Wild Bill Donovan

by Douglas Waller

  160 parachute production: WJD memo to FDR, April 22, 1942, Fr: 138, R: 23, M1642, RG226, NA; Carlton Hayes letter to WJD, June 1, 1942, R: 93, A-3304, RG226, NA; Chalou, pp. 122, 124; The Overseas Targets, pp. 31–34; Mannes, OHC, pp. 22–24.

  160–163 Donovan’s relations to it stung: Telegram No. 394 from Madrid, Feb. 17, 1943, Madrid memo to Milid, March 6, 1943, Memorandum for the Secretariat, Joint Chiefs of Staff, Memorandum of OSS in Spain, March 8, 1943, George Strong memo to GCM, March 9, 1943, Thomas Handy memo to GCM, March 13, 1943, NATO memo to War Department, March 21, 1943, John Deane memo to WJD, April 8, 1943, Donovan notes on testimony before JCS, April 4, 1943, John Deane letter to AB, April 10, 1943, Frank Ryan memo to WJD, Sept. 25, 1943, Fr: 945-1262, R: 58, Fr: 408–29, R: 110, M1642, RG226, NA.

  CHAPTER 17: INFILTRATION

  165 for cracks: SOE War Diary 56 OSS/SOE, June 1943, HS 7-283, NAUK; WVHD, p. 27, WJDP, MHI; Interview with Wayne Nelson, Nov. 28, 1961, B: 4A, WJDP, MHI; Anthony Eden letter to WJD, March 28, 1943, WJD letter to Earl of Halifax, Nov. 15, 1944, B: 81B, WJDP, MHI; DB letter to EB, June 27, 1943, Fr: 155–64, R: 39, M1642, RG226, NA.

  165–166 Donovan’s British to so nervous: EH memo to WJD, May 7, 1943, Fr: 54–62, R: 11, M1642, RG226, NA; DB letter to EB, June 19, 1943, Fr: 155–64, R: 39, M1642, RG226, NA; Dropping OSS men into France, SOE War Diary 56, OSS/SOE, October 1942–June 1943, HS 7-282, NAUK; Draft letter from C.D. to G. 50000 June 2, 1943, HS 5-150, NAUK; Suspected OSS operations to the Balkans, OSS and the Yugoslavs, SOE War Diary 56, OSS/SOE, October 1942–June 1943, HS 7-283, NAUK; SO Operations—Western Europe, April 10, 1943, Fr: 54–62, 1276–1300, R: 111, M1642, RG226, NA.

  167 parachuting spies: Dunlop, p. 389; WJD memo to John Deane, April 30, 1943, Fr: 929–30, R: 117, WJD letter to John Deane with enclosure, June 13, 1943, Fr: 528, R: 32, Fr: 545–55, R: 18, WJD letter to W. B. Smith, July 21, 1943, and W. B. Smith reply, July 29, 1943, Fr; 320–26; R: 80, M1642, RG226, NA.

  167 in this war: EH memo to R. Davis Halliwell, June 16, 1943, Fr: 408–11, R: 34, M1642, RG226, NA; Report from Algiers, I and II. The First Recruits, B: 63, E: 210, B: 45, E: 99, RG226, NA; Henry Hyde interview, May 14, 1981, pp. 1–25, B: Interviews—Bancroft to Sherwood-undated, WJDP, MHI; Weinberg, p. 516.

  167–169 The first to aboard the plane: Report from Algiers, Part One, Operations from October 1943 through January 1944, Part Two The Missions, I. The Penny Farthing Mission, B: 63, E: 210, B: 45, E: 99, RG226, NA; Brown, pp. 328–40; The Overseas Targets, pp. 227–30.

  169–171 August 17 to report later: Appendix: Jacques’ Story, I. The Penny Farthing Mission, Part Two, B: 63, E: 210, B: 45, E: 99, RG226, NA.

  CHAPTER 18: SICILY AND ITALY

  173 brought him: Naval fitness reports for David R. Donovan, April 28, 1942, April 12, 1943, A. C. Bennett memo to Chief of Naval Personnel, July 15, 1942, NPRC; Tippaparn Donovan, Jan. 24, 2008; “Donovan, Father and Son Invaded Sicily Together,” Buffalo Evening News, Oct. 10, 1943; McIntosh, Aug. 29, 2007.

  173 this landing: Report of Physical Examination for WJD, April 8, 1943, Personnel File, WJD, RG226, NA.

