Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, political development: heredity and environment, 6-9, 77-80, 480-83, 499; education for leadership, 14ff., 32-33, 60, 479-86; early views and political interest, 14-18, 20-21, 25, 79-80, 86, 89, 90, 93, 100, 123, 125; political effects of polio, 88-91, 500; influences of mother, teachers, wife, Theodore Roosevelt, 10-28 passim (see also under F.D.R., personal characteristics and development, above); socio-political philosophy, 20-21, 23, 43, 46, 52, 54, 68, 71, 78, 89-90, 117, 144, 150, 156, 179-80, 198, 237-38 (see also middle way below); as an economist, 123, 171, 177-78, 195, 206, 329-41; middle way approach, 139, 143-44, 148, 184ff., 219-22, 224-26, 234, 249ff., as a reformer, 42, 68, 243, 497; as a conservative, 234-41; as a progressive, 42, 47, 54, 70-71, 497; as a radical, 219-26, 234; as an administrator, 50, 52, 63, 67, 174, 188, 189, 264-65, 371-75; working methods, 32-34, 58-59, 63-64, 67, 68, 74-75, 103, 107, 113, 118-21, 126, 152, 155-56, 223, 264-65, 334; “brain trust” and advisers, 129, 140, 141, 148, 153-56, 172, 206, 265-66, 324-27, 333-36; staff, 101, 116, 117, 130, 140, 142, 150-56, 203, 227, 264-66, 300-1; political craft, tactics, strategy, 50, 52, 55-56, 64, 70, 98, 118, 125-126, 132, 284-87, 297, 306, 316-17; sense of timing, 284-85, 306, 455; historical sense, 488; straddling and compromise, 41-44, 71, 79, 93, 98, 121ff., 132-33, 142-46, 219-22, 238, 248-60, 322, 352-57, 476-77 (see also middle way, above; and “practical” man et seq. under F.D.R., personal characteristics and development, above); as a political leader, 146, 150-51, 164ff., 197ff., 397-404; as party leader, 375-80; as foreign policy maker, 164, 177-79, 262-63, 518; as a war leader, 62-67, 459-64; as a peace leader, 464; see also below
Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, as writer and orator: as speaker, 33, 70-71, 93-94, 99, 103, 118, 143, 205, 227, 282-83, 455; as author, 89-90; letters, 488ff.; fireside chats, 118, 167-68, 176, 195, 203, 205, 300, 346, 360, 363, 460, 464; important addresses: 1919, League to Enforce Peace, 70; 1919, Democratic National Committee, 71; 1924, Democratic National Convention (Smith nomination—“Happy Warrior”), 93-94; 1926, Milton Academy, 90; 1928, Democratic State Convention, 98-99; 1928, Smith campaign speeches, 102-4; 1929, gubernatorial inauguration, 105, 110; 1930, gubernatorial re-election campaign, 121-22; 1932, Oglethorpe University (“Forgotten Man”), 133; nomination acceptance (“New Deal”), 139-40; 1932, campaign speeches, 142-44; first inaugural address (“Nothing to fear but fear …”), 161-64; 1936, State of Union, 227-28; 1936, renomination acceptance (“Economic royalists”), 273-75; 1936, Chautauqua (war dangers), 276-77; 1936, Harvard tercentenary, 278; 1936, campaign speeches, 279-83; 1937, second inaugural, 291-93; 1937, Democratic victory dinner (“One third of a nation”), 299-300; 1937, Chicago (“Quarantine the aggressor”), 318-19; 1938, Jackson Day dinner, 324; 1938 congressional election speeches, 365-66; 1938, University of North Carolina, 367; 1939, State of Union, 389; 1939, radio (war outbreak), 395; 1940, University of Virginia (“dagger in the back”), 421; 1940, renomination acceptance, 430; 1940, campaign replies to Willkie, 446-51
Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, Jr. (third son of F.D.R.), 67, 107, 153, 166, 181, 421, 468, 478
Roosevelt, Isaac (great-great-grandfather of F.D.R.), 7, 76, 161
Roosevelt, Isaac (grandfather of F.D.R.), 7
Roosevelt, Jacobus (ancestor; son of Nicholas), 7
Roosevelt, James (great-grandfather of F.D.R.), 7, 161
