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The Definitive FDR

Page 77

by James Macgregor Burns


  Luce, Henry, 433, 445

  Luck, as factor in political success, 44, 56, 79, 455

  McAdoo, William Gibbs, 149, 200, 328-29; as Wilson’s Secretary of Treasury, 49, 55, 57; 1920 convention, 72, 73; 1924 convention, 94; 1938 election, 362, 365

  McCarran, Pat, 362, 364, 376, 431

  McClure’s, 23

  McCormick, Anne O’Hare, quoted, 264

  MacDonald, Ramsay, 22, 177, 248, 250

  Machiavelli, Niccolò, 15, 80, 472

  Machold, H. Edmund, 112, 114

  McIntire, Ross T., 381

  McIntyre, Marvin, 74-75, 150, 204, 210, 253, 297, 342, 350, 376, 382; death, 468

  Mack, John E., 29, 55, 272-73

  Mackenzie King, William Lyon, 263, 435

  McKinley, William, 22, 24, 25, 74, 230, 453

  MacLeish, Archibald, 436

  McNary, Charles L., 185, 298, 417, 434, 448

  McNutt, Paul V., 134, 412, 410, 428-29, 432

  McReynolds, James Clark, 230, 231, 233, 296-97

  Macy, W. Kingsland, 114

  Madison, James, 231

  Maginot Line, 260, 397

  Mahan, Alfred Thayer, 61

  Majority rule, 197

  Malaya, 462

  Maloney, Francis T., 285

  Manchukuo, 261

  Manchuria, 146

  Manhattan Project, 397

  Mannerheim Line, 415

  Marbury v. Madison, 498

  Markham, Edwin, 273

  Marland, Ernest, 277

  Marshall, John, 498

  “Martin, Barton, and Fish,” 448-49

  Martin, Joseph W., Jr., 438, 449

  Martinique, 388

  Marx, Karl, 470

  Maverick, Maury, 294, 361, 364

  Mein Kampf (Hitler), 66

  Mellon family, 199

  Memel, 390

  Merit system, 344; see also Reorganization program

  Merriam, Frank F., 201

  Mexico, 60, 176

  Miami assassination attempt, 147

  Middle way, 139, 143-44, 148, 184ff., 219-22, 224-26, 234, 249ff.

  Miller, Nathan L., 92, 111

  Millis, Walter, quoted, 375

  Mills, C. Wright, 483n, 487

  Milton Academy, F.D.R. address, 90

  Mississippi River flood control, F.D.R. on, 98

  Modern Corporation and Private Property, The (Berle), 154

  Moley, Raymond, 149, 153, 156, 265, 270, 372; 1932 campaign, 144; Assistant Secretary of State, 172, 177-78, 226-27, 263; 1936 campaign, 271, 273, 287; quoted on F.D.R.’s courage, 147; quoted on F.D.R.’s mind, 156; quoted on shift to left, 225; quoted on F.D.R.’s inconsistencies, 322

  Monetary policy, 166, 189, 195-96, 206, 225, 322

  Money Muddle, The (Warburg), 206

  Monopolies. See Trusts

  Monroe Doctrine, 70

  Moral issues, F.D.R. and, 41-42, 60, 155

  Morgan, J. Pierpont, 10, 22, 24, 39

  Morgenthau, Henry, Sr., 130

  Morgenthau, Henry, Jr., 119, 172, 263, 452; Secretary of Treasury, 320, 323, 325, 328, 333; and Ickes, 371; quoted, 320

  Moses, Robert, 106

  Moskowitz, Belle, 106

  Mundelein, Cardinal, 414

  Munich pact, 386-88, 390-94, 443; see also Czechoslovakia; Germany; Great Britain, appeasement policy

  Municipal Bankruptcy Act, 233

  Murphy, Charles F., 23, 36-41, 47-49, 56, 58-59, 65, 72, 92, 127, 477; on F.D.R., 73

  Murphy, Frank, 215, 284, 365, 366, 368

  Murray, Alfalfa Bill, 131

  Murray, Henry A., 479n; quoted, 480, 484

  Murray, James E., 317

  Murray, Philip, 217

  Muscle Shoals, 170

  Mussolini, Benito, 6, 121, 146, 198, 248, 262, 264; Ethiopian invasion, 255-58; F.D.R. opinions on, 256, 385; war threats, 390ff.; World War II, 397ff.

