Terrorism, Inc.: The Financing of Terrorism, Insurgency, and Irregular Warfare
Page 41
Zelin, Aaron, Y. “When Jihadists Learn How to Help,” Washington Post Monkey Cage, May 7, 2014.
ARTICLES WITH NO LISTED AUTHOR
The Al Qaeda Manual, Department of Justice.
“The Anatomy of ISIS: How the ‘Islamic State’ Is Run, from Oil to Beheadings,” CNN, September 18, 2014.
“Arms Windfall for Insurgents as Iraq City Falls,” New York Times, June 10, 2014.
“Attacking ISIL’s Foundation,” Remarks of Under Secretary for Terrorism and Financial Intelligence David S. Cohen at The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, October 23, 2014.
British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), “Religions: Islam,” BBC.com, 2009.
“Challenges and Opportunities in Countering Threat Finance,” Praescient Analytics, October 2012.
Department of Defense Report on Progress toward Stability and Security in Afghanistan: United States Plan for Sustaining the Afghan National Security Forces, April 2012.
“Did Islamic State Militants Use Bitcoin to Fund Their English-Language Website?” Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, October 13, 2014.
The Engagement of the Syrian Diaspora in Germany in Peacebuilding, United Nations University Migration Network, IS Academy Policy Brief, No. 13.
“European Union Must Respond to Hezbollah’s Attack in Bulgaria,” Washington Post, February 5, 2013.
“Fighting Terrorism in Africa,” Testimony of Douglas Farah, Committee on International Relations, Subcommittee on Africa, United States House of Representatives, April 1, 2004.
Financial Action Task Force (FATF) IX Special Recommendations, October 2001. These recommendations were significantly revised again in 2012.
“Foreign Fighters Flow into Syria,” Washington Post, October 11, 2014.
“Gaza Banks Close in Protest at Hamas Cash Seizure,” Reuters, reprinted online in the Jerusalem Post, March 3, 2011.
Global Surveillance of Dirty Money: Assessing Assessment of Regimes to Control Money Laundering and Combat the Financing of Terrorism, Center on Law & Globalization, January 30, 2014.
“Hamas Extortion Ring Uncovered in Israel,” Xinhua, September 24, 2012.
“Hamas Leaders Worth Millions of Dollars from Allegedly Skimming Donations and Extortion: Is Anyone Surprised?” Inquisitr, July 18, 2014.
Headquarters, U.S. Department of the Army, and Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps, Counterinsurgency Field Manual, Field Manual 3-24/Marine Corps Warfighting Publication 3-33.5, Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press, 2007.
Hearing of the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, Annual Worldwide Threat Assessment, February 7, 2008.
“Hezbollah: Financing Terror through Criminal Enterprise,” Testimony of Matthew Levitt, Committee on Homeland Security and Government Affairs, United States Senate, May 25, 2005.
“Hitting at Terrorists, Hurting Businesses,” The Economist, June 14, 2014.
Hizbollah: Rebel without a Cause? International Crisis Group Middle East Briefing Paper, July 30, 2003.
“How ISIS Works,” New York Times, September 16, 2014.
IHS Jane’s World Terrorism and Insurgency, “Liberation Tigers Tamil Eelam.”
International Crisis Group Report, Taliban Propaganda: Winning the War of Words? Asia Report No. 158, July 24, 2008.
Irregular Warfare Joint Operating Concept, 2007.
“ISIS Selling Iraq’s Artifacts in Black Market: UNESCO,” Al Arabiya News, September 30, 2014.
“Islamic State Ammunition in Iraq and Syria: Analysis of Small-Calibre Ammunition Recovered from Islamic State Forces in Iraq and Syria,” London: Conflict Armament Research, October 2014, p. 5.
“Islamic State Fighter Estimate Triples,” British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), September 12, 2014.
“It Ain’t Half Hot Here, Mum: Why and How Westerners Go to Fight in Syria and Iraq,” August 30, 2014.
“A New Focus on Foreign Fighters,” New York Times, September 24, 2014.
“Pakistan’s Tribal Areas,” Council on Foreign Relations, October 26, 2007.
“Pakistan’s Tribal Areas: Appeasing the Militants,” (International Crisis Group, Asia Report No. 125, 12/11/2006.
“Poor Correspondents,” The Economist, June 14, 2014.
Reuters, “Saudi Says Arrests Qaeda Suspects Planning Attacks,” Washington Post, March 3, 2008.
“Risk of Terrorist Abuse in Non-Profit Organizations,” Report of the Financial Action Task Force (FATF), June 2014.
“Sri Lanka: Sri Lanka’s Rebels Involved in Trafficking Human Cargo,” Xinhua News Agency, April 7, 2000.
