59. D. Sobel, “Interview: Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi,” Omni, January 1995, 73–90.
60. Dyer and Martin, Edison.
61. A. Vance, “Elon Musk, the 21st Century Industrialist,” Bloomberg Business Week, September 13, 2012.
62. T. Garland et al., “The Biological Control of Voluntary Exercise, Spontaneous Physical Activity, and Daily Energy Expenditure in Relation to Obesity: Human and Rodent Perspective,” Journal of Experimental Biology 214 (2011): 206–229; M. Zuckerman, Behavioral Expressions and Biosocial Bases of Sensation Seeking (Cambridge, UK: University of Cambridge Publishing, 1994).
63. W. A. Friedman, T. Garland, and M. R. Dohm, “Individual Variation in Locomotor Behavior and Maximal Oxygen Consumption in Mice,” Physiology & Behavior 52 (1992): 97–104.
64. V. Careau and T. Garland, “Performance, Personality, and Energetics: Correlation, Causation and Mechanism,” Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 85, no. 6 (2012): 543–571.
Chapter 6
1. S. Quinn, Marie Curie: A Life (New York: De Capo, 1995).
2. Ibid.
3. E. Curie, Marie Curie: A Biography (New York: Doubleday, Doran, 1937).
4. R. A. Koestler-Grack, Marie Curie: A Scientist (New York: Chelsea, 2009).
5. Quinn, Marie Curie.
6. Ibid., 41.
7. E. Curie, Marie Curie, 49.
8. Marie Curie, quoted in E. Curie, Marie Curie, 53.
9. E. Curie, Marie Curie, 86.
10. B. Goldsmith, Obsessive Genius: The Inner World of Marie Curie (New York: Atlas Books, 2005), 48.
11. Quinn, Marie Curie, 89.
12. R. W. Nitske, The Life of W. C. Röntgen, Discoverer of the X-Ray (University of Arizona Press, 1971).
13. “Henri Becquerel—Biographical,” Nobelprize.org.
14. Goldsmith, Obsessive Genius.
15. “The Nobel Prize in Physics 1903,” www.nobelprize.org/nobel _prizes/physics/laureates/1903.
16. E. Curie, Madame Curie.
17. Goldsmith, Obsessive Genius.
18. A. Valiunis, “The Marvelous Marie Curie,” New Atlantis, fall 2012.
19. www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1911.
20. A. Davis, “How Marie Curie Helped Save a Million Soldiers During World War I,” The Institute, IEEE, February 1, 2016.
21. E. Curie, Madame Curie, xvi.
22. Letter by Marie Curie, December 10, 1887, quoted in E. Curie, Marie Curie, 77.
23. M. A. Schilling, “Technology Shocks, Technological Collaboration, and Innovation Outcomes,” Organization Science 26 (2015): 668–686.
24. Bono, quoted in W. Isaacson, Steve Jobs (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2011), 58.
25. “Rosie the Riveter,” History.com, 2010.
26. K. W. Beyer, Grace Hopper and the Invention of the Information Age (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2012).
27. Grace Hopper, interview by Angeline Partages for Oral History of Captain Grace Hopper (1980), available at the Computer History Museum.
28. Beyer, Grace Hopper.
29. A. Hind, “Briefcase ‘That Changed the World,’” BBC Radio, February 5, 2007.
30. J. Shurkin, Broken Genius: The Rise and Fall of William Shockley (New York: Macmillan, 2006).
31. R. S. Kirby, Engineering in History (New York: Dover, 1990).
32. A. Atkeson and P. J. Kehoe, “The Transition to a New Economy After the Second Industrial Revolution” (NBER Working Paper 8676, 2001).
Chapter 7
1. C. Brennan, The Bite in the Apple: A Memoir of My Time with Steve Jobs (New York: St. Martin’s, 2013), 15.
2. Ibid., 7.
3. Ibid., 12.
4. W. Isaacson, Steve Jobs (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2016), 16.
5. M. Storper and A. J. Venebles, “Buzz: Face to Face Contact and the Urban Economy,” Journal of Economic Geography 4 (2004): 351–370.
6. A. Marshall, Principles of Economics, 8th ed. (London: McMillan, 1920).
7. Steve Jobs, quoted in The Lost Interview, Magnolia Pictures, 1990.
8. W. Isaacson, Steve Jobs (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2011), 22.
9. Ibid., 25.
10. Steve Jobs, “Stanford University Commencement Address,” 2005.
11. Isaacson, Steve Jobs, 41.
12. M. A. Schilling, Strategic Management of Technological Innovation, 4th ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2013).
