Luce, Henry, 433, 445
Luck, as factor in political success, 44, 56, 79, 455
McAdoo, William Gibbs, 149, 200, 328-29; as Wilson’s Secretary of Treasury, 49, 55, 57; 1920 convention, 72, 73; 1924 convention, 94; 1938 election, 362, 365
McCarran, Pat, 362, 364, 376, 431
McClure’s, 23
McCormick, Anne O’Hare, quoted, 264
MacDonald, Ramsay, 22, 177, 248, 250
Machiavelli, Niccolò, 15, 80, 472
Machold, H. Edmund, 112, 114
McIntire, Ross T., 381
McIntyre, Marvin, 74-75, 150, 204, 210, 253, 297, 342, 350, 376, 382; death, 468
Mack, John E., 29, 55, 272-73
Mackenzie King, William Lyon, 263, 435
McKinley, William, 22, 24, 25, 74, 230, 453
MacLeish, Archibald, 436
McNary, Charles L., 185, 298, 417, 434, 448
McNutt, Paul V., 134, 412, 410, 428-29, 432
McReynolds, James Clark, 230, 231, 233, 296-97
Macy, W. Kingsland, 114
Madison, James, 231
Maginot Line, 260, 397
Mahan, Alfred Thayer, 61
Majority rule, 197
Malaya, 462
Maloney, Francis T., 285
Manchukuo, 261
Manchuria, 146
Manhattan Project, 397
Mannerheim Line, 415
Marbury v. Madison, 498
Markham, Edwin, 273
Marland, Ernest, 277
Marshall, John, 498
“Martin, Barton, and Fish,” 448-49
Martin, Joseph W., Jr., 438, 449
Martinique, 388
Marx, Karl, 470
Maverick, Maury, 294, 361, 364
Mein Kampf (Hitler), 66
Mellon family, 199
Memel, 390
Merit system, 344; see also Reorganization program
Merriam, Frank F., 201
Mexico, 60, 176
Miami assassination attempt, 147
Middle way, 139, 143-44, 148, 184ff., 219-22, 224-26, 234, 249ff.
Miller, Nathan L., 92, 111
Millis, Walter, quoted, 375
Mills, C. Wright, 483n, 487
Milton Academy, F.D.R. address, 90
Mississippi River flood control, F.D.R. on, 98
Modern Corporation and Private Property, The (Berle), 154
Moley, Raymond, 149, 153, 156, 265, 270, 372; 1932 campaign, 144; Assistant Secretary of State, 172, 177-78, 226-27, 263; 1936 campaign, 271, 273, 287; quoted on F.D.R.’s courage, 147; quoted on F.D.R.’s mind, 156; quoted on shift to left, 225; quoted on F.D.R.’s inconsistencies, 322
Monetary policy, 166, 189, 195-96, 206, 225, 322
Money Muddle, The (Warburg), 206
Monopolies. See Trusts
Monroe Doctrine, 70
Moral issues, F.D.R. and, 41-42, 60, 155
Morgan, J. Pierpont, 10, 22, 24, 39
Morgenthau, Henry, Sr., 130
Morgenthau, Henry, Jr., 119, 172, 263, 452; Secretary of Treasury, 320, 323, 325, 328, 333; and Ickes, 371; quoted, 320
Moses, Robert, 106
Moskowitz, Belle, 106
Mundelein, Cardinal, 414
Munich pact, 386-88, 390-94, 443; see also Czechoslovakia; Germany; Great Britain, appeasement policy
Municipal Bankruptcy Act, 233
Murphy, Charles F., 23, 36-41, 47-49, 56, 58-59, 65, 72, 92, 127, 477; on F.D.R., 73
Murphy, Frank, 215, 284, 365, 366, 368
Murray, Alfalfa Bill, 131
Murray, Henry A., 479n; quoted, 480, 484
Murray, James E., 317
Murray, Philip, 217
Muscle Shoals, 170
Mussolini, Benito, 6, 121, 146, 198, 248, 262, 264; Ethiopian invasion, 255-58; F.D.R. opinions on, 256, 385; war threats, 390ff.; World War II, 397ff.
