 98, 191
Meitner’s research with, 64, 84, 85–87, 88–90, 98, 99, 100, 102, 103, 121, 189, 190
Meitner’s treatment by, 92, 93, 96–97, 102–03, 189, 190–91
Nobel Prize to, 188–89, 190
as scientist in Nazi Germany, 190–91
Hall, Joan, 242
Hall, Theodore, 171, 194, 237, 242
Hanford, Washington, reactor complex, 159, 160, 164–65, 166, 168, 175, 188, 225, 282
Harding, Warren G., 50
Harris, Michael, 253, 272
Harrison, Richard Stewart, 144
Haukelid, Knut, 178
Havenaar, Johan, 323, 324
Hawkins, David, 192
Hawks, H. D., 12–13
H-bombs. See hydrogen (Super) bombs
health
downwinders and, 271–72, 336
radiation experiments and, 270–71
thermonuclear testing’s long-term effects on, 340, 356
Heisenberg, Werner, 93
Allied capture of, 186–87
atomic bomb research and, 113, 183
Bohr and, 94, 178, 179–82, 188
early research of, 58, 59
German bomb project and, 176, 177, 178–83, 185–88, 191
German denunciations of, 176
Groves’s surveillance plans for, 185–86
personality of, 66
reactor design of, 175, 176–77, 183–84, 186
rumors of death of, 184
Teller and, 77
Hendrix, John, 161
Hersey, John, 215–16
Heslep, Charter, 258
Hess, Kurt, 92, 93, 95
Hilberry, Norman, 134–35, 135–36
Himmler, Heinrich, 94, 176
Hinckley, John Jr., 327
Hinton, Joan, 150, 203
Hirohito, Emperor, 222, 351
Hiroshima, Japan, bombing, 211–16
American reactions to, 116, 219, 220
attitudes toward nuclear weapons after, 6, 167, 187, 202, 230, 254, 271, 313, 330, 336, 363, 367, 369
biological and health effects of, 7, 365–66
bombing flight in, 216, 221, 222, 371
damage caused by, 210, 211, 213, 214, 371
effectiveness of bombing of, 222
Japanese reactions to, 215–16, 219, 222, 350–51, 359
number of deaths from, 214–15, 366, 371
peace memorial for, 216
recovery of city during decades after, 374
Soviet reaction to, 232
survivors (hibakusha) of, 7, 213, 214, 215, 219, 350–51, 359, 365–66, 371
technology of, 54, 154, 166, 211, 212–15
US planning for, 221, 237
US support for, 228, 310
Hiss, Alger, 242–43
Hitler, Adolf, 69
concern about nuclear arms use by, 153, 175, 176, 178, 180, 184, 208, 221, 227, 231
German émigrés’ hatred of, 112, 184, 187–88, 189, 192
Jews and scientists exiled under, 91, 92–93, 98
Planck’s conversation with, 91
Speer’s support of nuclear research and, 183
Szilard’s concerns about, 80, 82, 114
von Stauffenberg’s assassination attempt on, 186
Hooper, Don, 266
Hooper, Stanford, 114
Hoover, J. Edgar, 122, 123, 241, 257, 260
Hornig, Dan, 198–99
Horthy, Miklós, 74, 77
House Un-American Activities Committee, 257
Howard, Charles Henry George “Mad Jack,” 120
Humphrey, Hubert, 256
Hutchins, Robert, 129
hydrogen (Super) bombs
accidental dropping of, 305
long-term health effects of testing of, 340, 356
Oppenheimer‘s opposition to, 228, 258, 259, 262, 264
research secrecy on, 254
Soviet testing of, 275
Teller’s research on, 125, 158, 227–28, 235, 236, 239, 247, 249–50, 252, 253, 258, 259, 262, 264, 275, 372
testing of Bravo at Bikini, 272–73, 275, 340, 356
testing of Castle series of, 273, 274
testing of Mike at Elugelab, 250, 251, 252–54, 282–83, 372
Ulam’s design for, 248–50, 252, 253, 262, 264, 265, 275
Ignatenko, Lyudmilla, 318
India, 227, 337, 339, 361, 365, 373
Institute for Biological Studies, 268
Institute for Nuclear Power Engineering, Minsk, Belarus, 312–13
Interim Committee, 206, 208, 211, 228, 371
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), 305, 338, 356, 364
International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER), 364
“In the Matter of J. Robert Oppenheimer,” 261–65
iodine, 188, 215, 271, 308, 336, 350, 356, 365, 377
Iran, 6, 338, 373
Israel, 334, 337–38, 360, 370
Jaczko, Gregory, 355
Japan, 364
demand for surrender of, 211
earthquakes in, 342–45, 352–53
firebombing of, 209–11
nuclear power plants in, 340–41, 342
