David and Solomon: In Search of the Bible's Sacred Kings and the Roots of the Western Tradition

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David and Solomon: In Search of the Bible's Sacred Kings and the Roots of the Western Tradition Page 29

by Finkelstein, Israel


  CHAPTER 7. PATRON SAINTS OF THE TEMPLE

  The Neo-Babylonian period

  Lipschits, O. Forthcoming. The Fall and Rise of Jerusalem—Judah Under Babylonian Rule. Winona Lake.

  Lipschits, O., and J. Blenkinsopp, eds. 2003. Judah and the Judeans in the Neo-Babylonian Period. Winona Lake.

  Vanderhooft, D. S. 1999. The Neo-Babylonian Empire and Babylon in the Latter Prophets. Atlanta.

  The Persian period: archaeology and history of Yehud

  Berquist, J. L. 1995. Judaism in Persia’s Shadow. Minneapolis.

  Carter, C. E. 1999. The Emergence of Yehud in the Persian Period. Sheffield.

  Davies, P. R., ed. 1991. Second Temple Studies 1: The Persian Period. Sheffield.

  Eskenazi, T. C., and K. H. Richards, eds. 1994. Second Temple Studies 2: Temple and Community in the Persian Period. Sheffield.

  Stern, E. 1982. Material Culture of the Land of the Bible in the Persian Period, 538–332 B.C. Warminster.

  The Samaritans

  Crown, A. D., ed. 1989. The Samaritans. Tübingen.

  Pummer, R. 1987. The Samaritans. Leiden.

  Purvis, J. 1968. The Samaritan Pentateuch and the Origin of the Samaritan Sect. Cambridge, Mass.

  The Samaritan Temple on Mount Gerizim

  Stern, E., and Y. Magen. 2002. Archaeological Evidence for the First Stage of the Samaritan Temple on Mount Gerizim. Israel Exploration Journal 52:49–57.

  Messianic expectations in the exilic period

  Collins, J. J. 2003. The Eschatology of Zechariah. In L. L. Grabbe and R. D. Haak, eds., Knowing the End from the Beginning: The Prophetic, the Apocalyptic and Their Relationships, 74–84. London.

  Meyers, E. M. 1996. Messianism in First and Second Zechariah and the “End” of Biblical Prophecy. In J. E. Coleson and V. H. Matthews, eds., “Go to the Land I Will Show You”: Studies in Honor of Dwight W. Young, 127–42. Winona Lake.

  Rose, W. H. 2000. Zemah and Zerubbabel. Sheffield.

  The books of Chronicles

  Graham, M. P., K. G. Hoglund, and S. L. McKenzie, eds. 1997. The Chronicler as Historian. Sheffield.

  Graham, M. P., and S. L. McKenzie, eds. 1999. The Chronicler as Author: Studies in Text and Texture. Sheffield.

  Graham, M. P., S. L. McKenzie, and G. N. Knoppers, eds. 2003. The Chronicler as Theologian: Essays in Honor of Ralph W. Klein. Sheffield.

  Japhet, S. 1997. The Ideology of the Book of Chronicles and Its Place in Biblical Thought. Frankfurt.

  Noth, M. 1987. The Chronicler’s History. Sheffield.

  David and Solomon in Chronicles

  Abadie, P. 1994. Le fonctionnement symbolique de la figure de David dans l’oeuvre du Chroniste. Transeuphratène 7:143–51.

  Dillard, R. B. 1984. The Literary Structure of the Chronicler’s Solomon. Journal for the Study of the Old Testament 30:85–93.

  Edelman, D. 2001. Did Saulide-Davidic Rivalry Resurface in Early Persian Yehud? In A. J. Dearman and P. M. Graham, eds., The Land That I Will Show You: Essays in History and Archaeology of the Ancient Near East in Honour of J. Maxwell Miller, 69–91. Sheffield.

  Knoppers, G. N. 1995. Images of David in Early Judaism: David as Repentant Sinner in Chronicles. Biblica 76:449–70.

  ———. 2003. “The City Yhwh Has Chosen”: The Chronicler’s Promotion of Jerusalem in the Light of Recent Archaeology. In A. G. Vaughn andA. E. Killebrew, eds., Jerusalem in Bible and Archaeology: The First Temple Period, 307–26. Atlanta.

  Throntveit, M. A. 1997. The Idealization of Solomon as the Glorification of God in the Chronicler’s Royal Speeches and Royal Prayers. In L. K. Handy, ed., The Age of Solomon: Scholarship at the Turn of the Millennium, 411–27. Leiden.