“My Day” (Eleanor Roosevelt column), 266
Napoleon, 22
Nash, Pat, 300; see also Kelly-Nash machine
Nation, The, 133, 243, 352
National Christian League for Promotion of Purity, 41
“National Defense Week” (1934), F.D.R. rejects, 253
National Emergency Council (NEC), 174, 268-69, 492
National Grange. See Grange
National Industrial Recovery Act. See NRA
National Labor Board, 216
National Labor Relations Act. See Wagner Act
National Labor Relations Board (NLRB), 216, 418; see also Labor; Wagner Labor Relations Act
National Lawyers’ Guild, 352
National origin groups, 69-70, 74, 108, 248; see also Irish-American voters; Italo-American voters; etc.
National Progressives of America (1938), 358; see also Progressive party (Wisc.)
National Recovery Act. See NRA
National Recovery Administration. See NRA
National Youth Administration (NYA), 267, 351
Navy, F.D.R.’s love for, 51-52, 61, 70
Navy Club, 86
Navy League of the United States, 51-52, 64
Nazi-Soviet pact, 394, 416, 417
Nazis, 261, 382, 437-38, 459-60, 464; ideology, 248; F.D.R.’s views on, 385, 477; see also Hitler; Germany
NEC. See National Emergency Council
Negro voters, 198, 285, 338, 339, 453
Netherlands, the, 418-19, 436, 460, 462
Neuberger, Richard, quoted on popular love for F.D.R., 338-39
Neutrality: World War I, 60ff.; League of Nations, 68ff., 249ff. (see also League of Nations); 1935-41, 228, 255ff. (see also below); see also Isolationists
Neutrality Act of 1935, 255-62, 318, 319, 355-57, 360, 390, 395-97, 437-42
New Deal, 46, 117, 139-40, 143, 162ff., 183, 206, 242-43, 507; expansion (1935), 219-22; achievements to 1936, 266-68; expansion (1936 platform), 272; see also Recovery program ; Labor; Social security; AAA; TVA; etc.
“New Freedom” (Wilson), 54, 179; see also Wilson, Woodrow
New Georgia, 464
New Guinea, 464
“New Nationalism” (Theodore Roosevelt), 54, 179
New York Daily News, 121, 296, 364, 445
New York Herald, 44
New York Herald Tribune, 83, 298, 304, 381
New York State, national political importance, 108-9
New York State Federation of Labor, 41
New York Sun, 121, 245
New York Times, 121, 244, 264, 356, 381, 419, 439, 443, 445, 447; quoted on F.D.R.’s early oratory, 99
New York World, 121
New Yorker, 173
New Zealand, 250
Newfoundland bases, 440
Newport (World War I scandal), 86
Nicaragua canal, 8-9
Niles, David K.. 325
NLRB. See National Labor Relations Board
Nominating conventions. See Democratic party; Republican party
Non-partisan Committee for Peace Through Revision of the Neutrality Act, 396
Non-Partisan League, 75
Normandy invasion, 468
Norris, George W., 147, 185, 222, 230, 431; and TVA, 170, 180; 1936 campaign, 269, 279, 281; Supreme Court fight, 297, 298; 1940 campaign, 436; opposes selective service, 439
North Africa, 462
Northern Securities Co., 24
Norton, Mary T., 341, 343
Norway, 64, 418
Norwegian-American voters, 455
NRA (National Recovery Administration), 180-81, 191-93, 195, 198, 205, 209, 215-26, 242-43, 322, 372, 508; Section 7a, 181, 215-17, 224; Supreme Court invalidation, 231, 236; appropriations used for navy buildup, 253; discontinued, 269
Nuclear fission, 397, 469
Nye, Gerald P., 214, 260, 356, 392, 438; munitions investigation, 253-54
Oahu, 461
O’Connell, Cardinal, 215
O’Connor, Basil, 90, 128
O’Connor, J. F. T., 201
O’Connor, John J., 285, 341, 345, 364, 379, 431
Ogl
ethorpe University, 133