  “My Day” (Eleanor Roosevelt column), 266

  Napoleon, 22

  Nash, Pat, 300; see also Kelly-Nash machine

  Nation, The, 133, 243, 352

  National Christian League for Promotion of Purity, 41

  “National Defense Week” (1934), F.D.R. rejects, 253

  National Emergency Council (NEC), 174, 268-69, 492

  National Grange. See Grange

  National Industrial Recovery Act. See NRA

  National Labor Board, 216

  National Labor Relations Act. See Wagner Act

  National Labor Relations Board (NLRB), 216, 418; see also Labor; Wagner Labor Relations Act

  National Lawyers’ Guild, 352

  National origin groups, 69-70, 74, 108, 248; see also Irish-American voters; Italo-American voters; etc.

  National Progressives of America (1938), 358; see also Progressive party (Wisc.)

  National Recovery Act. See NRA

  National Recovery Administration. See NRA

  National Youth Administration (NYA), 267, 351

  Navy, F.D.R.’s love for, 51-52, 61, 70

  Navy Club, 86

  Navy League of the United States, 51-52, 64

  Nazi-Soviet pact, 394, 416, 417

  Nazis, 261, 382, 437-38, 459-60, 464; ideology, 248; F.D.R.’s views on, 385, 477; see also Hitler; Germany

  NEC. See National Emergency Council

  Negro voters, 198, 285, 338, 339, 453

  Netherlands, the, 418-19, 436, 460, 462

  Neuberger, Richard, quoted on popular love for F.D.R., 338-39

  Neutrality: World War I, 60ff.; League of Nations, 68ff., 249ff. (see also League of Nations); 1935-41, 228, 255ff. (see also below); see also Isolationists

  Neutrality Act of 1935, 255-62, 318, 319, 355-57, 360, 390, 395-97, 437-42

  New Deal, 46, 117, 139-40, 143, 162ff., 183, 206, 242-43, 507; expansion (1935), 219-22; achievements to 1936, 266-68; expansion (1936 platform), 272; see also Recovery program ; Labor; Social security; AAA; TVA; etc.

  “New Freedom” (Wilson), 54, 179; see also Wilson, Woodrow

  New Georgia, 464

  New Guinea, 464

  “New Nationalism” (Theodore Roosevelt), 54, 179

  New York Daily News, 121, 296, 364, 445

  New York Herald, 44

  New York Herald Tribune, 83, 298, 304, 381

  New York State, national political importance, 108-9

  New York State Federation of Labor, 41

  New York Sun, 121, 245

  New York Times, 121, 244, 264, 356, 381, 419, 439, 443, 445, 447; quoted on F.D.R.’s early oratory, 99

  New York World, 121

  New Yorker, 173

  New Zealand, 250

  Newfoundland bases, 440

  Newport (World War I scandal), 86

  Nicaragua canal, 8-9

  Niles, David K.. 325

  NLRB. See National Labor Relations Board

  Nominating conventions. See Democratic party; Republican party

  Non-partisan Committee for Peace Through Revision of the Neutrality Act, 396

  Non-Partisan League, 75

  Normandy invasion, 468

  Norris, George W., 147, 185, 222, 230, 431; and TVA, 170, 180; 1936 campaign, 269, 279, 281; Supreme Court fight, 297, 298; 1940 campaign, 436; opposes selective service, 439

  North Africa, 462

  Northern Securities Co., 24

  Norton, Mary T., 341, 343

  Norway, 64, 418

  Norwegian-American voters, 455

  NRA (National Recovery Administration), 180-81, 191-93, 195, 198, 205, 209, 215-26, 242-43, 322, 372, 508; Section 7a, 181, 215-17, 224; Supreme Court invalidation, 231, 236; appropriations used for navy buildup, 253; discontinued, 269