  Van Seters, J. 1997. The Chronicler’s Account of Solomon’s Temple-Building: A Continuity Theme. In P. M. Graham, K. G. Hoglund, andS. L. McKenzie, eds., The Chronicler as Historian, 283–300. Sheffield.

  Williamson, H. G. M. 1991. The Temple in the Books of Chronicles. In W. Horbury, ed., Templum Amicitiae: Essays on the Second Temple Presented to Ernst Bammel, 15–31. Sheffield.

  Wright, J. W. 1998. The Founding Father: The Structure of the Chronicler’s David Narrative. Journal of Biblical Literature 117:45–59.

  David in the psalms

  Cooper, A. M. 1983. The Life and Times of King David According to the Book of Psalms. In R. E. Friedman, ed., The Poet and the Historian: Essays in Literary and Historical Biblical Criticism, 117–31. Chico.

  Mays, J. L. 1986. The David of the Psalms. Interpretation 40:143–55.

  CHAPTER 8. MESSIANIC VISIONS

  Messianic expectations in the Bible, Second Temple Judaism, and Christianity

  Charlesworth, J. H., H. Lichtenberger, and G. S. Oegema, eds. 1998. Qumran-Messianism. Tübingen.

  Collins, J. J. 1995. The Scepter and the Star: The Messiahs of the Dead Sea Scrolls and Other Ancient Literature. New York.

  Evans, C. A., and P. W. Flint. 1997. Eschatology, Messianism and the Dead Sea Scrolls. Grand Rapids.

  Green, D. E. 1980. Messianic Expectations in the Old Testament. Philadelphia.

  Hess, R. S. and Carroll, M. D., eds. 2003. Israel’s Messiah in the Bible and the Dead Sea Scrolls. Grand Rapids.

  Neusner, J., W. S. Green, and E. S. Frerichs, eds. 1987. Judaism and Their Messiah at the Turn of the Christian Era. New York.

  Oegema, G. S. 1998. The Anointed and His People: Messianic Expectations from the Maccabees to Bar Kochba. Sheffield.

  Pompykala, K. E. 1995. The Davidic Dynasty Tradition in Early Judaism: Its History and Significance for Messianism. Atlanta.

  Reventhrow, H. G., ed. 1997. Eschatology in the Bible and in Jewish and Christian Tradition. Sheffield.

  The Wisdom of Solomon

  Grabbe, L. L. 1997. Wisdom of Solomon. Sheffield.

  The Psalms of Solomon

  Atkinson, K. 2004. I Cried to the Lord: A Study of the Psalms of Solomon’s Historical Background and Social Setting. Leiden.

  Franklyn, P. N. 1987. The Cultic and Pious Climax of Eschatology in the Psalms of Solomon. Journal for the Study of Judaism in the Persian, Hellenistic and Roman Periods 18:1–17.

  Jonge, M. de. 1991. The Expectation of the Future in the Psalms of Solomon. In Jewish Eschatology, Early Christian Christology and the Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs: Collected Essays, 3–27. Leiden.

  Trafton, J. L. 1994. The Psalms of Solomon in Recent Research. Journal for the Study of the Pseudepigrapha 12:3–19.

  David in the Dead Sea Scrolls

  Atkinson, K. 1998. On the Herodian Origin of Militant Davidic Messianism at Qumran: New Light from Psalm of Solomon 17. Journal of Biblical Literature 118:435–60.

  De Roo, J. C. R. 1999. David’s Deeds in the Dead Sea Scrolls. Dead Sea Discoveries 6:44–65.

  Evans, C. A. 1997. David in the Dead Sea Scrolls. In S. E. Porter and C. A. Evans, eds., The Scrolls and the Scriptures: Qumran Fifty Years After, 183–97. Sheffield.

  Messianic figures in Roman Judea

  Hengel, M. 1989. The Zealots: Investigations into the Jewish Freedom Movement in the Period from Herod I until 70 A.D. Edinburgh.

  Horsley, R. A. 1992. Jesus and the Spiral of Violence. Minneapolis.

  Horsley, R. A., and P. S. Hanson. 1985. Bandits, Prophets, and Messiahs: Popular Movements in the Time of Jesus. Minneapolis.

  Solomon as magician

  Torijano, P. A. 2002. Solomon the Esoteric King: From King to Magus, Development of a Tradition. Leiden.

  The Testament of Solomon

  Duling, D. C. 1988. The Testament of Solomon: Retrospect and Prospect. Journal for the Study of the Pseudepigrapha 2:87–112.

