53. F. Pajares, “Current Directions in Self-Efficacy Research,” in Advances in Motivation and Achievement, ed. M. Maehr and P. R. Pintrich (Greenwich, CT: JAI, 1997), 10:1‒49.
54. A. Bandura, Social Foundations of Thought and Action: A Social Cognitive Theory (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1986).
Chapter 3
1. N. Tesla, My Inventions: The Autobiography of Nikola Tesla (1919; repr., London: SoHo, 2014), 9.
2. Ibid., 7.
3. Ibid., 283.
4. Ibid., 8.
5. Tesla, My Inventions.
6. Ibid., 17.
7. Ibid., 9.
8. M. J. Seifer, Wizard: The Life and Times of Nikola Tesla (New York: Citadel, 1998).
9. Tesla, My Inventions, 13.
10. Seifer, Wizard.
11. “Nikola Tesla and His Wonderful Discoveries,” Scientific American, May 20, 1893.
12. Tesla, My Inventions, 39.
13. Ibid., 13.
14. Seifer, Wizard.
15. Tesla, My Inventions, 40.
16. Seifer, Wizard.
17. Tesla, My Inventions, 41.
18. J. J. O’Neill, Prodigal Genius: The Life of Nikola Tesla (1944; repr., New York: Cosimo Classics, 2006).
19. Seifer, Wizard.
20. Tesla, My Inventions, 45.
21. Ibid., 49.
22. O’Neill, Prodigal Genius, 56.
23. Seifer, Wizard, 26.
24. O’Neill, Prodigal Genius, 60.
25. Tesla, My Inventions, 54.
26. Tesla, My Inventions.
27. Ibid., 7.
28. N. Tesla, “On Electricity,” address on the occasion of the commemoration of Niagara Falls Power of Buffalo, January 12, 1897.
29. “Electricity on Animals,” New York Times, December 13, 1888, 2.
30. O’Neill, Prodigal Genius, 83.
31. J. Wetzler, “Electric Lamps Fed from Space,” Harper’s, July 11, 1891, 524.
32. Public Broadcasting System, Tesla: Life and Legacy, www.pbs.org, retrieved May 1, 2017.
33. Seifer, Wizard; T. C. Martin, “Electrical World Portraits—XII: Nikola Tesla,” Electrical World 15, no. 7 (1890): 106.
34. F. J. Patten, “Nikola Tesla and His Works,” New Science Review 1 (1895): 81–87.
35. G. H. Guy, “Tesla, Man and Inventor,” New York Times, March 31, 1895.
36. W. J. Broad, “Tesla, a Bizarre Genius, Regains Aura of Greatness,” New York Times, August 28, 1984.
37. USPTO patents 645,576 and 649,621.
38. Public Broadcasting System, Tesla.
39. Seifer, Wizard, 79.
40. Ibid., 73.
41. Seifer, Wizard.
42. “Tesla Opposed to Marriage,” Electrical Journal 2, no. 3 (1896): 546.
43. E. Jones, The Life and Work of Sigmund Freud (New York: Basic Books, 1953).
44. Tesla, My Inventions.
45. Ibid.
46. A. Vance, Elon Musk: Tesla, SpaceX, and the Quest for a Fantastic Future (New York: Harper Collins, 2015), 237.
47. S. Freud, “The Unconscious,” The Collected Papers of Sigmund Freud (Oxford, UK: Basic Books, 1959); S. A. Mednick, “The Associative Basis of the Creative Process,” Psychological Review 69 (1962): 220–232; J. Suler, “Primary Process Thinking and Creativity,” Psychological Bulletin 80 (1980): 155–165; D. K. Simonton, Origins of Genius (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999).
48. A. van Diggelen, “Elon Musk: On Critics, Steve Jobs, and Innovation,” Fresh Dialogs, February 25, 2013.
49. W. Isaacson, Einstein (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2007), 14.
50. G. Whitrow, Einstein: The Man and His Achievement (London: Dover, 1967), 21.
51. P. Bucky, The Private Albert Einstein (Kansas City, MO: Andrews and McMeel, 1992), 148.
52. See, for example, C. Martindale and A. Dailey, “Creativity, Primary Process Cognition, and Personality,” Personality and Individual Differences 20 (1996): 409–414; Suler, “Primary Process Thinking and Creativity”; C. Wild, “Creativity and Adaptive Regression,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2, no. 2 (1965): 161–169.
