gynecology and obstetrics practice, 69–71, 132–133
infectious disease beliefs, 254–256, 258–259, 261
lectures, 69–70, 77–78, 102–103, 194, 224
leeching, 159
racist speech to abolitionists, 247
resignation from Jefferson Medical College, 295–296
retirement of, 295–297
southern background, 102
Squibb’s praise of, 166
Meigs, Charles Delucena, works
An Elementary Treatise on Midwifery, or Principles of Tokology and Embryology, 18–19, 164
Females and Their Diseases, a Series of Letters to His Class, 164, 295
The History, Pathology, and Treatment of Puerperal Fever, 258–259
Observations on Certain of the Diseases of Young Children, 255
Philadelphia Practice of Midwifery, 164
Meigs, Clara, 162
Meigs, Franklin Bache, 79
Meigs, Harry I, 247
Meigs, John F., 246–247
Meigs, John R., 296
Meigs, Josiah, 162
Meigs, Mary, 70, 102, 297
Meigs, Montgomery C., 296
Meigs, Return J., 162
Meigs, William Montgomery, 70
Menstrual cycle, 129–130
Miasma theory, 98
Microbes, 260
Microscopes, 117
Middletown, Conn., 298
The Mineral Springs of Western Virginia, with Remarks on Their Use and the Diseases to Which They Are Applicable (Burke), 113
Miscarriage, 165
Miscegenation, 247
Mitchell, John Kearsley, 78, 87, 97–98, 159, 199, 200, 260, 283
Monroe County, Virginia, Spa in, 45
“Monsters”
forms of, 19–20
Mütter’s surgeries on, 202–204
Parisian surgical treatments, 20–21
women, 139–145
Morality, 80, 138
Morgan, John, 49–50
Morton, William T. G., 173, 175, 179, 183, 184–185
Museum of Pathological Anatomy of the Medicine Faculty of the University of Paris, 230
Mutter, James (brother), 28
Mutter, John (father), 27–29, 39
Mutter, Lucinda (mother), 26–28, 37
Mütter, Mary Alsop (wife), 161, 172, 284–286, 298
Mütter, Thomas Dent, 109, 195, 225, 289
anesthesia support and use, 181, 185, 196–199, 207, 217–218
attraction to surgery, 17–18
bedside manner, 94–95, 229
birth and early childhood, 26–30
burial in Middletown, Conn., 298
childhood of, 36–44
clinical instruction, 94–99
critics of, 101–104
death of, 1–2, 287, 298
education, 6, 9, 10, 13, 18–22, 39–43
election to chair of surgery at Jefferson Medical College, 82
European medical community’s opinion of, 167–168
family background, 26–27
famous patients, 172
fashion style, 12–13, 36, 39, 40–41, 105, 213
financial matters, 10, 39
hygienic practices, 95, 103, 237, 260
infectious disease beliefs, 260
legacy of, 231, 236–239, 301–304
Lisfranc rivalry, 18
marriage to Mary Alsop, 161
medial practice establishment, 35–36, 44–46
memoir in The Medical and Surgical Reporter, 2–3
name change, 21
parties of, 167, 172–173
personal characteristics, 2, 41, 61, 94, 173, 213, 294–295
physical ailments, 1, 17, 40, 43–44, 45, 213–215, 222–223, 229, 236, 265–266, 285–287
physical appearance, 10, 12–13, 36, 167, 213, 236, 286
portrait of, 105, 109
relationship with Pancoast, 99–101
religious faith, 215, 237
reputation of, 61, 202, 236
resignation from Jefferson Medical College, 276–277
on slavery issue, 248–249
social status, 160–161
Squibb’s opinion of, 166–167
students of, 267–276
surgical caseload, 265
surgical talents, 1–2, 61–65, 214
teaching style and ability, 57, 88–90, 94–99, 236–239
tributes to, 291–295, 301
will of, 284
Mütter, Thomas Dent, works
Charge to the Graduates of Jefferson Medical College of Philadelphia, 6, 24, 48, 56, 68, 84, 108, 128, 138, 158, 182, 196, 226, 234, 242
Lectures on the Operations of Surgery, 168–170, 171
praise for, 231–232
On Recent Improvements in Surgery: An Introductory Lecture, 112–113, 115–119
The Salt Sulphur Springs, Monroe County, Va., 112–114
surgical textbook, 227, 228, 231–232
Mütter flap, 143, 150–154, 197–198
Mütter Museum, 299, 302, 305
founding of, 281–284, 285, 287
opening of, 298–299
present day popularity, 301–304, 305
—N—
National Enquirer, 246
Native Americans, 162–164
New York City, 235
Nightingale, Florence, 275
Nitrous oxide, 177–179