  David and Solomon in the works of Flavius Josephus

  Feldman, L. H. 1989. Josephus’ Portrait of David. Hebrew Union College Annual 60:129–74.

  ———. 1995. Josephus’ Portrait of Solomon. Hebrew Union College Annual 66:103–67.

  Jesus, David, and Solomon

  Bowman, J. 1984–85. Solomon and Jesus. Abr-Nahrain 23:1–13. />
  Charlesworth, J. H. 1997. The Son of David: Solomon and Jesus (Mark 10:47). In P. Borgen and S. Giversen, eds., The New Testament and Hellenistic Judaism, 72–87. Peabody.

  Chilton, B. 1982. Jesus ben David: Reflections on the Davidssohnfrage. Journal for the Study of the New Testament 14:88–112.

  Paffenroth, K. 1999. Jesus as Anointed and Healing Son of David in the Gospel of Matthew. Biblica 80:547–54.

  Smith, S. H. 1996. The Function of the Son of David Tradition in Mark’s Gospel. New Testament Studies 42:523–39.

  David and Solomon in rabbinic literature

  Bassler, J. M. 1986. A Man for All Seasons. David in Rabbinic and New Testament Literature. Interpretation 40:156–69.

  Shimoff, S. R. 1997. The Hellenization of Solomon in Rabbinic Texts. In L. K. Handy, ed., The Age of Solomon: Scholarship at the Turn of the Millennium, 457–69. Leiden.

  David and Solomon in the literature of the church fathers

  Wojcik, J. 1981. Discriminations Against David’s Tragedy in Ancient Jewish and Christian Literature. In R.-J. Frontain and J. Wojcik, eds., The David Myth in Western Literature, 12–37. West Lafayette.

  EPILOGUE. SYMBOLS OF AUTHORITY

  David and Solomon in medieval and modern art and literature

  Fleminger, J. 2002. Behind the Eyes of David. Sussex.

  Frontain, R-J., and J. Wojcik, eds. 1981. The David Myth in Western Literature. West Lafayette.

  Hourihane, C., ed. 2002. King David in the Index of Christian Art. Princeton.

  ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

  In researching and writing this analysis of the David and Solomon tradition in its archaeological and historical context, we owe thanks to many colleagues and friends who offered valuable assistance and welcome advice. Among those who discussed with us special historical problems or reviewed draft chapters, we are especially grateful to Professor Donald Redford of Penn State University, Professor Thomas Römer of the University of Lausanne, Dr. Oded Lipschits and Gidi Yahalom of Tel Aviv University, and Dr. Hanan Eshel of Bar Ilan University.

  Our thanks also go to Yuri Smertenko of the Institute of Archaeology, Tel Aviv University for the maps and illustrations that appear in this book.

  As always, our agent Carol Mann skillfully guided our concept from the very beginning. Bruce Nichols, our editor at the Free Press for both this book and our earlier book The Bible Unearthed, once again offered his unfailingly sage editorial insights and helped us enormously with his equally deft editorial pen.

  Our families—Joëlle, Adar, and Sarai Finkelstein and Ellen and Maya Silberman—showed their patience and understanding through months of travel, research, writing, rewriting, and marathon phone calls between Belgium and Israel. We can only hope that the results of our work justify their continuing faith in us.

  I.F.N.A.S.

  23 June 2005

  INDEX

  Abdi-ashirta

  Abdi-Heba

  Abigail

  Abijah, King of Judah

  Abijam, King of Israel

  Abner

  Abraham

  Absalom

  Achaemenids

  Achilles

  Achish, King of Gath

  Achitophel “Acts of Solomon, The,”

  Acts of the Apostles

  Adam

  Adonijah

  Adullam, cave of

  Ahab, King of Judah

  Aharoni, Yohanan

  Ahaz, King of Judah

  Ahaziah, King of Judah

  Akkadian language

  Albright, William Foxwell

  Alexander the Great

  Alyattes, King of Lydia

  Amarna letters

  Amel-Marduk (Evil-merodach)

  Amenhotep III, Pharaoh

  Amenhotep IV (Akhenaten), Pharaoh

  Ammon

  Amnon

  Amon, King of Judah

  Amos

  Amun, temple of, at Karnak

  Amurru

  Anatolian language

  angels

  Apiru

  apocrypha

  apologies

  Arabia

  Arad

  Aramaic language

  Aram Damascus, Arameans

  “Ark Narrative,”