  Nuclear fission, 397, 469

  Nye, Gerald P., 214, 260, 356, 392, 438; munitions investigation, 253-54

  Oahu, 461

  O’Connell, Cardinal, 215

  O’Connor, Basil, 90, 128

  O’Connor, J. F. T., 201

  O’Connor, John J., 285, 341, 345, 364, 379, 431

  Ogl
ethorpe University, 133

  O’Gorman, James A., 50, 77

  Okinawa, 471

  Olds, Leland, 113, 117

  Oliphant, Herman, 325

  Olson, Floyd B., 144, 202, 203

  Olson letter (Minn. farmer), 194

  O’Mahoney, Joseph C., 297, 301, 317, 328

  On Our Way (F.D.R.), 203

  “One third of a nation,” 299, 310

  O’Neal, Ed, 184, 321

  Orlando, Vittorio Emanuele, 65

  Ottinger, Albert, 101, 103, 104

  Oursler, Fulton, 459

  Pacific theater (World War II). See World War II Paideia, 15

  Palmer, A. Mitchell, 72

  Panama, 253

  Pan-American Conference (Montevideo), 253

  Panay incident, 323

  Party conventions and nominations. See Democratic party; Republican party

  Party organization (N. Y.), 109, 119-20

  Party platforms, 171-72; see also Democratic party; Republican party

  Party primaries, 42, 60; see also Democratic party

  Party realignment, 71, 466

  Passamaquoddy Bay project, 84

  Patronage, 41, 43, 49, 54-57, 59, 60, 64, 186-88, 214; see also Congress; Democratic party; Republican party

  Patterson, Joseph, 296, 364, 445

  Peabody, Endicott, 10-16, 26, 78, 163, 475, 477; death, 468; quoted, 470; see also Groton School

  Peabody, George Foster, 270

  Pearl Harbor attack, 461

  Pearson, Frank A., 154

  Peek, George N., 206, 252; quoted, 198

  Pendergast, Thomas J., 130; quoted on F.D.R. personality, 94

  Pendergast organization, 300; see also Pendergast, Thomas J. (above)

  Pennsylvania Railroad, 36, 478

  Pepper, Claude, 343, 379

  Pepper, George Wharton, 231

  Perkins, Frances, 53; State Industrial Commissioner, 117; Secretary of Labor, 149, 150, 173, 215-17, 319, 320, 325, 330, 409, 464; on F.D.R.’s physical handicap, 103; on Roosevelt family life, 107; on fireside chats, 205; and Hugh Johnson, 192; and Martin Dies, 369; friction with Ickes, 371; quoted on F.D.R. as State Senator, 41

  Permanent Court of International Justice, 251; see also World Court

  Permanent Joint Board on Defense, 435

  Pershing, John J., 439

  Pétain, Henri Phillipe, 422

  Pew, J. Howard, 206

  Pew, Joseph N., Jr., 199

  Philippines, 15, 148, 390, 462, 468

  Phillips, William, 177, 251, 358

  “Phony war,” 408, 415

  Pinchot, Gifford, 199-200

  Pinchot, Mrs. Gifford, 199

  Pittman, Key, 175, 203, 376-77; isolationism, 251, 254, 255; Supreme Court fight, 303; Neutrality Act revision, 390, 392, 396, 398

  Pius XI, 383

  Platt Amendment, 253

  Plunkitt, George Washington, 129; quoted, 21, 109

  Poland, 384, 390, 393-94, 397, 470

  Political leadership, 15ff., 33, 60, 481-87

  Polish American voters, 455

  Polls, public opinion, 213, 455, 458; see also Gallup poll

  Populists, 22-23, 194

  Power regulation. See Utility regulation

  Press, F.D.R. relations with, 59, 189, 205, 241, 265, 316-17, 346-47, 491

  Princeton University, 331

  Progressive, F.D.R. as a, 42, 47, 54, 70-71, 499

  Progressive League, 269

  Progressive party (Calif., 1932), 201

  Progressive party (“Bull Moose”), 38-42, 56, 57, 62, 71; 1912, 44, 47, 199, 270; 1916, 62; see also Roosevelt, Theodore

  Progressive party (Wisc.), 1924, 95, 301; 1934, 201; 1936, 278; 1938, 358; see also La Follette