Norris, Dr., 61, 62
The North American Medico-Chirurgical Review, 291
Northern Home for Friendless Children, 216
Nurses, 31
—O—
Observations on Certain of the Diseases of Young Children (Meigs), 255
Obstetrics. See Gynecology and obstetrics
Ocean travel, 9–12, 227
On Bandaging and Other Operations of Minor Surgery (Sargent), 189–190
On Recent Improvements in Surgery: An Introductory Lecture (Mütter), 112–113, 115–119
Operating table, 96
Orfila, Mathieu, 230
Orphans and orphanages, 14, 216
—P—
Pain, 31, 192–193
Pancoast, Joseph, 100, 293
dissection, 86
ether anesthesia use, 199
family, 266
on Mütter’s desire for personal influence, 160
on Mütter’s last days, 286
on Mütter’s lectures, 112
on Mütter’s legacy, 236
on Mütter’s surgical technique, 155, 202, 204
physical characteristics, 99–100, 167
relationship with Mütter, 101
reputation of, 80–82
Squibb’s opinion of, 166–167, 197–198
surgical skills, 100–101, 201, 214–215
tribute to Mütter, 293–295
Pancoast, William Henry, 266, 275, 303
Paris
beauty of, 229–230
hospitals in, 13–15
medical education in, 10, 13, 18–22, 228
Mütter’s first trip to, 9–15, 18–22
Mütter’s last trip to, 285–286
Mütter’s second trip to, 227–232
population, 13, 235
street life, 12
Parties, 167, 172–173
Pasteur, Louis, 260
Pathology, 100
Patients
death during surgery, 17, 202, 204, 206
of Jefferson Medical College teaching clinic, 93
Meigs’s treatment of, 69–71, 103
Mütter’s treatment of, 94–95,
96, 229
struggles with during surgical lectures, 16
Patriotism, 242
Pattison, Granville Sharp, 76
Pennsylvania, abolition of slavery, 243–244
Pennsylvania College of Dental Surgery, 216
The Pennsylvania Freeman, 246
Pennsylvania Hall, 246
Pennsylvania Hospital and Almshouse, 25, 99, 190, 217
Pennsylvania Medical Society, 216–217
Pennsylvania School of Medicine. See University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine
Perseverance, 182
Philadelphia
in 1830s, 33
abolition movement, 245–246
alcoholism, 124–125
architecture, 38
disease and death in, 25–26, 253–254
factories, 125–126
fire department, 124
as medical epicenter, 60
police department, 123–124
population, 50, 235
poverty in, 123, 125
prejudice and racism in, 244–245
slavery, 244
social class, 160–161
winter of 1841, 75
Philadelphia: A 300-Year History (Weigley), 311
Philadelphia County Medical Society, 215
Philadelphia General Hospital, 1
Philadelphia Municipal Hospital, 216
Philadelphia Practice of Midwifery (Meigs), 164
Philadelphia Society for the Employment and Instruction of the Poor, 216
Phossy jaw, 126
Physicians and surgeons
background of, 17–18
in early 1800s, 30–32
qualities of, 6, 16–17, 24, 48, 56, 68, 84, 108, 128, 138, 158, 182, 196, 226, 234, 242
Physick, Philip Syng, 82
“The Pit,” 91, 170, 172, 312
Plague, 25–26, 31
Plastic surgery
in Europe, 218
Mütter’s support for, 218
origins of, 141
in Paris, 20–21
skin grafts, 141–145
Plastic suture, 81
Poisoning, 31
Police, 123–124
Population, 13, 50, 235
Porter, John B., 205
Postsurgical care, 95, 96–97, 205
Poverty, 123, 125
Pregnancy and childbirth, 129–135, 192–193, 255–261
Prejudice, 244–245
Preston Retreat, 276
Presurgical care, 170
Price, Thomas K., 111
Professional organizations, 215–216
Puerperal fever, 255–261
Puerperal Fever, as a Private Pestilence (Holmes), 261
Pure Food and Drug Act (1906), 268
Pus, 31, 104
—Q—
Quakers, 216–217, 244
Quickening, 130
—R—
Racism, 245, 247
Radical vs. conservative surgery, 219–221
Randolph, Dr., 61
Randolph, Jacob, 82
Rape, 247
Reason, 56
Recovery, surgical, 96–97, 159–160, 198–199
Religion, 215, 237
Research, 303–304
Restell, Madame, 130–131
Revere, John, 76
Roundheads, 273–274
Roux, Philibert Joseph, 18
Rush, Benjamin, 26, 31
Rush, James, 131, 132, 133
Russia, 11
Rutkow, Ira M., 311
Rutter, Dr., 257–259
—S—
Sabine Hall, 37–38, 248
The Salt Sulphur Springs, Monroe County, Va. (Mütter), 112–114