53. C. Martindale, “Biological Bases of Creativity,” in Handbook of Creativity, ed. R. J. Sternberg (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1999), 137‒152; S. J. Lynn and J. W. Rhue, “The Fantasy-Prone Person: Hypnosis, Imagination, and Creativity,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 51, no. 2 (1986): 404–408; L. Hudson, Human Beings: The Psychology of Human Experience (New York: Anchor, 1975).
54. M. A. Schilling, “A Small-World Network Model of Cognitive Insight,” Creativity Research Journal 17, nos. 2‒3 (2005): 131–154.
55. M. Benedek and A. C. Neubauer, “Revisiting Mednick’s Model on Creativity-Related Differences in Associative Hierarchies. Evidence for a Common Path to Uncommon Thought,” Journal of Creative Behavior 47 (2013): 273–289.
56. This argument is also invoked in a line of work on “defocused attention.” See Martindale, “Biological Bases.”
57. N. Cowan, “What Are the Differences Between Long-Term, Short-Term, and Working Memory?” Progress in Brain Research 169 (2008): 323–338; R. Engle and M. Kane, “Executive Attention, Working Memory Capacity, and a Two-Factor Theory of Cognitive Control,” in The Psychology of Learning and Motivation, ed. B. Ross (New York: Elsevier, 2004), 44:145‒199.
58. Vance, Elon Musk, 32–33.
59. Ibid., 230.
60. A. R. Conway, M. J. Kane, and R. W. Engle, “Working Memory Capacity and Its Relation to General Intelligence,” Trends in Cognitive Sciences 7, no. 12 (2003): 547–552.
61. E. Jauk et al., “The Relationship Between Intelligence and Creativity: New Support for the Threshold Hypothesis by Means of Empirical Breakpoint Detection,” Intelligence 41, no. 4 (2013): 212–221; G. Park, D. Lubinski, and C. P. Benbow, “Contrasting Intellectual Patterns Predict Creativity in the Arts and Sciences. Tracking Intellectually Precocious Youth over 25 Years,” Psychological Science 18 (2007): 948–952; J. Wai, D. Lubinski, and C. P. Benbow, “Creativity and Occupational Accomplishments Among Intellectually Precocious Youth: An Age 13 to Age 33 Longitudinal Study,” Journal of Educational Psychology 97 (2007): 484–492.
62. Albert Einstein, quoted by A. Moszkowski, Conversations with Einstein (1920; repr., New York: Horizon, 1973).
63. P. A. Schilpp, Albert Einstein: Philosopher-Scientist (Peru, IL: Open Court, 1949).
64. V. Kumari et al., “Effects of D-amphetamine and Haloperidol on Latent Inhibition in Healthy Male Volunteers,” Journal of Psychopharmacology 13 (1999): 398–405.
65. University of Toronto, “Biological Basis for Creativity Linked to Mental Illness,” ScienceDaily, October 1, 2003.
66. Martindale, “Biological Bases.”
67. Tesla, My Inventions, 43–44.
68. E. Lhommee et al., “Dopamine and the Biology of Creativity: Lessons from Parkinson’s Disease,” Frontiers in Neurology 5 (2014): 55.
69. E. Strickland, “The Most Dangerous Muse: Parkinson’s Disease Gave Her the Gift of Creativity,” Nautilus, January 15, 2015.
70. Martindale, “Biological Bases”; J. L. Karlsson, “Genetic Association of Giftedness and Creativity with Schizophrenia,” Hereditas 66, no. 2 (1970): 177–181; I. F. Jarvik and S. B. Chadwick, “Schizophrenia and Survival,” in Psychopathology: Contributions from the Biological, Behavioral, and Social Sciences, ed. M. Hammer, K. Salzinger, S. Sutton, and J. Zubin (New York: Wiley Interscience, 1973), 57‒73; Simonton, Origins of Genius.