O’Gorman, James A., 50, 77
Okinawa, 471
Olds, Leland, 113, 117
Oliphant, Herman, 325
Olson, Floyd B., 144, 202, 203
Olson letter (Minn. farmer), 194
O’Mahoney, Joseph C., 297, 301, 317, 328
On Our Way (F.D.R.), 203
“One third of a nation,” 299, 310
O’Neal, Ed, 184, 321
Orlando, Vittorio Emanuele, 65
Ottinger, Albert, 101, 103, 104
Oursler, Fulton, 459
Pacific theater (World War II). See World War II Paideia, 15
Palmer, A. Mitchell, 72
Panama, 253
Pan-American Conference (Montevideo), 253
Panay incident, 323
Party conventions and nominations. See Democratic party; Republican party
Party organization (N. Y.), 109, 119-20
Party platforms, 171-72; see also Democratic party; Republican party
Party primaries, 42, 60; see also Democratic party
Party realignment, 71, 466
Passamaquoddy Bay project, 84
Patronage, 41, 43, 49, 54-57, 59, 60, 64, 186-88, 214; see also Congress; Democratic party; Republican party
Patterson, Joseph, 296, 364, 445
Peabody, Endicott, 10-16, 26, 78, 163, 475, 477; death, 468; quoted, 470; see also Groton School
Peabody, George Foster, 270
Pearl Harbor attack, 461
Pearson, Frank A., 154
Peek, George N., 206, 252; quoted, 198
Pendergast, Thomas J., 130; quoted on F.D.R. personality, 94
Pendergast organization, 300; see also Pendergast, Thomas J. (above)
Pennsylvania Railroad, 36, 478
Pepper, Claude, 343, 379
Pepper, George Wharton, 231
Perkins, Frances, 53; State Industrial Commissioner, 117; Secretary of Labor, 149, 150, 173, 215-17, 319, 320, 325, 330, 409, 464; on F.D.R.’s physical handicap, 103; on Roosevelt family life, 107; on fireside chats, 205; and Hugh Johnson, 192; and Martin Dies, 369; friction with Ickes, 371; quoted on F.D.R. as State Senator, 41
Permanent Court of International Justice, 251; see also World Court
Permanent Joint Board on Defense, 435
Pershing, John J., 439
Pétain, Henri Phillipe, 422
Pew, J. Howard, 206
Pew, Joseph N., Jr., 199
Philippines, 15, 148, 390, 462, 468
Phillips, William, 177, 251, 358
“Phony war,” 408, 415
Pinchot, Gifford, 199-200
Pinchot, Mrs. Gifford, 199
Pittman, Key, 175, 203, 376-77; isolationism, 251, 254, 255; Supreme Court fight, 303; Neutrality Act revision, 390, 392, 396, 398
Pius XI, 383
Platt Amendment, 253
Plunkitt, George Washington, 129; quoted, 21, 109
Poland, 384, 390, 393-94, 397, 470
Political leadership, 15ff., 33, 60, 481-87
Polish American voters, 455
Polls, public opinion, 213, 455, 458; see also Gallup poll
Populists, 22-23, 194
Power regulation. See Utility regulation
Press, F.D.R. relations with, 59, 189, 205, 241, 265, 316-17, 346-47, 491
Princeton University, 331
Progressive, F.D.R. as a, 42, 47, 54, 70-71, 499
Progressive League, 269
Progressive party (Calif., 1932), 201
Progressive party (“Bull Moose”), 38-42, 56, 57, 62, 71; 1912, 44, 47, 199, 270; 1916, 62; see also Roosevelt, Theodore
Progressive party (Wisc.), 1924, 95, 301; 1934, 201; 1936, 278; 1938, 358; see also La Follette
Progressives, 25, 31, 32, 53ff., 89; see also above; Wilson; Roosevelt, Theodore
Prohibition repeal, 42, 73, 89, 93, 98-104 passim, 120, 126, 129, 136, 168
Public Works Administration (PWA), 196, 242, 318, 435
Public Works Department, proposed by F.D.R., 344
Public works programs, 181, 192; see also Public Works Administration; WPA; New Deal
Publicity, F.D.R.’s early flair for, 43, 55, 80
PWA. See Public Works Administration