  Progressives, 25, 31, 32, 53ff., 89; see also above; Wilson; Roosevelt, Theodore

  Prohibition repeal, 42, 73, 89, 93, 98-104 passim, 120, 126, 129, 136, 168

  Public Works Administration (PWA), 196, 242, 318, 435

  Public Works Department, proposed by F.D.R., 344

  Public works programs, 181, 192; see also Public Works Administration; WPA; New Deal

  Publicity, F.D.R.’s early flair for, 43, 55, 80

  PWA. See Public Works Administration

  “Quarantine the aggressor,” 318-19

  Québec Conference, 464

  Radicals, F.D.R. and the, 241-46; see also Left opposition; Right and left pressures; Socialists; Communists; Union party

  Radio, F.D.R.’s use, 99, 118, 227, 455; see also Fireside chats

  Railroad regulation, 170

  Railroad Retirement Act, 231

  Railway Brotherhoods, 270

  Rainey, Henry T., 166, 174, 175

  Raskob, John J., 99, 100, 242

  Rayburn, Sam, 137, 154, 186, 341, 346; Supreme Court fight, 294, 297, 307

  Reciprocal Tariff Act, 189; see also Reciprocal trade program (below)

  Reciprocal trade program, 189, 252, 310, 311, 322, 418

  Recovery program, 162ff., 171, 180, 215-22, 225; see also Relief; New Deal; Farm program; Labor; Social security

  Reconstruction Finance Corp. See RFC

  Reed, David, 199-200

  Reed, James, 131

  Reforestation Referendum, 129

  Reform, influences on F.D.R., 23ff.; see also Progressives; Wilson, Woodrow; Roosevelt, Theodore

  Reilly, Mike, 452, 453

  Relief, 124-25, 169, 219-21, 246, 266-67; see also WPA; CCC; Recovery program; PWA

  Religion, 29, 237

  Reorganization Act of 1939, 382

  Reorganization, governmental, 70, 71; 1939 plan, 344-46, 382

  Repeal, Eighteenth Amendment. See Prohibition, repeal

  Republican party: F.D.R. early support, 25; 1910 progressive-conservative struggle, 31-32, 34; 1911 insurgents, 37, 39; World War I, 61, 62; anti-League fight, 69, 75ff.; F.D.R. attacks (1919), 71; “normalcy” era, 84-86; Depression policies, 123ff.; F.D.R. bipartisanship attempts, 145-46, 183ff., 367ff., 509; see also Elections; and below

  Republican party, nominating conventions: (1920) 73; (1930, N. Y.) 120; (1936) 270; (1940) 424, 431; see also Elections; and above

  Reynaud, Paul, 421-22

  RFC (Reconstruction Finance Corp.), 124, 169, 172, 190, 267

  Rhineland, 260

  Ribbentrop, Joachim von, 395

  Richberg, Donald, 193, 372

  Right and left pressures, 219-22, 513

  Right opposition, 205-8; 225-47 passim

  Ritchie, Albert C., 126, 131

  Rittenhouse Club, 235

  Roberts, Owen J., 230, 231-32, 233, 303-4

  Robespierre, Maximilien, 209

  Robinson, Joseph T., 166, 175, 188, 219, 242, 309; World Court fight, 251; Supreme Court fight, 294-308 passim, 314, 316; death, 308

  Rockefeller, John D., 22

  Rogers, Edmund, 10

  Rogers, Will, 251

  Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis, 353, 441

  Roosevelt family, 4-9, 20, 24, 28-30, 50; “hate stories,” 234-35, 337-38, 442; see also individual listings below