Sanitary practices. See Cleanliness and hygiene
Scarlet fever, 254
Schuylkill River, 235
Scott Memorial Library, Thomas Jefferson University, 311
Self-reliance, 158
Self-respect, 48
Sepsis, 31, 103
Shakers, 129
Sheep, as surgical demonstration subjects, 191, 192–194
Shiloh, Battle of, 273
Skin grafts, 141–145, 149–155
Skulls, 303
Slatten, Richard W., 312
Slavery, 243–249
Smallpox, 25, 253, 254
Smith, Henry H., 205–206
Social class, 105, 160–161
The South
Dunglison’s ties to, 78
Jefferson Medical College’s students from, 246, 249, 270
Meigs’s family roots in, 102, 132
Mütter’s ties to, 26–27, 37–38, 41, 248, 287
Philadelphians from, 125, 161
spas in, 45
Sowers, Eliza, 131–135
Spas, 45, 112–114
Specimens, medical, 86–87, 211, 279. See also Mütter Museum
Sprague, J. H., 166
Springs, healing power of, 112–114
Squibb, Edward Robinson, 165–167, 197–198, 267–268
Steel industry, 125
Success, 239
Sugar refineries, 125
Sully, Thomas, 105, 109
Summit House Hospital, 275
Surgeons. See Physicians and surgeons
Surgery
aseptic technique, 103–104, 168–169, 206, 276
conservative vs. radical, 219–221
Mütter’s attraction to, 17–18
Mütter’s vision, 116–117
types performed by Mütter, 200–204, 214–215, 220
Surgical instruments, 96
Surgical lectures and demonstrations, 15–17, 61–65, 87–90, 91
Syphilis, 13, 260
A System of Operative Surgery: Based upon the Practice of Surgeons in the United States (Smith), 205–206
—T—
Taliacotius, Gaspar, 141
Teaching style, 57, 88–90, 94–99, 236–239
Tetanus, 31
Tivoli Theater, 53
Todd, L. Beecher, 292
Transatlantic travel, 9–12, 227
Triage, 272
Tuberculosis, 253, 254
Tumors, 16, 169–170, 201, 203, 220–221
Typhus, 253
—U—
Ulcers, 13, 126
Union Army, 271–272, 273
University of Edinburgh, 204
University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 47
history of, 49
Jefferson Medical College rivalry, 51–53, 59–60
Mütter’s graduation from, 9
reputation of, 49–51
standardization of medical training, 58–59
surgical lectures, 15
Urban League, 246–247
—V—
Vann, Jim, 163–164
Velpeau, Alfred-Armand-Louis-Marie, 18–19, 164
Virtue, 138
—W—
Wages, in matchstick factories, 126
Warren, John Collins, 118, 173, 179, 184, 204–205
Warren Anatomical Museum, Harvard Medical School, 274
Watson, John, 221
Wax models, 7, 22, 301
Weigley, Russell, 311
Wells, Horace, 177–179
Widow Sunday (Madame Dimanche), 7, 9, 22, 301, 312
Willing, Charles, 35
Willoughby, Henry W., 273
Wine, medicinal, 15–16
Women. See also Gynecology and obstetrics
abolitionists, 246
burn victims, 139–145, 149–155
clothing, 139–140
life stages, 137
in medicine, 31–32, 216–217
Meigs’s attitudes toward, 69–71
pregnancy and childbirth, 129–135, 192–193, 255–261
Wood, Leonard, 270
Worden, Gretchen, 303
Working class, 125–126
—Y—
Yale, 43, 214
Yellow fever, 25–26, 31, 253, 270
—Z—
Zini, Girolamo, 303
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
CRISTIN O’KEEFE APTOWICZ was born and raised in Philadelphia and first visited the Mütter Museum during a class trip in the fourth grade. A decade and a half later, her feature-length biographical screenplay, Mütter, won screenwriting awards at the Hamptons International Film Festival and the Philadelphia Film Festival and earned her a fellowship from the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, directly inspiring her to research and write this book. She is the author of six books of poetry, most recently The Year of No Mistakes, as well as the nonfiction book Words in Your Face: A Guided Tour through Twenty Years of the New York City Poetry Slam. Her recent awards include a National Endowment for the Arts Literature Fellowship, the ArtsEdge Writer-in-Residency at the University of Pennsylvania, and the Amy Clampitt Residency. She lives in Austin, Texas.
For more information, including forthcoming appearances, please visit: www.aptowicz.com
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