When Everything Changed: The Amazing Journey of American Women from 1960 to the Present

by Gail Collins

  179 Grumbling about lawmakers: Ibid.

  179 Beating on drums: Firestone, “The Jeannette Rankin Brigade.”

  180 It was, Swerdlow thought: Swerdlow, Women Strike for Peace, 139.

  181 “This is not a bedroom”: Carroll, It Seemed Like Nothing Happened, 34.

  183 “By today’s standards”: Jo Freeman, “On the Origins of the Women’s Liberation Movement,” in The Feminist Memoir Project, 179–80.

  183 After that meeting: Brownmiller, In Our Time, 18.

  184 In a famous remark: Evans, Personal Politics, 160.

  184 Seattle women were: Barbara Winslow, “Primary and Secondary Contradictions in Seattle,” in The Feminist Memoir Project, 244.

  184 “What I have seen”: Vivian Estellachild, “Hippie Communes,” in Dear Sisters, 225.

  185 A few reached out: Brownmiller, In Our Time, 18.

  185 At the Washington rally: Echols, Daring to Be Bad, 114–20.

  185 “Was it my brother”: Robin Morgan, “Goodbye to All That,” in Dear Sisters, 53–55.

  187 At least one in: Rosalyn Baxandall, “Catching the Fire,” in The Feminist Memoir Project, 214.

  188 the writer Jane: O’Reilly, The Girl I Left Behind, 23.

  188 Catherine Roraback was 49: Roraback, “Women and the Connecticut Bar.”

  189 “The history we learned”: Morgan, Sisterhood Is Powerful, xv.

  189 “Women are an oppressed”: Baxandall and Gordon, Dear Sisters, 90–91.

  190 “We take the woman’s”: Ibid., 34.

  190 “No one article”: Morgan, Sisterhood Is Powerful, xviii.

  191 In March 1968: Martha Weinman Lear, “The Second Feminist Wave,” New York Times Magazine, March 10, 1968.

  191 Washington Post put its membership: Elizabeth Shelton, “Women’s Group Split Over Meaning of Feminism,” Washington Post, October 24, 1968.

  191 When Solanas was arraigned: Marylin Bender, “Valeria Solanas a Heroine to Feminists,” New York Times, June 14, 1968.

  191 Jacqui Ceballos, another NOW: Jacqui Ceballos, president of the Veteran Feminists of America, e-mail, April 6, 2008.

  192 The whole episode: Paterson, Be Somebody, 183, 190.

  193 “We protest,” read: “No More Miss America,” in Dear Sisters, 184.

  193 Female passersby, Morgan: Morgan, Saturday’s Child, 261.

  193 A few demonstrators: Brownmiller, In Our Time, 40.

  193 However, a sympathetic: Ibid., 37.

  194 Morgan herself called: Morgan, Saturday’s Child, 259.

  194 “Heartfelt and handwritten”: Brownmiller, In Our Time, 137.

  195 Rosalyn Baxandall, looking: Baxandall, “Catching the Fire,” 212.

  195 Barbara Epstein, a graduate: Barbara Epstein, “Ambivalence About Feminism,” in The Feminist Memoir Project, 125.

  195 By the end of 1969: Cohen, The Sisterhood, 168.

  195 “We were considered”: Noun, More Strong-Minded Women, 88.

  195 In a more fanciful: Ibid., 22.

  195 “Any time a group”: Thom, Inside Ms., 4.

  196 its first issue sold: Ibid., 24.

  196 Madeleine Kunin, the would-be: Kunin, Living a Political Life, 92–93.

  197 who demanded to know: Cohen, The Sisterhood, 191.

  197 The protesters unveiled: Brownmiller, In Our Time, 89–91.

  197 Susan Brownmiller reported: Ibid.

  197 the magazine said 34 percent: Rosen, The World Split Open, 301.

  198 When field officers: Heilbrun, The Education of a Woman, 281.

  198 One FBI report: Levine and Lyons, The Decade of Women, 29.

  199 Betty Friedan once claimed: Friedan, Life So Far, 224.

  199 She was quoted: Paul Wilkes, “Mother Superior to Women’s Lib,” New York Times, November 29, 1970.

  200 “New York’s Newest”: Heilbrun, The Education of a Woman, 121.