nuclear research in, 210
regulation of nuclear technology in, 341
thermonuclear testing affecting fishermen from, 273, 340
See also Fukushima Daiichi power plant disaster, Japan; Hiroshima, Japan, bombing; Nagasaki, Japan, bombing
Joachimsthal, Czechoslovakia, mine, 36, 195, 231
Johnson, Lyndon, 211, 337
Joliot-Curie, Irène, 61, 82, 376
death of, 188
deuterium source for, 120
education of, 49–50
family background of, 25, 30, 31, 39, 41, 48
fame of, 98, 369
Fermi’s research and, 90
Hahn and Meitner on errors in research of, 90
man-made radiation research of, 61, 105
marriage of, 51–52
Meitner’s research and, 103
nuclear fission research of, 112, 117, 120, 142, 193
uranium sources and, 154
work with husband Fred, 52–53, 54, 61, 62, 90, 103, 112
Joliot-Curie, Jean-Frédéric (Fred), 376
deuterium source for, 120
French resistance work of, 188
health of, 188
marriage of, 51–52
nuclear fission research of, 142
uranium sources and, 154
work with wife Irène, 52–53, 54, 61, 62, 90, 103, 112
Jungk, Robert, 178, 180, 181
Kahn, Herman, 290–91, 292
Kan, Naoto, 346, 351, 352, 357
Karle, Isabella, 127
Kaufman, Irving, 241–42
Kazakhstan, atomic tests in, 233, 235, 336, 372
Kelvin, Lord William Thomson, 22–23, 39
Kennan, George¸ 256–57
Kennedy, John F., 265
arms race and, 276–77, 282, 289, 376
atomic satellite programs and, 305–06
Bay of Pigs invasion and, 286, 293–94
Cuban Missile Crisis and, 294–99
fallout shelters and, 286
joint moon mission proposal and, 284
Khrushchev and, 285–86
missile gap and, 282, 285–86, 293–94
nuclear air power programs and, 305
Nuclear Test Ban Treaty and, 374
presidential campaign against Nixon by, 282, 284–85
Kennedy, Robert, 297
KGB, 172, 238, 240, 292, 293, 327
Khan, Abdul Qadeer, 338
Khrushchev, Nikita, 370–71
arms race and¸ 245, 254, 267, 276–77, 284–85, 373
Bay of Pigs invasion and, 286, 293–94
Cold War and, 300
Cuban Missile Crisis and, 294–95, 296–97, 298, 299
joint moon mission proposal and, 284
rise to power by, 254
Szilard’s meeting with, 267
US perception of threats from, 256
Khrushchev, Sergei, 246, 256, 284, 290, 294–95, 297, 298
Killing a Nation defense strategy, 277, 292, 293, 372
Kim Il Sung, 243, 373
King, Ernest, 221–22
Kissinger, Henry A., 282, 335
Kistiakowsky, George (Kisty), 169, 171, 173, 196, 197–98, 199, 202, 228
Klaproth, Martin, 25
Knuth, August, 130
Kolbert, Elizabeth, 360–61
Korea. See North Korea; South Korea
Korean War, 236, 241, 245, 246, 279, 370, 376
Kowalski, Joseph, 40
Kubrick, Stanley, 267, 291–92
Kurchatov, Igor Vasilievich, 192, 193, 194, 232–34, 237, 268–69
Lamb, Willis, 102, 103
Lamphere, Robert, 238, 239, 240
Langevin, Emma Jeanne Desfosses, 44–46, 47, 48–49
Langevin, Michel, 49
Langevin, Paul, 51, 53
affair with Marie Curie, 43–45, 46, 47–48, 49
background and early life of, 32, 38, 40
Irène Curie’s career and, 49, 53
marriage with Jeanne, 44–46, 48–49
Langevin-Joliot, Hélène, 49
Langewiesche, William, 213
Lanouette, William, 122
Larionov, Nikolay, 255
Laurence, William, 189, 204, 217–18
Lawrence, Ernest Orlando, 174, 369
atomic bomb and, 199, 206, 207, 261
big science of, 141, 252
cyclotron at Berkeley built by, 140–41, 145, 193
Livermore lab and, 252, 262, 282
Manhattan Project and, 147–48, 154, 220
Nobel awarded to, 145
Oppenheimer and, 141–42, 262
plutonium discovery by, 146
postwar research and, 225, 228
thermonuclear fusion research and, 228, 229, 251–52
Lawrence, John, 141, 145
Lawrence, Molly, 142, 220, 282
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, California. See Livermore Laboratory, California
Leahy, William, 222
Lehman, Joe, 151
LeMay, Curtis Emerson
aerial reconnaissance and, 279–80
civilian oversight of armed forces and, 245–46, 279
Cuban Missile Crisis and, 295, 296, 298, 299
firebombing of Japan by, 208, 209–12, 221, 371