Roosevelt, James (father of F.D.R.), 3-10 passim, 11, 18, 25, 28, 32, 76
Roosevelt, James (eldest son of F.D.R.), 35, 103, 107, 132, 153, 162, 181, 381, 386, 478; as presidential assistant, 300, 337, 382
Roosevelt, James Roosevelt (half-brother of F.D.R.), 9
Roosevelt, Johannes (brother of Jacobus; direct ancestor of Theodore), 7
Roosevelt, John (youngest son of F.D.R.), 67, 107, 132, 153, 162, 166, 468, 478
Roosevelt, Klaes Martensen van (first Roosevelt ancestor in America), 7
Roosevelt, Nicholas R. (son of Klaes; last common ancestor, F.D.R, and Theodore), 7
Roosevelt, Sara Delano (Mrs. James; mother of F.D.R.), 3-10, 18, 19, 26-30 passim, 67, 84, 87, 107, 200, 407, 496; opposes F.D.R.’s entrance into politics, 76-78, 90; on Russia, 190, influence on F.D.R., 476; death, 468; memoirs, 485n
Roosevelt, Taddy (nephew of F.D.R.), 10-11
Roosevelt, Theodore (fifth cousin of F.D.R.; uncle of Eleanor), 6-7, 9, 17-32 passim, 50, 51, 76, 79, 80, 108, 151, 176, 199, 203, 222, 424, 453, 480; influence on F.D.R., 24-25, 43, 57, 179, 182, 473; as a reformer, 38, 54, 365; Spanish-American War, 50; “New Nationalism,” 54; 1912 election, 45, 48, 49, 212; second term difficulties, 347; Bull Moose bolt (1916), 47, 49; World War I, 61, 62, 65; death, 73; ideas and vigor, 155, 156; power to evoke enthusiasm, 214; Steffens on his thinking, 475; quoted on presidency as a pulpit, 476
Roosevelt, Theodore, Jr. (son of Theodore; distant cousin of F.D.R.), 76, 86, 95, 496
Roosevelt Library, Franklin D., 491ff.
Roosevelt and O’Connor (law firm), 90
Root, Elihu, 32, 59, 108, 230, 251; quoted on the Roosevelts, 50
Roper, Daniel C., 53, 149, 177, 269, 320, 368
Rosenman, Samuel I., 101-3, 106, 113, 128; 1932 campaign, 139; 1936 campaign, 285; Supreme Court fight, 293; 1940 campaign, 428, 429, 436, 448-49, 450; party realignment plan (1944), 466-67; “little cabinet” (World War II), 465; quoted, 273
Rumania, 384
Russia, 260, 261, 280; U.S. recognition, 190; Czechoslovakia crisis, 384-85; Soviet-Nazi pact, 394, 416, 417; invasion of Finland, 408, 415; World War II, 462 (see also World War II); entry into war against Japan, 470; see also Stalin; Communism
Ruthenia, 390
Sachs, Alexander, 397
St, James Episcopal Church (Hyde Park), 29, 237, 452
St. Lawrence Power Development Commission, 114
St. Lawrence power project, 108, 112-15, 190
St. Lawrence Waterway Treaty (defeated, 1933), 190
St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 441
St. Louis Star-Times, 301, 302
Santo Domingo, F.D.R. visit (1917), 62
Saipan, 468
Saito, Makoto, Viscount, 261
Sakhalin, 469
Saltonstall, Leverett, 365
Sandburg, Carl, 423
Sandoz, Jeanne, 10
San Francisco Conference (UN), 471
Saturday Evening Post, 337
Schlesinger, Arthur, Jr., quoted, 371
Schlosser, John F., 30, 32-34
Schmedeman, A. G., 201
Schuschnigg, Kurt von, 354
“Scientific Management,” F.D.R. on, 52
Scotland, 64
Scripps-Howard newspapers, 184; see also Howard, Roy
Seabury, Samuel, 128, 141, 153
SEC. See Securities and Exchange Commission
“Second front,” 464
“Second Hundred Days,” 223-26
“Section 7a.” See NRA; Collective bargaining
Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), 325
Securities regulation, 162ff., 170, 189, 325; see also Business regulation; Banking reforms
Selective service, 439, 443, 445, 448, 452, 460; see also Compulsory military service
Selective Service Act, 443, 445
Seligman, Lester G., 484n; quoted, 484
Senate, 22-23, 38; direct election, 36, 38, 42; see also Congress
Senatorial courtesy, 370
Separation of powers. See Checks and balances
“Share-Our-Wealth” movement, 211, 213; see also Long, Huey L.