71. M. Dykes and A. McGhie, “A Comparative Study of Attentional Strategies in Schizophrenics and Highly Creative Normal Subjects,” British Journal of Psychiatry 128 (1976): 50–56; H. Eysenck, Genius: The Natural History of Creativity (Cambridge University Press, 1995).
72. Eysenck, Genius.
73. O. Manzano et al., “Thinking Outside a Less Intact Box: Thalamic Dopamine Receptor Densities Are Negatively Related to Psychometric Creativity in Healthy Individuals,” PLoS One 5, no. 5 (2010): 1
0670; M. Reuter et al., “Identification of First Candidate Genes for Creativity: A Pilot Study,” Brain Research, January 2006: 1069; S. A. Chermahini and B. Hommel, “The (B)link Between Creativity and Dopamine: Spontaneous Eye Blink Rates Predict and Dissociate Divergent and Creative Thinking,” Cognition 115 (2010): 458–465.
74. O. Arias-Carrion et al., “Dopaminergic Reward System: A Short Integrative Review,” International Archives of Medicine 3 (2010): 24–30.
75. D. Runes, The Diary and Sundry Observations of Thomas A. Edison (New York: Philosophical Library, 2007).
76. R. Mehling, Hallucinogens (New York: Infobase, 2003).
77. C. G. DeYoung et al., “Sources of Cognitive Exploration: Genetic Variation in the Prefrontal Dopamine System Predicts Openness/ Intellect,” Journal of Research in Personality 45, no. 4 (2011): 364–371; A. Strobel et al., “Further Evidence for a Modulation of Novelty Seeking by DRD4 Exon III, 5-HTTLPR, and COMT Val/Met Variants,” Molecular Psychiatry 8 (2003): 371–372.
Chapter 4
1. We are referring here to the common use of the word idealism, not the philosophical movement.
2. W. Isaacson, Benjamin Franklin: An American Life (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2003).
3. Ibid.
4. B. Franklin, The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin, ed. Charles W. Eliot (1791; repr., New York: Tribeca, 2013).
5. Isaacson, Benjamin Franklin, 30.
6. Ibid., 54.
7. Franklin, Autobiography.
8. Ibid.
9. Ibid.
10. Ibid.
11. Ibid., 80.
12. Ibid., 101.
13. Isaacson, Benjamin Franklin.
14. J. A. L. Lemay, The Life of Benjamin Franklin, vol. 3, Soldier, Scientist and Politician (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2008).
15. Isaacson, Benjamin Franklin.
16. Ibid., 348.
17. Ibid., 265.
18. A. Druckenbrod, “Scholars Revive a Debate on Whether Ben Franklin Composed a Tongue-in-Cheek String Quartet,” Pittsburgh-Post Gazette, July 30, 2006.
19. C. Letocha, “The Invention and Early Manufacture of Bifocals,” Survey of Ophthalmology 35, no. 3 (1990): 226–235.
20. J. Fea, “Religion and Early Politics: Benjamin Franklin and His Religious Beliefs,” Pennsylvania Heritage Magazine 37, no. 4 (2011).
21. B. Franklin, letter to Thomas Paine, 1785, https://wallbuilders.com/benjamin-franklins-letter-thomas-paine.
22. B. Franklin, letter to Ezra Stiles, March 9, 1790.
23. S. Reiss, “Multifaceted Nature of Intrinsic Motivation: The Theory of 16 Basic Desires,” Review of General Psychology 8, no. 3 (2004): 179–193.
24. Dean Kamen, quoted in “Dean Kamen: Part Man, Part Machine,” Telegraph, October 27, 2008.
25. Elon Musk, quoted in M. Chafkin, “Entrepreneur of the Year, 2007: Elon Musk,” Inc., December 1, 2007.
26. Elon Musk, quoted in A. Vance, Elon Musk: Tesla, SpaceX, and the Quest for a Fantastic Future (New York: Harper Collins, 2015), 260.