  173–174 In April to Gela’s beach: WJD memo to Dr. Rogers, March 7, 1943, Fr: 524–25, R: 100, James Rogers memo to WJD, March 18, 1943, Fr: 682–760, R: 130, M1642, RG226, NA; Lovell, p. 187; Corvo, pp. 41–42; OSS Working into Sicily, SOE War Diary 56, OSS/SOE, October 1942–June 1943, HS 7-283, NAUK; Pvt. Biagio Max Corvo file, B: 18, E: 92A, RG226, NA; Atkinson, The Day of Battle, p. 56; The Overseas Targets, pp. 55, 62, 97.

  175 his staff: Dunlop, p. 399; WVHD, p. 50, WJDP, MHI; John Hughes memo to WJD, Feb. 19, 1943, Fr: 637–41, R: 34, WJD–George Patton letter, July 31 and Aug. 18, 1943, Fr: 33, R: 40, M1642, RG226, NA.

  175 more landings: WJD letter to John Hilldring, Sept. 3, 1943, Fr: 1097–99, R: 119, M1642, RG226, NA; The Overseas Targets, pp. 62–63; Corvo, pp. 80–81; Wallace Deuel letter to Mother and Dad, Sept. 4, 1943, B: 1, WDP, LOC.

  176–177 Donovan spent to give it a try: EH memo to branch chiefs, Aug. 9, 1943, Fr: 577–81, R: 100, M1642, RG226, NA; Spencer Phenix memo dictated Aug. 31, 1943, Fr: 587–600, R: 18, WJD memo on Matters Requested to Be Done for Various of the Service Arms, Aug. 21, 1943, Fr: 1117–18, R: 77, GCM cables to DDE, Aug. 20 and 22, 1943, DDE cables to GCM, Aug. 22 and 28, 1943, Fr: 1314–19, R: 45, M1642, RG226, NA.

  177–178 Churchill and to said, smiling: Memorandum for WJD, Sept. 26, 1942, OSS, 1942–1945, OF 4486, FDRL; Hough, pp. 94–96, 160–67; Speech by Admiral Louis Mountbatten, March 21, 1966, B: 137A, WJDP, MHI.

  178–180 As the naval to on his hands: Putzell, OHP, p. 30; Ernest Cuneo Manuscript on the OSS and BSC, N-P File, ECP, FDRL; WJD letter to Mark Clark, Aug. 25, 1943, Fr: 353, R: 53, Mark Clark memo to EH, Nov. 1943, Fr: 334–51, R: 53, M1642, RG226, NA; Dunlop, p. 400; Atkinson, The Day of Battle, p. 185; War Report of the OSS, p. 209; JEH memo to WJD, June 24, 1943, Fr: 246, 250, R: 51, M1642, RG226, NA; Weinberg, pp. 597–610; The Overseas Targets, pp. 65–69; Donald Downes memo to WJD, Oct. 19, 1942, Fr: 86–91, R: 83, Commander Edward Breed Abstract, B: 48, E: 99, RG226, NA.

  180–181 But before to “way out”: Dunlop, pp. 359–60, 389, 417; Corvo, p. 116; W. A. Eddy letter to WJD, March 2, 1943, R: 44, A-3304, RG226, NA; Coon, pp. 138–40; Report of Sardinia Operation, B: 45, OSS Corsica-Phase Two, C.S.C, OSS Activities in Corsica, Sept. 12–Oct. 5, 1943, B: 48, E: 99, RG226, NA.

  182 secret agent: J. E. Toulmin letter to WJD, Oct. 11, 1943, Fr: 241, R: 41, M1642, RG226, NA; John Toulmin interview, June 13, 1945, B: unnumbered third and fourth boxes from the end of the collection, WJDP, MHI; Peter Karlow memo to Quinn, March 18, 1946, Fr: 1052–55, R: 68, M1642, RG226, NA; Corvo, pp. 112–19; Ernest Cuneo Manuscript on the OSS and BSC, N-P File, ECP, FDRL.

  CHAPTER 19: THE BALKANS

  184 and Greece: SOE/OSS Collaboration in the Middle East, To V/CD from A/D1, Aug. 11, 1943, HS 5-150, NAUK; WJD letter to C.D., July 31, 1943, Fr: 283–93, R: 88, WJD letter to Stuart Menzies, July 28, 1943, Notes on meeting held on July 26, 1943, HS 8-7, NAUK; C letter to C.D. July 30, 1943, HS 3-57, NAUK; OSS Planning Group, Overall Program for Strategic Services Operations in the Balkans Based on Cairo, Egypt, Nov. 9, 1943, Fr: 144–66, 181–215, 250–51, R: 131, WJD memo to Rogers, Oct. 10, 1943, Fr: 555–58, R: 58, M1642, RG226, NA; Weinberg, pp. 460–63.