  200 “The miniskirted pinup girl”: Ibid., 144.

  201 childbearing, which Ti-Grace Atkinson called: Atkinson, Amazon Odyssey, 5.

  201 Steinem would say: Cohen, The Sisterhood, 322.

  201 “I knew that if”: Evans, Personal Politics, 227–28.

  201 She spent an eighth-grade: Steinem, Outrageous Acts and Everyday Rebellions, 149.

  201 “What Gloria needs”: Heilbrun, The Education of a Woman, 193.

  202 In 1927 a Harper’s essay: Dorothy Dunbar Bromley, “Feminist—New Style,” Harper’s, October 1927.

  202 “I did not agree with the message”: Friedan, Life So Far, 190.

  202 She urged her followers: Carroll, It Seemed Like Nothing Happened, 36.

  202 Roxanne Dunbar, a radical: Roxanne Dunbar, “Outlaw Woman,” in The Feminist Memoir Project, 105.

  203 Trapped in an interview: Heilbrun, The Education of a Woman, 213.

  203 “Every so often, someone”: Ephron, Crazy Salad, 45.

  203 Ti-Grace Atkinson’s breakaway: Elizabeth Shelton, “Women’s Group Split Over Meaning of Feminism,” Washington Post, October 24, 1968.

  204 “I’m not hung up on”: Bernice Johnson Reagon, “Women as Culture Carriers in the Civil Rights Movement: Fannie Lou Hamer,” in Women in the Civil Rights Movement, 213.

  204 “Blacks are oppressed”: Giddings, When and Where I Enter, 308.

  204 Essence magazine in 1970: Olson, Freedom’s Daughters, 377.

  205 “As a black person”: Hicks, The Honorable Shirley Chisholm, 84.

  205 Chisholm, who became: Freeman, Women, 352.

  206 On Strike Day itself: Friedan, Life So Far, 238–39.

  206 Later, at the postmarch: Friedan, It Changed My Life, 195.

  206 A West Virginia senator: Douglas, Where the Girls Are, 163.

  207 “It’s the funniest thing”: Paterson, Be Somebody, 198.

  207 “We put sex discrimination”: Evans, Tidal Wave, 67.

  208 Roxanne Conlin, who was assistant: Noun, More Strong-Minded Women, 125–26.

  208 Amelia Fry, a historian: Fry, “Conversations with Alice Paul,” xvi–xvii.

  209 “Keep the law”: Hole and Levine, Rebirth of Feminism, 69.

  209 At the same time: Paterson, Be Somebody, 210.

  9. BACKLASH

  Interviews: Sherri Finkbine Chessen, Jo Freeman, Kathy Hinderhofer, Pat Lorance, Robin Morgan, Gloria Steinem, Janet Tegley, Anne Tolstoi Wallach, Louise Meyer Warpness.

  213 “She’s 92”: Dee Wedemeyer, “A Salute to Originator of ERA in 1923,” New York Times, January 10, 1977.

  213 But when a delegation: Janet Tegley, unpublished data.

  213 In a birthday interview: Wedemeyer, “A Salute to Originator of ERA in 1923.”

  215 Married women with a college: Coontz, Marriage, 253.

  216 “Mothers are the immediate”: Dworkin, Right-Wing Women, 15.

  216 ERA opponents reprinted: Critchlow, Phyllis Schlafly and Grassroots Conservatism, 229.

  216 By 1974 a consumer’s: Carroll, It Seemed Like Nothing Happened, 132.

  217 Anselma Dell’Olio, who spent: Anselma Dell’Olio, “Home Before Sundown,” in The Feminist Memoir Project, 166.

  217 By the end of the decade: “Changes in Men’s and Women’s Labor Force Participation,” Bureau of Labor Statistics, January 10, 2007.

  217 The median income: Coontz, Marriage, 258.

  217 Patricia Lorance worked at a plant: Pat Lorance’s story is based on material in Susan Faludi’s Backlash, 393–99, and an interview with Lorance.

  219 Men told surveyors: Mansbridge, Why We Lost the ERA, 23.

  219 A National Opinion Research Center: Ibid., 21.

  221 A tireless speaker: Critchlow, Phyllis Schlafly and Grassroots Conservatism, 141.

  221 “I’d drive out”: Ginia Bellafante, “At Home with—Phyllis Schlafly; A Feminine Mystique All Her Own,” New York Times, March 30, 2006.