13. Isaacson, Steve Jobs, 63.
14. Steve Jobs, quoted in P. Kunkel and R. English, Apple Design: The Work of the Apple Industrial Design Group (New York: Watson-Guptill, 1997), 22.
15. Isaacson, Steve Jobs, 75.
16. N. Sklarewitz, “From the Very Beginning, Apple Was Born to Grow,” Inc., April 1, 1979.
17. R. X. Cringely, Accidental Empires: How the Boys of Silicon Valley Make Their Millions, Battle Foreign Competition, and Still Can’t Get a Date (New York: Harper Collins, 1996); M. A. Schilling, Strategic Management of Technological Innovation, 5th ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2015).
18. www.macmothership.com/timeline.html.
19. J. Reimer, “Total Share: 30 Years of Personal Computer Market Share Figures,” ARS Technica, December 15, 2005.
20. Cringely, Accidental Empires.
21. Schilling, Strategic Management, 5th edition.
22. Larry Tesler, quoted in R. Cringely, Triumph of the Nerds, John Gau Productions, 1996.
23. John Warnock, quoted in Cringely, Triumph of the Nerds.
24. Steve Jobs, quoted in Cringely, Triumph of the Nerds.
25. A. Hertzfeld, “Pirate Flag,” www.folklore.org, August 1983.
26. P. Freiberger and M. Swaine, Fire in the Valley (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2000), 357.
27. Isaacson, Steve Jobs, 123.
28. C. W. L. Hill, “Apple, 1977–2013,” in Strategic Management: An Integrated Approach, 11th ed., ed. C. W. L. Hill, G. Jones, and M. A. Schilling (New York: Cengage, 2013).
29. Andy Hertzfeld, “Reality Distortion Field,” Folklore.org, retrieved January 20, 2017.
30. A. Vance, Elon Musk: Tesla, SpaceX, and the Quest for a Fantastic Future (New York: Harper Collins, 2015).
31. Apple press release, January 24, 1984.
32. “When Steve Met Bill: ‘It Was a Kind of Weird Seduction Visit,’” Fortune, October 24, 2011.
33. A. Hertzfeld, “A Rich Neighbor Named Xerox,” Folklore.org, retrieved January 20, 2017.
34. Steve Jobs, quoted in Time, January 14, 2002.
35. Steve Jobs, “Stanford.”
36. D. B. Yoffie and M. Slind, Apple Computer, 2006 (Boston: HBS).
37. “101 Ways to Save Apple,” Wired, June 1, 1997.
38. “Apple Computer, Inc. Agrees to Acquire NeXT Software Inc,” press release, Apple Computer, December 20, 1996.
39. D. E. Dilger, “Apple’s 15 Years of NeXT,” Appleinsider.com, December 21, 2011.
40. Steve Jobs, speech at the Apple Worldwide Developers Conference, May 13–16, 1997.
41. R. P. Rumelt, Good Strategy, Bad Strategy: The Difference and Why It Matters (New York: Crown, 2011).
42. R. Moisescot, Allaboutstevejobs.com, 2010.
43. Hill, “Apple, 1977–2013.”
44. Schilling, Strategic Management, 5th ed.
45. K. T. Greenfeld, “The Free Juke Box: College Kids Are Using New, Simple Software Like Napster to Help Themselves to Pirated Music,” Time, March 27, 2000, 82.
46. Steve Jobs, comments on iPod release, October 23, 2001.
47. www.macworld.com/article/1163181/consumer-electronics/the-birth-of-the-ipod.html.
48. M. Amicone, “Apple Took a Big Bite Out of the Market,” Billboard, April 17, 2004.
49. Steve Jobs, quoted in L. Kahney, Inside Steve’s Brain (New York: Penguin, 2009), 59.
50. Steve Jobs, quoted in Bloomberg Business Week, February 2, 2004.
51. Schilling, Strategic Management, 5th ed.; “iTunes Music Store Downloads Top 50 Million Songs,” Apple press release, March 14, 2004.
52. R. Rit
chie, “History of the iPhone: Apple Reinvents the Phone,” www.imore.com, January 9, 2017.
53. Ibid.
54. Schilling, Strategic Management, 5th ed.
55. F. Vogelstein, “And Then Steve Said, ‘Let There Be an iPhone,’” New York Times, October 4, 2013.
56. S. G. Wozniak and G. Smith, iWoz: Computer Geek to Cult Icon (New York: Norton, 2006).
57. Goldsmith, Obsessive Genius, 71.
58. B. Franklin, The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin, ed. Charles W. Eliot (1791; repr., New York: Tribeca, 2013).