“Quarantine the aggressor,” 318-19
Québec Conference, 464
Radicals, F.D.R. and the, 241-46; see also Left opposition; Right and left pressures; Socialists; Communists; Union party
Radio, F.D.R.’s use, 99, 118, 227, 455; see also Fireside chats
Railroad regulation, 170
Railroad Retirement Act, 231
Railway Brotherhoods, 270
Rainey, Henry T., 166, 174, 175
Raskob, John J., 99, 100, 242
Rayburn, Sam, 137, 154, 186, 341, 346; Supreme Court fight, 294, 297, 307
Reciprocal Tariff Act, 189; see also Reciprocal trade program (below)
Reciprocal trade program, 189, 252, 310, 311, 322, 418
Recovery program, 162ff., 171, 180, 215-22, 225; see also Relief; New Deal; Farm program; Labor; Social security
Reconstruction Finance Corp. See RFC
Reed, David, 199-200
Reed, James, 131
Reforestation Referendum, 129
Reform, influences on F.D.R., 23ff.; see also Progressives; Wilson, Woodrow; Roosevelt, Theodore
Reilly, Mike, 452, 453
Relief, 124-25, 169, 219-21, 246, 266-67; see also WPA; CCC; Recovery program; PWA
Religion, 29, 237
Reorganization Act of 1939, 382
Reorganization, governmental, 70, 71; 1939 plan, 344-46, 382
Repeal, Eighteenth Amendment. See Prohibition, repeal
Republican party: F.D.R. early support, 25; 1910 progressive-conservative struggle, 31-32, 34; 1911 insurgents, 37, 39; World War I, 61, 62; anti-League fight, 69, 75ff.; F.D.R. attacks (1919), 71; “normalcy” era, 84-86; Depression policies, 123ff.; F.D.R. bipartisanship attempts, 145-46, 183ff., 367ff., 509; see also Elections; and below
Republican party, nominating conventions: (1920) 73; (1930, N. Y.) 120; (1936) 270; (1940) 424, 431; see also Elections; and above
Reynaud, Paul, 421-22
RFC (Reconstruction Finance Corp.), 124, 169, 172, 190, 267
Rhineland, 260
Ribbentrop, Joachim von, 395
Richberg, Donald, 193, 372
Right and left pressures, 219-22, 513
Right opposition, 205-8; 225-47 passim
Ritchie, Albert C., 126, 131
Rittenhouse Club, 235
Roberts, Owen J., 230, 231-32, 233, 303-4
Robespierre, Maximilien, 209
Robinson, Joseph T., 166, 175, 188, 219, 242, 309; World Court fight, 251; Supreme Court fight, 294-308 passim, 314, 316; death, 308
Rockefeller, John D., 22
Rogers, Edmund, 10
Rogers, Will, 251
Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis, 353, 441
Roosevelt family, 4-9, 20, 24, 28-30, 50; “hate stories,” 234-35, 337-38, 442; see also individual listings below
Roosevelt, Anna (daughter of F.D.R.), 27, 35, 153
Roosevelt, Eleanor (Anna Eleanor Roosevelt Roosevelt; wife and distant cousin of F.D.R.), 24, 76-77, 84, 153, 201, 202, 288, 419, 421; childhood and marriage, 26-27; early marriage years, 27-30, 34-35, 48, 51, 60, 61; family life, 68, 107-8, 172 (see also F.D.R., chronology); F.D.R.’s polio, 87-88; conflict with F.D.R.’s mother over his entry into politics, 90; aids him in political career, 91ff., active in party and educational activities, 107ff.; as reporter and explorer for F.D.R., 118, 173-74, 194, 266, 338, 418, 422-23; 1928 campaign, 99, 100; 1932 campaign, 139, 140; 1933 inaugural, 162, 165; 1936 campaign, 275, 282; 1940 convention, 429; 1940 election night, 452; World War II, 468; member of “kitchen cabinet,” 266; “My Day” column, 266; opposes son’s selection as Assistant Secretary, 300; influence on F.D.R., 24-25, 27, 173-74, 204, 266, 473; quoted on F.D.R.’s Harvard inferiority complex, 18; quoted on F.D.R.’s early speeches, 33; quoted o