Terrorist Financing, Council on Foreign Relations, Report of an Independent Task Force, 2002.
Terrorist Financing, Financial Action Task Force, February 29, 2008.
U.S. Comptroller General, Money Laundering: Extent of Money Laundering through Credit Cards Is Unknown, Washington, DC: U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO), 2002.
Warlord Inc.: Extortion and Corruption along the U.S. Supply Chain in Afghanistan, Report of the Majority Staff, Subcommittee on National Security and Foreign Affairs, U.S. House of Representatives, June 2010.
Index
Aaron, David, 148
Abkhazia, and Russian weapons supply, 15
Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG), 9, 53
Adams, Gerry, 41
Adams, James, 27, 34
Afghan International Trucking (AIT), 115
Afghanistan, 4–6; civilian casualties, 125; Diaspora, 114; drug cultivation, 12, 117; insurgency, 9; kidnapping risk, 9; money laundering legislation, 131; mujahedin weapon, 15; Taliban, 17; and United States, 123; warlord economy, 114
Afghanistan Investment Support Agency (AISA), 131
Afghan National Security Forces (ANSF), 16
Afghan Taliban. See Taliban
Afghan Threat Finance Cell (ATFC), 130
African National Congress (ANC), 2, 55
Afrostars Diamonds BVBA, 76
Agricultural subsidy fraud, 31
Ahmad, Ali Ahmad, 76
Ahmad, Ibrahim, 74
Ahmadenijad, Mahmoud, 87
Ahmadullah, Qari, 121
Ahmadzai-Wazir tribe, 145
Ahmed Abu Rish Brigades, 100
Akal, Jamal, 97
Al Ajouli, 99
al-Alami, Imad Khalil, 112
al-Anbari, Abu Ali, 164
Al-Aqsa Intifada, 96, 106
Al-Aqsa Islamic Bank, 99
al-Assad, Bashar, 95
al-Awlaki, Anwar, 148
al-Badry, Ibrahim Awad Ibrahim, 164
al-Baghdadi, Abu Bakr, 164
Al-Barakaat, 137
Al-Da’wa party, 84
al-Fatah, 54
al Fida, 149
al-Gama’a al-Islamiyya, 108
Algeria, 5, 6
Algerian Armed Islamic Group (GIA), 22
al-Ghoul, Adnan, 104
Al Hamati Sweet Bakeries, 137
Al Haramain Islamic Foundation, 135
Al-Harzi, Tariq Bin-Al-Tahar Bin Al Falih Al-Awni, 169
al-Hayali, Fadel, 164
al Hilal magazine, 135
Al-Intiqad Weekly Journal, 90
Al Itihaad al Islamia, 136
al-Libi, Abu Faraj, 146
al-Libi, Abu Yahya, 147, 148
al-Maliki, Nouri, 153
Al- Manar, 90
al-Masri, Shaykh Sa’aid, 151
al-Mujama al-Islamiya, 107
al-Mujil, Abd al-Hamid, 135
al-Najdi, Ab Abd al-Rahman, 151
Al-Nubani furniture store, 99
Al Nur Honey Press Shops, 137
Al-Nur Radio, 90
al-Nusra, Jabha, 166
Al-Qaida, 6, 9, 21; activity funding, 133–41, 173; Al-Qaida in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM), 138; armed robbery, 139; attack on Strasbourg Christmas, 176; attack on U.S. embassies in Kenya, 25; attack on U.S. embassies in Tanzania, 25; attacks of September 11, 2001, 149; background, 133; Bali attacks, 141; Casablanca attacks, 142; charities, 135–36; counter
terrorists' finances, 150–52; dark economy, 138–41; Diaspora support, 134–35; East Turkestan Islamic Movement (ETIM), 144; external state support, 140–41; extortion and protection, 141; Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA), 122, 144–45, 146; Financial Action Task Force (FATF), 151; financing, 24; France, 136; franchise groups, and future after Bin Laden, 133–52; fraud, 136; fund usage, 141–50; Hamas, 109; Haqqani Network (HQN), 141; Hezbollah, 76–77, 92; human resources and recruitment, 148–49; ideology, 148; intelligence, 143–44; International Security Assistance Force (ISAF), 142, 146; Iran, 141; Iraq, 17; Islamic Emirate of Waziristan, 145; Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS), 165, 169; jihad, 147, 148; kidnapping for ransom (KFR), 138–39; legal businesses, 136–37; Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), 69; London attacks, 142; Madrid attacks, 142; money laundering, 137–38; natural resources exploitation, 13; Osama bin Laden, 105; Pakistan, 134; sanctuary, 17, 144–45; September 11, 2001 attacks, 25, 55, 177–79; Sudan, 137, 146; training, 146; ummah, 134; weapons, 142–43; World Trade Center, 136; zakat, 135