Shaver, Clem, 95, 96
Sheehan, William F., 36-41; see also Sheehan fight (below)
Sheehan fight, 36-42, 79, 91, 92, 498-99
Shepard, Edward M., 36
Sherman, William T., 425
Sherman Anti-Trust Act (1890), 22; see also Trusts and monopolies
Sherwood, Robert, 373, 436, 448, 450; quoted on F.D.R., 145, 472
Shipstead, Henrik, 202, 203, 306
Shouse, Jouett, 135-36, 206, 242
Sicily, 464
Simon, Sir John, 250<
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Sims, William S., 64
Sinclair, Upton, 200-1, 203
Slovakia, 390
Smith, Adam, 240
Smith, Alfred E., 5, 36-43 passim, 60, 64, 110-21 passim, 156; alliance with F.D.R. (1920-28), 72-73, 91-104 passim, 119; alliance ends, 105-6, 129, 452; 1932 campaign, 128-38 passim, 141; joins Liberty League, 206, 241-42, 246; 1936 campaign, 271, 272, 281; 1940 campaign, 452
Smith, Cotton Ed, 188, 341, 363-64, 393
Smith, Gerald L. K., 271
Smith, Harold, on F.D.R. administrative ability, 373-74
Smith, Jim (N. J. boss), 47
Smith, Kate, 393
Smoot-Hawley Tariff, 177; see also Tariff
Snell, Bertrand H., 167, 324; quoted, 167
Social security, 124, 164ff., 212-13, 219-22, 226, 242-43, 266-67, 305
Social Security Act, 224, 226, 242-44, 267, 305
Social Welfare Department, proposed by F.D.R., 344
Socialism, 15; charge of New Deal as, 241-43; see also below
Socialist party, 22-23, 49, 83, 144, 156, 200, 241-43, 356
Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act of 1936, 234, 342; see also AAA; Farm policies; New Deal
Solomon Islands, 464
South Africa, 250
Southard, Jacob, 44
Southern bloc, 96, 135, 137-38, 154, 175, 272, 321, 341-43; see also Democratic party; Congress
Soviet Union. See Russia; Stalin
Spanish-American War, 13
Spanish civil war, 261, 318, 355-56, 390, 423
Spanish Morocco, 261
Spencer, Herbert, 240
Sprague, O. W. M., 206
Spratly Islands, 390
Spring-Rice, Sir Cecil, 53
“Square Deal,” 179
Staff, F.D.R., 101, 116, 117, 150-56, 203, 227, 264-66; campaign staff, 130, 140, 142; advisers and “brain trust,” 129, 140, 148, 153-56, 172, 206, 265-66, 324-27, 333-36
Stalin, Joseph, 6, 22, 373, 390, 393, 394, 400; Teheran Conference, 464-65; Yalta Conference, 469-70; see also Russia
Stalingrad, 464
Standard Oil Co. (N. J.), 28
Stassen, Harold, 366
State Department, F.D.R. relations with, 247, 352-57, 383; see also Hull, Cordell; Hopkins, Harry; Byrnes, James F.; Foreign policy
Steagall, Congressman, 166
Steffens, Lincoln, 15; quoted, 475
Stetson, Francis Lynde, 39
Stilwell, Joseph W., 483n
Stimson, Henry L., 31, 34, 108, 122, 147; F.D.R. letter to (World Court), 251-52; Secretary of War, 424, 436, 438, 439, 458
Stock market: (1929), 124; (1937), 319-20; see also Financial crisis; Securities regulation
Stone, Harlan F., 230, 232, 233, 297, 302, 303; quoted on taxing power, 333
Straus, Jesse I., 176, 259
Strikes, 216, 351; see also Labor
Sudetenland, 383-87
Suiyuan, 260
Sullivan, Big Tim, 35-36, 42
Sullivan, Mark, quoted on F.D.R.’s “Happy Warrior” speech, 94
Sulzer, William, 49, 56
Sumners, Hatton, 294, 348