  185 as well: Richard Harris Smith, pp. 128–31; “I Fought Beside Mihailovich,” by Walter R. Mansfield, Washington Post, June 23, 1946; OSS Operations Balkans, May 5, 1944, Fr: 1–217, R: 132, Louis Huot Preliminary Report on a visit to the National Army of Liberation, Yugoslavia, Oct. 29, 1943, Fr: 192–99, R: 132, British request for Concurrent Withdrawal of British and American Officers with Mihailovich, March 2, 1944, Fr: 9–10, R: 84, WJD memo to FDR, Fr: 6828–9, R: 23, M1642, RG226, NA; Churchill, Closing the Ring, pp. 461–63.

  185–186 Before he to sent home: Trip to Tito’s HQ in Jajce, Oct. 20–27, 1943, Fr: 1–217, R: 132, WJD memo to Scribner, Oct. 7, 1943, Fr: 1243–49, R: 79, M1642, RG226, NA; Atkinson, The Day of Battle, pp. 270–71; Cipher telegram from Massingham, Sept. 18, 1943, HS 3-57, NAUK; Edward Green memo to Deputy Director, SSO, OSS with Final Report on “Operation Audrey,” May 20, 1944, B: 36, E: 99, RG226, NA.

  186–189 Huot left to Gubbins agreed: President to Prime Minister No. 393, Oct. 22, 1943, CHAR 20-121-125, CA; Former Naval Person to President No. 470, Oct. 23, 1943, CHAR 20-122-6, CA; Notes of a Meeting Held at M.O.4. at 1500 Hrs., Nov. 17, 1943, Cipher telegram from Cairo, Nov. 18, 1943, OSS in the Balkans, Nov. 18, 1943, HS 8-7, NAUK; C.D. memo to Cadogan, Oct. 4, 1943, HS 5-150, NAUK; SOE/OSS Relations Nov. 25, 1943, CAB 122-1594, NAUK; SOE/OSS Relations in North Africa, Sept. 27, 1943, CD/6166 to S.O., Sept. 30, 1943, HS 3-57, NAUK.

  CHAPTER 20: PEACE FEELERS

  190 many months: WJD memo to FDR, Oct. 21, 1943, Fr: 664, R: 23, M1642, RG226, NA; WJD memo to FDR, Oct. 5, 1943, OSS, Donovan, William, 1941 to 10-12-43, Subject File, PSF, FDRL.

  191 from annihilation: Sedgewick report Part XXXVI, Sept. 10, 1943, Fr: 643
–45, R: 109, John C. Wiley memos to WJD, Aug. 20 and 23, 1943, Fr: 1305–7, R: 104, M1642, RG226, NA; Mueller, p. 220; Count von Moltke profile, Nov. 2, 1943, B: 18, E: 99, RG226, NA; Letter on meeting with Count von Moltke, Dec. 29, 1943, Fr: 314–95, R: 52, M1642, RG226, NA.

  192 the deal: Letter on meeting with Count von Moltke, Dec. 29, 1943, A. Kirk letter to Richard Tindall, Jan. 10, 1944, Fr: 314–95, R: 52, M1642, RG226, NA; Memorandum re: German Plan, Jan. 12, 1944, German Plan: Exposé on the Readiness of a Powerful German Group to Prepare and Assist Allied Military Operations Against Nazi Germany, Fr: 314–95, R: 52, M1642, RG226, NA; Mueller, pp. 234–35.

  192–193 Donovan was to Macfarland’s chain: Theodore A. Morde Special Report, Subject: Theodore A. Morde, Fr: 1015–19, R: 125, M1642, RG226, NA; Meeting No. 1—Oct. 5, 1943, Place: German Embassy, Turkey, OSS, Rpt. Donovan, William, 10-19 to 12-17-43, Subject File, FDRL; ES memo to Grace Tully, Nov. 10, 1943, FDR memo to ES, Nov. 8, 1943, WJD memo to FDR, Oct. 29, 1943, OSS, Rpt. Donovan, William, 10-19 to 12-17-43, Subject File, PSF, FDRL; Lanning Macfarland letter to WJD, Feb. 5, 1944, Karl Brandt memo to WJD, Feb. 28, 1944, WS memo to WJD, March 2, 1944, Bern Cable to OSS headquarters, March 5, 1944, Irving Sherman memo to WJD, March 9, 1944, WL memo to WJD, March 15, 1944, F.E.O. memo to WJD, March 19, 1944, WJD memo to JCS on the Hermann Plan, April 2, 1944, WJD letter to Shepard Morgan, April 2, 1944, Acting Chairman, SS Planning Group memo to WJD, April 3, 1944, Fr: 314–95, R: 52, M1642, RG226, NA.