Al-Qaida in Iraq (AQI), 153, 154
Al-Qaida in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP), 24, 133, 138–39, 171
Al-Qaida in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM), 138, 171
Al-Qaida in the Land of Two Rivers (AQI), 153, 154
al-Qaqaa, Abu, 166
al-Rahman, Atiyah abd, 147
al-Rantissi, Abdel Aziz, 107
Al-Rashid Trust, 115
Al-Shabaab, 133, 171
al-Shahid Social Relief Institution, 72
al-Sharuf, Ahmad Mohammad Abdallah, 99
al-Shazy, Mohammad Sa’d Darwishy, 97
Al Shifa Honey Press for Industry and Commerce, 137
al-Shishani, Omar, 164
al Shumukh al Islam, 149
al-Sistani, Ayatollah Ali, 85
al-Sunnah, Ansar, 162
al Suril, Abu Musab, 148
al-Sweidawi, Adnan, 164
Al Tadhoman Charitable Association, 99
al-Turabi, Hassan, 105
al-Turkmani, Abu Muslim, 164
Al Watan, 110
al-Wuhayshi, Nasir, 147
Al-Zakah Committee of Jenin, 99
al-Zarqawi, Abu Musab, 134, 153, 164
al-Zawahiri, Ayman, 108, 133, 134, 147, 150, 165
Amal party, 84
Amir, 147
AML (anti-money laundering), 7
Analytic framework, 3–5, 4f
Anas, Abdullah, 133
Anbar Awakening, 158, 166
Ancient Order of Hibernians, 30
Andersonstown Cooperative Industrial and Provident Society, 31
Andhra Peoples War Group (PWG), 55
Annesley, Hugh, 45
Annunzio-Wylie Act, 25
Ansar al Mujahideen, 149
Ansar-al Sharia, 165
Anthony, Charles Lucas, 62
Anti-Communist trade union movement, 30
Anti-drug campaigns, 11
Anti-money laundering (AML), 7
Anti-Racketeering Squad, 46
Apprenticeship, 18
Arab Bank, 97
Arafat, Yasser, 95
Ardee, 33
Argentina: Hezbollah attack, 71; ungoverned space, 71
A Risala, 110
Armed robbery: Al-Qaida, 139; Hamas, 100–101; Hezbollah, 75–76; Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS), 158; Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), 10, 52–53; Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA), 10, 33–34; Taliban, 117
Arms trafficking: Bakara market, 11; Peshawar, 11; Thailand, 11; West Africa, 11
Arosfram, 73
Asociacio´n Mutual Israelita Argentina (AMIA), 92
Assad Barakat’s Casa Apollo electronics shop, 72
As-Sahab, 149
Assassinations: Hamas, 107; Hosni Mubarak, 146; Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), 59t; Rafiq Hariri, 79
Asymmetric warfare vs. irregular warfare, 2
Australia: and An Phoblacht, 23; ISIS fighters from, 166; and LTTE, 49, 53; and money laundering, 12
Autumn Clouds Operation, 111
Avitan, Adi, 75
Avraham, Benny, 75
Ayash, Yihye, 104
Azzam, Abdulla, 133
Baath Party, 153, 164
Bakara Market, 11
Bakri, Imad Abdul Reda, 76
Balagh, 150
Balasingham, Adele S., 63
Bali, and Al-Qaida attacks, 141
Balkans, 11; Hezbollah operatives in, 77; insurgencies in the, 15; weapons, 15
Bangkok: and LTTE, 54; and weapons exchange market, 11
Bank of Syria, 99
Bank Secrecy Act (BSA), 24, 151
Bank Secrecy Act Advisory Group, 25
Baqiatollah Islamic Magazine, 90
Barakat, Assad Ahmad, 93
Basavaraju, Marepalli, 55
Basile, Mark, 151
Basque Homeland, 12, 66
Battle(s): of Gaza, 95; of Kilinochchi, 68
Beit el-Mal Holding company, 99
Belfast, 28
Belgrade, and Balkans wars, 15
Bell, J. Bowyer, 16
Biersteker, Thomas, 6
bin Laden, Osama: and Al-Barakaat, 137; companies owned by, 137; ideology of, 148; leadership style of, 147; and Taliban, 129
BlackFor, 180
Black July, 64
Black Tiger, 60
Black Tigers, 57
Blair, Dennis C., 123
Blessed Relief (Muwafaq) Foundation, 136
Bloody Sunday, 30
Boim, David, 98
Boko Haram, 24, 141, 171
Bout, Viktor, 15
Brathwaite, Robert, 110
Bremer, L. Paul, 167
British Special Air Service (SAS), 39
Bronx, 29
Bulgaria: and ammunition needs for LTTE, 54; bus bombing by Hezbollah, 83
Bunker, Robert J., 181
Byblous Distribution Investment, Inc, 73
Byman, Daniel, 2, 19, 29, 103
C13 Anti-Racketeering Squad, 45
Cambodia: and LTTE ammunitions needs, 54; and Vietcong insurgents, 17
Camp al Battar [the sword] Magazine, 149