n F.D.R.’s early political philosophy, 46; quoted on F.D.R.’s religious beliefs, 237, 475; quoted on Howe, 44
Roosevelt, Elliott (father of Eleanor; brother of Theodore), 26
Roosevelt, Elliott (second son of F.D.R.), 35, 61, 107, 153, 442, 468, 478
Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, chronology: ancestry and family background, 3-10; birth and childhood, 3-10, 24, 483n; education, 10-25, 28, 494-95 (see also Groton School; Harvard University; Columbia Law School); law practice, 23, 28-29, 84, 90; first political affiliations, 25, 26, 29; marriage and honeymoon, 26-27; young husband, 28; children, 35, 67; family life, 35, 67-68, 76-77, 107-8, 153, 337, 407-8 (see also Roosevelt, Eleanor); enters politics (1910), 29; State Senate race, 29-34; as State Senator (1911-12), 35-47, 54; leader of anti-Tammany insurgents, 36-42; “original Wilson supporter” (1912 presidential election), 47-49; re-elected State Senator (1912), 44-45, 49; Assistant Secretary of the Navy (1913-20), 50-68; anti-Tammany candidate for nomination for Governor or U.S. Senator (1914), 55-60; World War I work, 60-66, 80; refuses to run for Governor (1918), 64-65; Democratic candidate for Vice President (1920), 72-76; enters business, 83-86; stricken with polio (1921), 86-91; supports Smith for Governor (1922, 1924), 92-95; attempts party reforms (1925-26), 98-98; refuses to run for U.S. Senate (1926), 99; role in Smith campaign for Presidency (1928), 97, 99-104; reluctantly accepts draft as Democratic candidate for Governor (1928), 99-104; Governor of N. Y., 105-46; re-elected (1930), 119-22; candidate for presidency (1932), 123, 125-40; defeats Hoover, 139-45; first inaugural (1933), 162-65; re-elected (1936), 271-88; third-term election (1940), 426-31; reelected for fourth term (1944), 465-86; death (1945), 478; see also below
Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, personal characteristics and development: heredity and environment, 6-9, 77-80, 499; influence of mother, 476 (see also Chapter I); influence of teachers, 10-28 passim (see also Political leadership, education for); influence of Theodore Roosevelt, 24-25, 43, 57, 179, 182, 473; influence of Eleanor Roosevelt, 24-25, 27, 43, 173ff. (see also Roosevelt, Eleanor); polio and general health, 52, 99-100, 382, 409, 450, 468, 470-71; personal appearance and manner: (1911) 41, (1914) 59, (1918) 67, (1921) 89, (1924) 94, (1928) 102, 103,(1932) 151-52, (1933) 176, (1936) 264-65, (1937) 323; temperament, 50-51, 72, 80, 89, 117, 139, 142, 152, 155, 174, 238, 264-65, 297, 314, 316-17, 452; charm and ability to win affection and popularity, 130, 200, 203-5, 286, 317-18, 337-39, 346, 347-48, 362; moral, ethical, religious factors, 29, 42, 60, 134, 152, 200ff., 237, 452, 475; social outlook, 23 (see also socio-political philosophy under F.D.R., political development, below); sensitivity to people rather than doctrines, 23, 53, 80, 117, 155, 204; “practical man” rather than thinker, 71, 154-57, 171, 198, 244-46, 334-35, 477; pragmatist, opportunist, experimenter, 63ff., 84 (see also middle way and straddling and compromise under F.D.R.; political development, below); as” democracy’s aristocrat,” 472-77; contradictions and complexity, 6-9, 472-77, 491; see also below
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