  193–199 Donovan received to war in Asia: Arthur Goldberg memo to WJD with enclosure, Fr: 817, R: 83, Fr: 450–51, R: 56, Fr: 759, R: 18, M1642, RG226, NA; Watts Hill memo to DB, Dec. 18, 1942, B: 27, E: 92A, RG226, NA; Joint Report on Field Conditions by Florimund Duke, Alfred Suarez, and Guy Nunn, July 11, 1945, B: 27, E: 92A, RG226, NA; Weinberg, pp. 519–20; OSS HQ cable to Bern, Nov. 20, 1943, B: 165, E: 134, RG226, NA; The Istanbul Mission—Certain C-E Aspects, B: 35, E: 211, RG226, NA; Forest Royal memo to WJD, Dec. 5, 1943, WJD memo to JCS, Nov. 20, 1943, B: 181, E: 210, RG226, NA; Peterson, pp. 190–91; WJD cable to Macfarland, Jan. 9, 1944, B: 344, E: 210, RG226, NA; Lanning Macfarland letter to WJD, Jan. 12, 1944, Fr: 245–46, R: 83, M1642, RG226, NA; Hoettl, pp. 195–97; Source: Cereus (59), Sub-Source: Dogwood Oct. 8, 1943, Dogwood Report No. 450, April 4, 1944, B: 447, E: 210, RG226, NA; Dogwood report to Knickerbocker, Memo No. 97, May 30, 1944, B: 447, E: 210, RG226, NA.

  CHAPTER 21: ASIA

  201 every month: Kingsley, Jan. 7, 2008; Dunlop, pp. 392, 469–70; MacDonald, pp. 23–24; Hughes, OHP, p. 13; EP memo to WJD, March 28, 1944, Fr: 850–52, R: 19, Weston Howland memo to WJD, Oct. 24, 1942, Fr: 1116–19, R: 100, M1642, RG226, NA.

  201–203 When Donovan to for the moment: Liaison Between OSS London and Washington, SOE War Diary 56, OSS/SOE October 1942–June 1943, HS 7-283, NAUK; WL memo to WJD, Aug. 9, 1943, Fr: 1055–56, R: 102, EH memo to WJD, Aug. 26, 1943, Fr: 77, R: 1057–64, G. Platt memo to OCD, Aug. 23, 1934, Fr: 1053–64, R: 77, M1642, RG226, NA; WJD note to EB, Sept. 5, 1943, Fr: 1075–78, R: 77, Memo to Acting Director, Oct. 1, 1943, JM memo to Acting Director, Oct. 2, 1943, WJD memo to JM, Nov. 8, 1943, Fr: 1119–45, R: 77, M1642, RG226, NA.

  204 to Sextant: Arthur Robinson memo to WL, Jan. 3, 1944, Fr: 439–47, R: 72, M1642, RG226, NA; Sterling Hayden personnel record, B: 320, E: 224, RG226, NA.

  204–205 When Roosevelt to “economic development”: WJD cable to EB and Mrs. Griggs, Dec. 15, 1943, B: 219, E: 134, RG226, NA; R. Davis Halliwell memo to WJD, Jan. 18, 1944, Fr: 248–381, R: 55, R. Davis Halliwell memo to Hugh Wilson, Jan. 13, 1944, Fr: 1262–67, R: 56, M1642, RG226, NA; Taylor, pp. 272–73.

  206 do for him: Moon, This Grim and Savage Game, pp. 147–48, 186, 214–15; Richard Harris Smith, pp. 225–28; The Overseas Targets, p. 416; WJD memo to FDR, Jan. 3, 1942, OSS, Reports 1-1 to 15-42, Subject File, PSF, FDRL; WVHD, p. 4, WJDP, MHI.