27. L. Riddell, “What It Takes to Be the Mother of Tesla’s ‘Genius Boy,’” San Francisco Business Times, July 22, 2011.
28. Elon Musk, quoted in C. Hoffman, “Elon Musk, the Rocket Man with a Sweet Ride,” Smithsonian, December 2012.
29. A. Smith, “Who Is Elon Musk? Tech Billionaire, SpaceX Cowboy, Tesla Pioneer, and Real Life Iron Man,” Telegraph, January 4, 2014.
30. NBC News, 2000.
31. “Dean Kamen: Part Man, Part Machine,” Telegraph, October 27, 2008.
32. Dean Kamen, quoted in “Dean Kamen: Part Man, Part Machine.”
33. R. Stross, The Wizard of Menlo Park: How Thomas Alva Edison Invented the Modern World (New York: Three Rivers, 2007).
34. “Mr. Tesla at Wardenclyffe, L.I.,” Electrical World and Engineer, September 28, 1901.
35. “When the Man Who Talked to Mars Came to Shoreham,” Port Jefferson Record, March 25, 1971, 3.
36. M. Seifer, Wizard: The Life and Times of Nikola Tesla (New York: Citadel, 1998), 269.
37. E. Curie, Madame Curie: A Biography (New York: Doubleday, Doran, 1937), 204.
38. A. Robinson, Sudden Genius: The Gradual Path to Creative Breakthroughs (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010), 160–161.
39. M. Curie, Pierre Curie (New York: Macmillan, 1923).
40. A. Einstein, The World as I See It (1949; repr., New York: Kensington, 2006), 4.
41. Steve Jobs, quoted in The Lost Interview, Magnolia Pictures, 1990.
42. Steve Jobs, quoted in G. Beahm, I Steve—Steve Jobs in His Own Words (Melbourne: Hardie Grant, 2011), 92.
43. Steve Jobs, quoted in B. Burlingham, “The Entrepreneur of the Decade: An Interview with Steve Jobs, Inc.’s Entrepreneur of the Decade,” Inc., April 1989.
44. D. Sheff, “Interview: Steve Jobs,” Playboy, February 1985.
45. Steve Jobs, quoted in David Morrow, “Oral History Interview with Steve Jobs,” Smithsonian Institution, April 20, 1995.
46. W. Isaacson, Steve Jobs (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2011), 76–77.
47. Quoted in S. Quinn, Marie Curie: A Life (New York: De Capo, 1995), 64.
48. Marie Curie, quoted in B. Goldsmith, Obsessive Genius: The Inner World of Marie Curie (New York: Atlas Books, 2005), 35.
49. A. Einstein, address given at the Curie memorial celebration, Roerich Museum, New York, November 23, 1934.
50. E. Curie, Madame Curie, 266.
51. Ibid., 272.
52. Letter to Hermann Huth, December 27, 1930, 46-756. Einstein Archives, Berlin, Germany, http://alberteinstein.info.
53. R. F. Baumeister, Evil: Inside Human Violence and Cruelty (New York: Holt, 1999).
54. See W. Shawcross, The Quality of Mercy: Cambodia, Holocaust, and Modern Conscience (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1985), and data provided by Yale University’s Cambodian Genocide Program, http://gsp.yale.edu/case-studies/cambodian-genocide-program.
Chapter 5
1. “What Is Life?” Evening Bee, November 28, 1891, 7.
2. R. Stross, The Wizard of Menlo Park (New York: Three Rivers, 2007), 60.
3. F. L. Dyer and T. C. Martin, Edison: His Life and Inventions (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1910), 126.
4. Stross, Wizard.
5. “Edison,” Americana, ed. by F. C. Beach and G. E. Rines (New York: Americana, 1911), 108.
6. T. A. Edison, “Edison and His Mother,” Now: The World’s New Thought Journal 8, no. 2 (1911): 17.
7. Dyer and Martin, Edison.
8. Ibid.
9. Edison, “Edison and His Mother,” 17.
10. Dyer and Martin, Edison.
11. USPTO, patent US90646A.
12. J. E. Relch, “Thomas Edison’s First Patent Invention Was an Electronic Voting Machine,” Tech Times, February 11, 2016.