  Roosevelt, Anna (daughter of F.D.R.), 27, 35, 153

  Roosevelt, Eleanor (Anna Eleanor Roosevelt Roosevelt; wife and distant cousin of F.D.R.), 24, 76-77, 84, 153, 201, 202, 288, 419, 421; childhood and marriage, 26-27; early marriage years, 27-30, 34-35, 48, 51, 60, 61; family life, 68, 107-8, 172 (see also F.D.R., chronology); F.D.R.’s polio, 87-88; conflict with F.D.R.’s mother over his entry into politics, 90; aids him in political career, 91ff., active in party and educational activities, 107ff.; as reporter and explorer for F.D.R., 118, 173-74, 194, 266, 338, 418, 422-23; 1928 campaign, 99, 100; 1932 campaign, 139, 140; 1933 inaugural, 162, 165; 1936 campaign, 275, 282; 1940 convention, 429; 1940 election night, 452; World War II, 468; member of “kitchen cabinet,” 266; “My Day” column, 266; opposes son’s selection as Assistant Secretary, 300; influence on F.D.R., 24-25, 27, 173-74, 204, 266, 473; quoted on F.D.R.’s Harvard inferiority complex, 18; quoted on F.D.R.’s early speeches, 33; quoted o
n F.D.R.’s early political philosophy, 46; quoted on F.D.R.’s religious beliefs, 237, 475; quoted on Howe, 44

  Roosevelt, Elliott (father of Eleanor; brother of Theodore), 26

  Roosevelt, Elliott (second son of F.D.R.), 35, 61, 107, 153, 442, 468, 478

  Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, chronology: ancestry and family background, 3-10; birth and childhood, 3-10, 24, 483n; education, 10-25, 28, 494-95 (see also Groton School; Harvard University; Columbia Law School); law practice, 23, 28-29, 84, 90; first political affiliations, 25, 26, 29; marriage and honeymoon, 26-27; young husband, 28; children, 35, 67; family life, 35, 67-68, 76-77, 107-8, 153, 337, 407-8 (see also Roosevelt, Eleanor); enters politics (1910), 29; State Senate race, 29-34; as State Senator (1911-12), 35-47, 54; leader of anti-Tammany insurgents, 36-42; “original Wilson supporter” (1912 presidential election), 47-49; re-elected State Senator (1912), 44-45, 49; Assistant Secretary of the Navy (1913-20), 50-68; anti-Tammany candidate for nomination for Governor or U.S. Senator (1914), 55-60; World War I work, 60-66, 80; refuses to run for Governor (1918), 64-65; Democratic candidate for Vice President (1920), 72-76; enters business, 83-86; stricken with polio (1921), 86-91; supports Smith for Governor (1922, 1924), 92-95; attempts party reforms (1925-26), 98-98; refuses to run for U.S. Senate (1926), 99; role in Smith campaign for Presidency (1928), 97, 99-104; reluctantly accepts draft as Democratic candidate for Governor (1928), 99-104; Governor of N. Y., 105-46; re-elected (1930), 119-22; candidate for presidency (1932), 123, 125-40; defeats Hoover, 139-45; first inaugural (1933), 162-65; re-elected (1936), 271-88; third-term election (1940), 426-31; reelected for fourth term (1944), 465-86; death (1945), 478; see also below

  Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, personal characteristics and development: heredity and environment, 6-9, 77-80, 499; influence of mother, 476 (see also Chapter I); influence of teachers, 10-28 passim (see also Political leadership, education for); influence of Theodore Roosevelt, 24-25, 43, 57, 179, 182, 473; influence of Eleanor Roosevelt, 24-25, 27, 43, 173ff. (see also Roosevelt, Eleanor); polio and general health, 52, 99-100, 382, 409, 450, 468, 470-71; personal appearance and manner: (1911) 41, (1914) 59, (1918) 67, (1921) 89, (1924) 94, (1928) 102, 103,(1932) 151-52, (1933) 176, (1936) 264-65, (1937) 323; temperament, 50-51, 72, 80, 89, 117, 139, 142, 152, 155, 174, 238, 264-65, 297, 314, 316-17, 452; charm and ability to win affection and popularity, 130, 200, 203-5, 286, 317-18, 337-39, 346, 347-48, 362; moral, ethical, religious factors, 29, 42, 60, 134, 152, 200ff., 237, 452, 475; social outlook, 23 (see also socio-political philosophy under F.D.R., political development, below); sensitivity to people rather than doctrines, 23, 53, 80, 117, 155, 204; “practical man” rather than thinker, 71, 154-57, 171, 198, 244-46, 334-35, 477; pragmatist, opportunist, experimenter, 63ff., 84 (see also middle way and straddling and compromise under F.D.R.; political development, below); as” democracy’s aristocrat,” 472-77; contradictions and complexity, 6-9, 472-77, 491; see also below

 

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