  Ark of the Covenant

  Armageddon

  armor

  Asa, King of Judah

  Ashurbanipal, King of Assyria

  Asia Minor

  Assyria

  chronicles of

  disintegration of

  horse trading and

  imperial expansion of

  Israel under control of

  Judah as vassal state of

  Judah’s failed rebellion against

  Judah’s yearly tribute owed to

  Assyrian Chronicle

  Athaliah, Queen of Judah

  Athrongaeus

  Augustine, Saint

  Avigad, Nahman

  Aziru

  Baal

  Babylonia

  Cyrus’s conquest of

  Israelites’ exile in

  Judah destroyed by

  Babylonian Chronicle

  Balkans “barbarians,”

  Bassler, Jouette

  Bastam

  Bathsheba

  Christian metaphorical view of

  David’s seduction of

  midrash on

  as mother of Solomon

  Uriah’s death and

  Belkin, Lawrence

  Benjamin:

  highlands of

  tribe of

  Ben Sira (Ecclesiasticus)

  Bethel

  Bethlehem

  Bible, see Hebrew Bible; New Testament; specific books

  biblical minimalism

  Bilqis

  Biran, Avraham

  Black Obelisk

  “Book of the Law” (“Book of the Covenant”)

  British Museum

  British Royal Engineers

  Bronze Age dates:

  Late

  Middle

  Broshi, Magen

  Bunimovitz, Shlomo

  Canaan, see Israel, Kingdom of

  Cantrell, Deborah

  caravans

  carbon 14 dating

  Chalcolithic period

  Charlemagne, Emperor

  Cherethites

  Chicago, University of

  chiefdoms, dimorphic

  Christendom, see Europe

  Christianity

  David and Solomon story in

  early literature of

  see also Judeo-Christian tradition

  Christian missionaries

  Chronicles, First and Second books of

  books of Ezra and Nehemiah compared with

  David and Solomon story in

  Israel redefined in,

  writing of

  City of David

  City of God, The (Augustine)

  Clovis, King of the Franks

  Conrad II, Emperor

  Constantine, Emperor

  Constantinople

  Cook, Gila

  copper

  “Court (Succession) History”:

  dating and historicity of

  description of

  as literature

  Omride dynasty and

  political use of

  courtly ballads

  covenant, between God and Israel

  “creative historiographies,”

  Crete

  Cross, Frank Moore

  Crowfoot, John Winter

  cult worship, see idolatry

  cuneiform inscriptions

  Cyprus

  Cyrus the Great

  Damascus, see also Aram Damascus Arameans

  daric,

  Darius, King of Persia

  David:

  bandit period of

  Bathsheba seduced by

  in Chronicles

  as collaborator with Philistines

  death of

  first nonbiblical use of name

&n
bsp; flawed character of

  God’s choice of

  God’s promise to

  Goliath and, see Goliath historicity of

  Jerusalem conquered by

  Jerusalem court of

  kingdom of

  lineage of

  lyre (harp) playing of

  psalms and ritual music attributed to

  rabbinic scholars and

  Saul as enemy of

  Saul succeeded by

  sons of, see Absalom; Amnon

  Tomb of

  Tower of

  Uriah’s death and

  wars of

  wives of

  David and Solomon story:

  artistic depictions of

  biblical account of see also “Acts of Solomon, The”; “Court History”; Deuteronomistic History; “History of David’s Rise, The” biblical minimalism and

  Christianity and

  in Chronicles

  continued power of

  dating and historicity of

  divine favor in

  European adaptation of

  evolution of

  exorcisms and

  first written version of

  historical minimalism and

  history shaped by

  in Islamic tradition

  Judeo-Christian tradition and

  later sources for

  messianic visions and

  political uses of

  rabbinic scholars and

  reasons for composition of

  recovering the history of

  religious uses of

  royal Hellenistic version of

  as theology

  Western Tradition and

  Davidic dynasty

  Athaliah’s attempted liquidation of

  dating of

  end of

  “House of David” inscription and

  list of

  messianic transformation of

  Omride dynasty linked to

  prophesied revival of

  Roman extermination of claimants to

  tombs of

  Davies, Philip

  Dead Sea Scrolls

  demons

  Deuteronomistic History

  anachronisms found in

  Chronicles compared with

  compilation of

  dating and historicity of

  description of

  earlier and later main strata of

  historical minimalism and

  moral of

  as political program

  religious ideology of

  revision of

  see also “Acts of Solomon, The”; “Court History”; “History of David’s Rise, The”

  Deuteronomy, Book of

  Dibon

  dimorphic chiefdoms

  Dius

  divine right of kings

 

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