59. www.libraryhistorybuff.org/benfranklin.htm, retrieved January 26, 2017.
60. “Dean Kamen: Part Man, Part Machine,” Telegraph, October 27, 2008.
61. Wozniak and Smith, iWoz.
62. Steve Jobs, quoted in Isaacson, Steve Jobs, 105.
63. Steve Jobs, quoted in D. Kirkpatrick, “The Second Coming of Apple Through a Magical Fusion of Man—Steve Jobs—and Company, Apple Is Becoming Itself Again: The Little Anticompany That Could,” Fortune, November 9, 1998.
64. Goldsmith, Obsessive Genius.
65. E. Curie, Madame Curie: A Biography (New York: Doubleday, Doran, 1937).
66. S. Kemper, Reinventing the Wheel: A Story of Genius, Innovation, and Grand Ambition (New York: Harper Business, 2005).
Chapter 8
1. H. Rao, R. Sutton, and A. P. Webb, “Innovation Lessons from Pixar: An Interview with Oscar-Winning Director Brad Bird,” McKinsey Quarterly, April 2008.
2. M. A. Schilling, Strategic Management of Technological Innovation, 5th ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2015).
3. E. Catmull, “How Pixar Fosters Collective Creativity,” Harvard Business Review (September 2008): 65–72.
4. C. Fang, J. Lee, and M. A. Schilling, “Balancing Exploration and Exploitation Through Structural Design: Advantage of the Semi-isolated Subgroup Structure in Organizational Learning,” Organization Science 21 (2010): 625–642.
5. www.lockheedmartin.com/us/aeronautics/skunkworks/origin .html, retrieved May 11, 2017.
6. M. Nisen, “17 of the Most Mysterious Corporate Labs,” Business Insider, February 19, 2013.
7. B. Ryder, “Fail Often, Fail Well,” Economist, April 14, 2011.
8. R. McGrath, “Failing by Design,” Harvard Business Review, April 2011.
9. T. Forbath, “The Realm of Intelligent Failure,” Rotman Management, winter 2014.
10. T. Grant, “Failed at Business? Throw a Party,” Global Mail, May 28, 2013.
11. Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, interview in CFA Institute Magazine, September 2016.
12. Ibid.
13. J. Somers, “Torching the Modern-Day Library of Alexandria,” Atlantic, April 20, 2017.
14. T. Wu, “Whatever Happened to Google Books?” New Yorker, September 11, 2015.
15. S. Buranyi, “Is the Staggeringly Profitable Business of Scientific Publishing Bad for Science?” Guardian, June 27, 2017.
16. R. Knox, “Some Online Journals Will Publish Fake Science, for a Fee,” www.npr.org, October 3, 2013.
17. L. Z. Scheifele and T. Burkett, “The First Three Years of a Community Lab: Lessons Learned and Ways Forward,” Journal of Microbiology & Biology Education 17, no. 1 (2016): 81–85.
18. M. Meyer, “Domesticating and Democratizing Science: A Geography of Do-It-Yourself Biology,” Journal of Material Culture 18, no. 2 (2013): 117–134.