Supreme Court, 19; NRA decision, 193, 219, 222, 224-25; F.D.R. attacks “Horse-and-Buggy Decision,” 222-23; Gold Clause Act decision, 226; political background (1936), 229-31; invalidates AAA and other New Deal legislation, 231-34, 269; F.D.R. reorganization plan, 271, 293-316; Wagner Act decision, 303-4; shift of viewpoint, 303-5, 314-16; F.D.R.’s speeches on, 299ff.; Black appointment, 312-13, 315; see also Checks and balances; Judicial review; Judicial reform
Sutherland, George, 230
Suzuki, Baron Kantaro, 261
Swanson, Claude, 149, 177, 253
Swope, Herbert Bayard, 241; quoted, 278
Taconic State Park Commission, 98
Taft, Robert A., 366; 1940 campaign, 422, 424, 434, 448
Taft, William Howard, 31, 34, 47, 48, 75, 199, 213, 344, 424; Supreme Court appointments as President, 229; opposition to Brandeis appointment, 230; quoted, 230
Talmadge, Eugene, 363, 364
Tammany Hall, 21, 23, 31, 35, 72, 73, 77, 174, 364, 436, 453; F.D.R.’s early battles, 36-43 passim, 48-49, 55-60, 79; improved relations with F.D.R., 64-65, 74, 104; F.D.R.’s straddling, 80, 133; judgeship scandal (1930), 120-21; Seabury investigation, 127-28; support of Smith against F.D.R. (1931-32), 129-30, 136, HI; Walker case, 141; see also Democratic party
Tarawa, 464
Tariff, 31, 53, 71, 75, 126, 133, 142-44, 177, 179, 252, 311; see also Reciprocal trade program
Tarkington, Booth, quoted on Willkie, 433
Taxation, 39, 53, 71, 224, 269, 333; see also Deficit spending
Taylor system, 52
Teamsters Union, 409, 442, 468
Teapot Dome, 83, 148
Teheran Conference, 464
Temporary Emergency Relief Administration (N. Y.), 124-25
Temporary National Economic Committee, 328
Tennessee Valley Authority. See TVA
Terry, Edmund R., 37, 39
Textile Workers Union, 216
Third-term battle, 408-18, 422ff., 431-36, 442-51
Third-term tradition, 412-13, 443, 465
Thirty-hour bill, 180
Thomas, Elmer, 361-62
Thomas, Norman, 144, 242, 356
Thoreau, Henry, 162
Three Power co-operation. See Big Three
Tilden, Samuel J., 108
Time-Life-Fortune, 445
Tobin, Dan, 213, 285, 409
Tojo, Hideki, 460-61
Townsend, Francis E., 212-13, 224, 271, 281
Townsend Clubs, 212-13; see also Townsend, Francis E. (above)
Trade unions. See Unions; Labor
Trinidad, 388
Tripartite Pact, 441
Trade Agreements Act, 310
Trade agreements program. See Reciprocal trade program
Treaty of Washington, 319
Truman, Harry S., 203, 309, 466, 478
Trusts and monopolies, 22-34 passim, 54, 180-81, 326; see also NRA; Business regulation
Tugwell, Rexford G., 153-54, 172, 177, 183, 188, 198, 510
Tulane University, 211
Tully, Grace, 152, 264, 318, 382, 388, 441, 491
Tunney, Gene, 292
Tunisia, 464
Turner, Frederick Jackson, 20
Tuttle, Charles H., 120-22
TVA (Tennessee Valley Authority), 117, 179, 180, 196, 224, 233, 356; socialism question, 242-43; Willkie opposition, 433
Tweedsmuir, Lord, 396
Two-thirds rule, nominating conventions, 125, 131, 134-37, 270, 272, 505
Tydings, Millard, 348, 363, 364, 369, 386, 428, 431
Unemployment, 115-17, 121-25, 142, 162ff., 170-71, 219-21, 246, 266-67, 324; see also WPA; Civilian Conservation Corps; Recovery program; Labor
Unemployment insurance, 124; see also Social security; and above
Union College, 8
Union of Democratic Clubs (N. Y.), 119
Union party (1936), 271, 281; see also Coughlin, Father Charles E.; Townsend, Francis E.