13. Stross, Wizard, 14.
14. Ibid., 16.
15. J. Bofetti, “Heartbreak at Menlo Park: Thomas Edison and Mary Stilwell Edison,” National Endowment for the Humanities, Division of Research Programs, https://www.neh.gov/divisions/research/featured-project/heartbreak-menlo-park, March 4, 2014.
16. Stross, Wizard, 18.
17. USPTO, patent US174,465.
18. Stross, Wizard, 2007.
19. “Prof. Edison’s New Telephone,” New York Times, July 17, 1877.
20. From notes taken by Charles Batchelor at the Menlo Park Laboratory, July 18, 1877.
21. Thomas Edison, quoted in Dyer and Martin, Edison, 93.
22. “The Talking Phonograph,” Scientific American, December 22, 1877, 673–674.
23. Stross, Wizard, 45.
24. Ibid., 9.
25. Ibid., 57.
26. Ibid., 66.
27. Dyer and Martin, Edison, 125.
28. Ibid., 126.
29. Dyer and Martin, Edison, 115.
30. www.uspto.gov.
31. Dyer and Martin, Edison.
32. “Mr. Edison’s Use of Electricity,” New York Tribune, September 28, 1
878, 4.
33. N. Baldwin, Edison: Inventing the Century (New York: Hyperion, 1995).
34. Dyer and Martin, Edison.
35. Stross, Wizard, 187.
36. Ibid., 191.
37. Dyer and Martin, Edison, 504–505.
38. Ibid., 245.
39. Ibid., 273.
40. H. Ford and S. Crowther, My Life and Work (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1922).
41. “Edison Sails for Europe on First Trip in 22 Years, to Catch Up with Worries,” Evening World, August 2, 1911.
42. R. Crawford, “Did Thomas Edison Die a Poor Man?” Modern Mechanix, January 1932.
43. Dyer and Martin, Edison, 345.
44. B. C. Forbes, “Why Do So Many Men Never Amount to Anything?” American Magazine 91 (January 1921): 89.
45. Dyer and Martin, Edison, 347.
46. N. Tesla, My Inventions: The Autobiography of Nikola Tesla (1919; repr., London: SoHo, 2014), 11.
47. M. Seifer, Wizard: The Life and Times of Nikola Tesla (New York: Citadel, 1998), 43.
48. Ibid., 67.
49. H. A. Murray, Explorations in Personality (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1938).
50. D. C. McClelland, “Methods of Measuring Human Motivation,” in Motives in Fantasy, Action and Society, ed. John W. Atkinson (Princeton, NJ: D. Van Nostrand, 1958).
51. O. C. Schultheiss, U. S. Wiemers, and O. T. Wolf, “Implicit Need for Achievement Predicts Attenuated Cortisol Responses to Difficult Tasks,” Journal of Research in Personality 48 (February 2014): 84–92; O. C. Schultheiss and J. C. Brunstein, “An Implicit Motive Perspective on Competence,” in Handbook of Competence and Motivation, ed. A. J. Elliott and C. Dweck (New York: Guilford, 2005), 31‒51.
52. S. Jex, Organizational Psychology: A Scientist-Practitioner Approach (New York: Wiley, 2002).
53. Stross, Wizard, 192.
54. D. C. McClelland et al., The Achievement Motive (Oxford: Irvington, 1976); J. W. Atkinson, ed., Motives in Fantasy, Action, and Society: A Method of Assessment and Study (Oxford: Van Nostrand, 1958).
55. D. C. McClelland, The Achieving Society (Princeton, NJ: Van Nostrand, 1961).
56. J. Rubin, “Review: The Achieving Society,” Journal of Economic History 23 (1963): 118–121.
57. Schultheiss and Brunstein, “An Implicit Motive Perspective.”
58. M. Csikszentmihalyi, Flow (New York: HarperCollins, 1990), 4.
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