  206 Mary Miles: The Overseas Targets, pp. 415–16; Caldwell, p. 56.

  207 fire Mary Miles: Milton Miles letter to Chiang Kai-shek, March 20, 1946, B: 1, Miles memo to Nimitz, March 1, 1946, B: 9, MMP, HIA; Miles, pp. 921–31; Confidential letter to WJD, Dec. 6, 1942, Fr: 568–639, R: 55, Milton Miles letter to WJD, Fr: 606–6, R: 79, M1642, RG226, NA.

  208 sidekick, Mary Miles: John Davies letter to WJD, Oct. 6, 1943, Fr: 81–91, R: 91, Carl O. Hoffmann memo to WJD, Sept. 3, 1943, Fr: 317–21, R: 71, Milton Miles letter to Jeff, Aug. 1, 1943, Fr: 82–84, R: 79, WJD memo to Capt. Hoffman, Aug. 30, 1943, Fr: 317–21, R: 71, M1642, RG226, NA; Richard Harris Smith, p. 229.

  208–210 Donovan, in fact to military secrets: McIntosh, OHP, p. 39; Interview with OCD, pp. 484–85, B: “Oral History Interviews—OCD, Activities in Europe 1941–89,” WJDP, MHI; Enclosure “B”: Who is C. V. Starr?, J. M. McHugh memo to Chief, SI, July 1, 1944, Charles Fahs memo to WL, July 3, 1944, B: 355, E: 210, RG226, NA; James Arthur Duff profile, James Arthur Duff account, Aug. 8 and 17, 1983, OSS JAD 1942–1943 File, Unprocessed collection for J. Arthur Duff, ADP, HIA.

  210–214 Shortly before to Eifler home: Caldwell, pp. 56–57; White, pp. 95–103; Major Lee memo to WJD, Feb. 17, 1944, Fr: 841–43, R: 41, R. Davis Halliwell memo to WJD, Jan. 18, 1944, Letter to Admiral Purnell, Dec. 14, 1943, Fr: 248–381, R: 55, M1642, RG226, NA; Milton Miles memo to Chief of Information Branch Central Planning Staff, May 17, 1946, B: 3, MMP, HIA; Memorandum of Conversation, Dec. 5, 1943, B: 327, E: 210, RG226, NA; Bos. Memo, April 6, 1950, 100-24628-606, FBI; Richard Heppner letter to WJD, April 21, 1944, Fr: 306–7, R: 91, M1642, RG226, NA.

  214–215 After the to and beheaded: Carl Eifler interview, Nov. 20 and 21, 1944, B: unnumbered third and fourth boxes from the end of the collection, WJDP, MHI; Moon, This Grim and Savage Game, pp. 1–29, 68–163; Richard Harris Smith, p. 229; MacDonald, pp. 15–16.

  215–219 By the end to of bravado: R. Davis Halliwell memo to Jan. 18, 1941, with enclosure, Jan. 18, 1941, Fr: 248–381, R: 55, WJD letter to Major Hoffman, December 1943, Fr: 93–104, R: 91, M1642, RG226, NA; Moon, This Grim and Savage Game, pp. 133–204; Report to WJD, Dec. 14, 1943, B: 3, Disposition Board Proceedings for Officers, Carl F. Eifler, Jan. 18, 1947, Box 3, Medical Abstract for Carl F. Eifler, B: 4, Dr. Archie Chun-Ming memo on Carl Eifler, May 4, 1943, B: 7, CEP, HIA; Moon, This Grim and Savage Game, pp. 105–6, 174–75; Moon and Eifler, The Deadliest Colonel, pp. 168–73; Colonel Coughlin interview, Nov. 30, 1944, B: unnumbered third and fourth boxes from the end of the collection, WJDP, MHI.

  219 “colossal cheek”: Taylor, pp. 274–77.

  CHAPTER 22: THE RUSSIANS

  221 to Tehran: Deane, pp. 46, 50–51; William Kimbel memos to WJD, Jan. 23 and Sept. 15, 1943, Fr: 1042–53, R: 104, JSC directive on Disclosure of Technical Information to the USSR, Dec. 12, 1943, Fr: 119–22, R: 5, M1642, RG226, NA; Frederic Dolbeare memo to Calvin Hoover, Oct. 20, 1942, B: 511, E: 210, RG226, NA.