Index
Aarau school, Einstein in, 25–26
academics, and information access, 257–259
access to resources. See resources (access to)
accomplishments. See achievement
achievement
in innovators, 16, 179, 180–181
need for, 178–181
Adler, Alfred, 10
age of Earth debate, 198
Alcorn, Al, 59–60, 247
alone. See time alone
Altair computer, 218–219, 239
alternating current (AC) work, 95, 96–97, 98–99, 100–101, 102, 111, 177–178
Amelio, Gil, 150, 229–230
American colonies and unity, 134–137
American Graphophone company, 169
Andreesen, Mark, 68, 83
Android phones, 236–237
animation by computer, 228–229
Apple company
difficult times, 229–230
early days, 220–221
GUI, 224–225
innovation, 7
Macintosh, 224–227, 229
and music, 231–234
resignation/firing of Jobs, 149–150, 227–228
return of Jobs, 150, 230–238
Armat, Thomas, 173
art, innovation in, 11, 12
Asimov, Isaac, 47
association paths, 109–111
Atari, S. Jobs at, 59–60, 218
Atkinson, Bill, 224
audio players, 232–233, 249
autism, 22, 23
automobiles. See cars
Ayrton, Hertha, 58
Bandura, Albert, 78, 85
Bardeen, John, 208
Baron, Frank, 86
Batchelor, Charles, 97–98, 163, 167
Beach, R. H., 173
Beals, Gerald, 49
Becquerel, Antoine Henri, and “Becquerel rays,” 195, 196
Bell, Alexander Graham, 163, 170–171
Bell Telephone Laboratories, radar development, 207–208
Benedek, Mathis, 110
Bharat, Krishna, 252
“Big Five Personality Traits”, 113
BIOS code, 221–222
Bird, Brad, 247–248
birth order in family, 9–10
Blastar video game, 67
Block, Ryan, 236
“blue boxes,” 81–82, 217
Boguski, Józef, 193
Boltwood, Bertram, 57
Bono, 204–205
books
access to, 240–241, 257–259
digitization and copyright, 257
border collies, 184–185
boundary crossing, assumptions in, 5
Bowerman, Bill, 83–84
brain chemistry and creativity, 88, 116–121
brainstorming for ideas, 45–48, 251
Brattain, Walter, 208
breakthrough innovators. See innovators
Brennan, Chrisann, 35–36, 213, 214, 217, 224
Bricklin, Daniel, 221
Brin, Sergey, 39, 41–42
Bristol-Myers Squibb, idealism at, 254–255
brokers, in social networks, 54–55
Brown, John Seely, 75
Brunstein, Joachim, 181
Brush, Charles, 169
Buchheit, Paul, 252
Bucky, Thomas, 32
bulb technology, 49, 78, 167–169
Bushnell, Nolan, 60, 218, 220
Byland, Hans, 26
Canada, and Technocracy movement, 64–65
capital, as resource for innovation, 211–212, 242–243
cars
battery, 173–174
electric cars, 70–73, 74
Catmull, Edmund, 228–229, 248
celibacy, and inventions, 105
cell phones, 234–237
CERN (European Organization for Nuclear Research), work practices, 249–250, 252
challenges, and flow, 182–183
Chen, David, 54, 55
children, time alone, 250–251
Churchill, Winston, 207, 208
citizen science, 260–261
clustering advantage, 215–217, 238–239
Cocconi, Al, 70–71
coinventors, as social networks, 54, 55
Coleman, Debi, 50, 149
Coligan, Ed, 235
collaboration
others’ help for innovators, 44, 45, 259–260
social networks in patents, 54, 55
vs. time alone, 59, 251–253
community laboratories, 260–261
Compaq and early computers, 222
computer anim
ation, 228–229
computers
access to resources, 237, 238–239
industry’s early days, 218–219, 239
influence of 60s counterculture, 204–205
interface/GUI, 222, 223–225, 226
race for early market, 221–227
and shocks in technology or economy, 202–203
situational advantage, 186, 215, 223–224, 237, 238–239, 242
See also Apple company
confidence. See self-efficacy
connections, social, 53–55
consensus vs. creativity, 248–250
convergence of time and place. See situational advantage
counterculture, influence on innovation, 204–205
Cream Soda Computer, 239
creativity
association paths, 109–110
biological processes in, 88, 108–113
and brain chemistry, 88, 116–121
vs. consensus, 248–250
factors and influences, 87–88
in innovators, 17–18, 247–248
and intelligence, 87–88, 106–108
and introversion, 44
and neuroscience, 88–89
nurturing at work, 247–248
and openness to experience, 88, 113–116
primary process thinking, 108–109
research on, 4
separateness and social detachment, 42–45, 47, 59–61, 252–253
and time alone, 59, 251–253
and unconventionality, 61
Cringely, Robert, 186
Csikszentmihalyi, Mihaly, 44, 182–183, 255, 256
Curie, Eve (daughter)
birth, 197
death of mother, 200
education of mother, 191, 193
health of mother, 58
on mother and father, 34–35, 37, 197
perseverance of mother, 77, 153
Curie, Irène (daughter), 153, 194, 197, 199–200
Curie, Marie (born Maria Salomea Skłodowska)
achievements, 32–33
age of Earth debate, 198–199
character and traits, 200
criticism of, 180
death, 200
education at university and life in France, 34, 192–194, 196, 201
education (pre-university), 33, 152, 189–194, 201
family life and childhood with parents, 33, 188–192
family life with husband and daughters, 34–35, 153, 194–195
financial resources, 242–243
health, 58, 190, 191, 197, 200
historical background and Polish positivism, 151–152, 188–190, 201
husband’s death, 56, 197
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