Canada: Hindu temples taxation, 53; LTTE money laundering, 51; outlawed LTTE fund-raising, 67
Carlton trading, 57
Cartels, Cali, 12
Cartels, Medellin, 12
Casablanca, and Al-Qaida attacks, 142
Case Lead, Operation, 111
Caucasus: and Global Jihad, 166; weapons supply in, 15
Cedar Revolution, 79
Central Asia, 9; human trafficking, 12; weapons in, 15
Central Bank, 61, 152
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 15
Chalk, Peter, 49, 52
Charcoal smuggling, 13
Charities, 29–31; Al-Qaida, 135–36; Hamas, 97–98; Hezbollah, 72; Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS), 155; Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), 50; Taliban, 115
Chavez, Hugo, 87
Chechen rebels, 9
Chechnya: and Global Jihad fighters, 141; weapons used by insurgents, 15
Chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear and explosives (CBRNE), 143
Chicago-style racketeering, 78
Children: kidnapping by LTTE, 52; recruited by ISIS, 166; trafficking, 12
China: and Hezbollah’s fraud network, 73; human trafficking, 12; LTTE procurement activities, 54; and weapons development, 81
Christo, Operation, 46
Civil rights movement, and Northern Ireland, 27
Civil war, 1
Clandestine movements, 38
Clark, Ramsey, 50
Clarke, Richard, 25
Coalition Provisional Authority (CPA), 167
Coca, 12
Code of Conduct, of Taliban, 124, 127
Cohen, David S., 155
Cold War: and arms trafficking, 11; challenges, 3; Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS), 160
Colombia, 4, 9; and drug cultivation, 12; and FARC
, 12
Colonel Karuna, 57, 67
Combating financing of terrorism (CFT), 1, 25
Combined joint interagency task forces (CJIATFs), 2
Command and control network, 19
Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist), 55
Communist Party of Nepal-Maoist (CPN-M), 55
Congressional Research Service (CRS), 92
Connable, Ben, 17
CoPlan Pink Poppy, 92
Counterfeiting, 10–12, 34; Hamas, 101; Hezbollah, 76–77; Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS), 158–59; Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), 53; Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA), 34; Taliban, 117–18, 121, 124
Counterinsurgency (COIN), 3, 16; Battle of Kilinochchi, 68; Chechnya weapons against, 15; France, 18; and Hamas, 17; and Hezbollah, 17; India, 18; Israel, 18; Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), 67–68; Morocco, 18; PIRA, 17, 36, 37–38; suicide attacks, 21; Turkey, 18
Counterterrorism (CT), 3; Al-Qaida's method of evading, 144; cost to British government, 30; United States, 98, 151
Counter terrorists’ finances, 23–26
Cragin, Kim, 148
Credit card fraud, 72–73
Crime-rebellion nexus, 8
Criminal Justice Task Force (CJTF), 131
Criminal violence, 14
Croatia, and terror attacks, 97
Cronin, Audrey K., 43
Currency and Foreign Transactions Reporting Act, 24, 151
Dabiq, 167
Dadullah, Mullah, 124–25
Dahman, Marwan Ismail, 104
Dark economy, 3, 8–14, 32–35; Al-Qaida, 138–41; Hamas, 99–102; Hezbollah, 75–79; Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS), 157–60; Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), 52–55; natural resources, gems, and precious metals, 13; smuggling, trafficking, and counterfeiting, 10–12, 34, 76–77; Taliban, 116–19
Da’wa, 96
Daw al-Iman al-Shafee Inc., 137
Days of Penitence, Operation, 111
D-Company, 53
Decision-Making Council, 85
Deif, Mohammed, 107
del Cid Gomez, Juan Miguel, 172
Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), 73, 84
Department of Homeland Security (DHS), 26
Department of Justice, 26
Design, organizational, 19–20
de Silva, K. M., 48
Detroit Joint Terrorism Task Force (JTTF), 92
diamond trade, 76, 77
Diaspora community, 5–6; Al-Qaida, 134–35; Hamas, 96–97; Hezbollah, 71–72; IRA fugitives, 29; Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS), 154–55; Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), 50; weapons supplier, 15, 29