  222 oil refineries: WJD memo to FDR, Nov. 5, 1943, OSS, 1942–1945, OF 4485, FDRL; Report on the Political Impact of the Formation of the “Committee for Free Germany” in Moscow, and its Appeal to the German People, Aug. 11, 1943, Fr: 260–75, R: 53, JEH memo to WJD, Fr: 162–67, R: 93, Emmy Rado memo to WJD, May 4, 1943, Fr: 1223, R: 104, Col. O’Connor memo to WJD, Sept. 4, 1943, Fr: 1342, R: 104, M1642, RG226, NA.

  222–224 Christmas Day to as well: Memorandums of Conversation at the Commissariat for Internal Affairs, Dec. 25 and 27, 1943, Fr: 224–69, M1642, RG226, NA; Deane, pp. 51–53; Harriman, p. 292–94; Weinstein and Vassilev, pp. 241–43; Deane, pp. 53–55; Joint Staff Planners meeting minutes, Feb. 17, 1944, Fr: 384–438, R: 79, M1642, RG226, NA.

  224–226 Not J. Edgar Hoover to told Roosevelt: Whitehead, pp. 228–29; Memo No. 44, Jan. 13, 1944, B: 26, E: 12, GP, RG263, NA; WJD memo to William Leahy, March 7, 1944, William Leahy memo to GCM et al., March 15, 1944, Fr: 384–438, R: 79, Aubrey Harwood memo to Frederick Chaffee, April 17, 1944, Fr: 461–656, 408–14, R: 105, WJD memo to FDR with enclosure, March 9, 1944, Fr: 759–61, R: 23, M1642, RG226, NA; Nichols memo to Tolson, March 15, 1952, 100-364413-56, “The Strange Alliance,” by
John R. Deane, B: 121B, WJDP, MHI.

  227 state of mind: Kingsley, Jan. 7, 2008; Atkinson, The Day of Battle, p. 372; EH memo to WJD, Dec. 25, 1943, Fr: 553–68, R: 53, M1642, RG226, N; Dunlop, pp. 416–17; Crockett, OHP, pp. 1–2, 52.

  227–229 Donovan soon to his mission: Tompkins, pp. 17–20; Peter Tompkins interview, Sept. 29, 1944, B: unnumbered third and fourth boxes from the end of the collection, WJDP, MHI.

  229 proved bloody: Tompkins, p. 17; Drew Pearson news item, Washington Post, July 7, 1944; Kingsley, Jan. 7, 2008; War Log, Jan. 24, 1944, Fr: 1046–47, R: 56, M1642, RG226, NA.

  229 toward Anzio: General Narrative of the Action for Operation “Shingle”—Period Jan. 21–Feb. 1, 1944, B: 4, RDP, MHI; Remembering 109 by Al Materazzi, OSS Society Newsletter, Winter 2004–05, p. 7.

  230 up others: The OSS Detachment at the Anzio Beachhead, B: 39, E: 99, RG226, NA; Peter Tompkins Report on Missions to Rome, March 1 and June 15, 1945, B: 39 and 48, E: 99, RG226, NA.

  230–231 When Donovan to hopeless mission: Putzell, OHP, p. 1; WJD letter to JM, April 3, 1944, B: 80A, WJDP, MHI; Putzell, OHP, pp. 14–17, 83–85; Remembering 109, by Edwin J. Putzell, Jr., OSS Society Newsletter, Summer 2001, p. 5.

  232 from the OSS: Carleton Coon memo to Conyers Read, Feb. 8, 1945, B: 126A, WJDP, MHI; Downes, pp. 82–83; C. W. Nimitz letter to WJD, July 2, 1944, Fr: 68, R: 89, M1642, RG226, NA.

  232 on the islands: Putzell, OHP, p. 17; WVHD, pp. 29, 62, WJDP, MHI; Singlaub, p. 144; Dunlop, pp. 402–13; Weinberg, pp. xx, 341–47, 553–54, 725, 849–79, 919; Willoughby and Chamberlain, pp. 144–70; Lewin, pp. 140–81.

  232–234 Donovan had to from the OSS: WL interview, Feb. 5, 1969, B: 136B, WJDP, MHI; J. R. Hayden memo to WJD, April 15, 1943, Fr: 601–31, R: 55, M1642, RG226, NA; WJD memo to Douglas MacArthur, Fr: 854–61, R: 19, Fr: 1312–15, R: 89, C. A. Willoughby memo to the Chief of Staff, April 18, 1944, Fr: 1312–15, R: 89, M1642, RG226, NA; Putzell, OHP, p. 18; WJD cable to EB, May 28, 1944, B: 219, E: 134, RG226, NA; Perret, pp. 379–93; Manchester, pp. 344–48.