Unions, 215-21, 276, 350-51, 462; see also Labor and labor unions; American Federation of Labor; CIO; Wagner Labor Relations Act
Unit rule, nominating conventions, 47, 72, 136
United Mine Workers, 216; see also Lewis, John L.
United Nations, 465, 471
U.S. v. Butler, 231, 233
United States Chamber of Commerce, 219, 222, 226, 239
United States Steel Corp., 217
United Textile Workers Union, 216
Untermeyer, Samuel, 39
Universal military training, 61, 70; see also Selective service
Utility regulation, 103, 112-15, 117, 121, 142, 170, 224
Van Buren, Martin, 108
Vandenberg, Arthur H., 253, 270, 298, 392, 422, 490
Van Devanter, Willis, 230, 295, 306, 312, 314
Van Nuys, Frederick, 301
Vassar College, 86
Veblen, Thors
tein, 155, 240
Vera Cruz, 60
Verdun, 62
Versailles Treaty, 70, 260, 384
Veterans’ bonus, 167, 222, 234
Veterans Bureau, 345
“Veterans of Future Wars,” 254
Vetoes, presidential, 186, 187, 190, 234; see also Congress; Checks and balances
Vice Presidency, nominations, 73; see also Democratic party, nominating conventions; Republican party, nominating conventions
Villard, Oswald Garrison, 133
Virginia, University of, 421
Volstead Act, 168; see also Prohibition
Wadsworth, James W., 439
Wages-and-hours legislation, 143, 171, 180, 215-19, 221, 233-34, 342-44, 462; see also Labor
Wagner, Robert M., 108, 120; State Senator, 36, 39, 40, 43, 64; U.S. Senator, 198ff., 341, 365; collective bargaining bills, 198, 216, 219, 341 (see also Section 7a; Wagner Labor Relations Act); antilynching bill, 198, 321; housing bill, 311
Wagner Act. See Wagner Labor Relations Act
Wagner Housing bill, 311
Wagner Labor Relations Act, 216, 224, 225-26, 242, 244, 350; sustained by Supreme Court, 303-4
Wake Island, 462
Wald, Lillian, 270
Walker, Frank, 436
Walker, James J., 128, 141
Wallace, Henry A., 173, 222, 320, 321, 325, 327, 412, 465, 466; Secretary of Agriculture, 149, 150; AAA, 168, 193, 211; friction with Ickes, 371, 372, 374; F.D.R. vice-presidential choice (1940), 428-30, 432, 436; 1944 vice-presidential question, 466
Wallace, Mrs. Henry A., 429
Wallace, Schuyler, 154
Walsh, David I., 131, 344, 421, 437-40, 445
Walsh, Thomas J., 130, 135, 148
Walsh-Healy bill, 234
War debts, 145-46, 177, 179, 249
War Production Board, 463
Warburg, James P., 206
Warm Springs, 88, 98-101 passim, 107, 147, 152, 203, 227, 328, 345, 362, 382, 471, 477
Warren, George F., 154, 166, 195, 322
Washington, George, 151
Washington Conference (Churchill-F.D.R.), 464
Washington Post, 381
Washington Times-Herald, 381
Watson, “Pa,” 227, 382, 429-30, 450
Welles, Sumner, 494; Ambassador to Cuba, 253; Under Secretary of State, 353, 372, 383, 387-88, 390, 416, 420, 465; quoted on F.D.R. reaction to Pearl Harbor attack, 462
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