  221 “I think what Phyllis”: Elizabeth Kolbert, “Firebrand,” The New Yorker, November 7, 2005.

  222 Many years later, Schlafly: Bellafante, “At Ho
me with—Phyllis Schlafly.”

  222 “The conservative movement”: Michael Murphy, “Conservative Pioneer Became an Outcast,” Arizona Republic, May 31, 1998.

  223 through the “Christian tradition of chivalry,” Critchlow, Phyllis Schlafly and Grassroots Conservatism, 218.

  224 Dr. Benjamin Spock eliminated: Schlafly, The Power of the Positive Woman, 27.

  224 “I was invited”: Felsenthal, Phyllis Schlafly, 56.

  226 “Household duties”: Schlafly, The Power of the Positive Woman, 31.

  226 “I’d like to burn”: Kolbert, “Firebrand.”

  226 “These people pull at you”: Mansbridge, Why We Lost the ERA, 146.

  230 Some polls showed: Gorney, Articles of Faith, 51.

  230 “For my first abortion”: Brownmiller, In Our Time, 104.

  230 “I had had an abortion”: Steinem, Outrageous Acts and Everyday Rebellions, 20.

  231 New York, however, was: This section is based on three articles by Bill Kovach in the New York Times: “Abortion Reform Approved, 31–26, by State Senate,” March 19, 1970; “Abortion Reform Is Voted By the Assembly, 76–73,” April 10, 1970; and “Two Key Backers of Abortion Reform in the Legislature Are Defeated Upstate,” June 24, 1970.

  232 In the first year: Gorney, Articles of Faith, 97.

  233 “a pregnant street person”: McCorvey, I Am Roe, 117.

  233 “I discovered that if”: Ibid., 126.

  234 Their combined ages: Gorney, Articles of Faith, 154.

  234 By the end of the 1970s: “The Fanatical Abortion Fight,” Time, July 9, 1979.

  234 Mary Crisp, the cochair: Douglas Martin, “Mary D. Crisp, 83, Feminist GOP Leader, Dies,” New York Times, April 17, 2007.

  235 Betty Boyer of Ohio: Paterson, Be Somebody, 186.

  235 “Abortion was about”: Noun, More Strong-Minded Women, 83.

  235 The debate, Representative Barbara Jordan said: Rogers, Barbara Jordan, 259–60.

  235 “As someone who has loved”: Critchlow, Phyllis Schlafly and Grassroots Conservatism, 246.

  236 “I thought we had it made”: Noun, More Strong-Minded Women, 172.

  236 Miami-Dade County had been: Richard Steele, “A ‘No’ to the Gays,” Newsweek, June 20, 1977.

  236 “Since homosexuals cannot reproduce”: “Maybe There’s Something in the Juice,” Time, February 28, 1994.

  237 Newsweek reported that a lesbian: Steele, “A ‘No’ to the Gays.”

  237 A few years later: Cathleen McGuigan, “Newsmakers,” Newsweek, November 24, 1980.

  237 “It became much more difficult”: Barbara Epstein, “Ambivalence About Feminism,” in The Feminist Memoir Project, 147.

  238 “Life felt good”: Vivian Gornick, “What Feminism Means to Me,” in The Feminist Memoir Project, 373–75.

  238 “There was such anxiety”: Linda Greenhouse, “Defeat of Equal Rights Bill Traced to Women’s Votes,” New York Times, November 6, 1975.

  239 One widely distributed: Linda Greenhouse, “What Happens to ERA Now?” New York Times, November 9, 1975.

  239 “I can’t predict”: Carroll, It Seemed Like Nothing Happened, 271.

  10. “YOU’RE GONNA MAKE IT AFTER ALL”

  Interviews: Sylvia Acevedo, Suzan Johnson Cook, Barbara Crossette, Maria K., Wilma Mankiller, Sylvia Peterson, Lynn Povich, Pat Schroeder, Gloria Steinem, Gloria Vaz, Betsy Wade, Diane Watson.

  241 “You walk into a meeting”: Levine and Lyons, The Decade of Women, 226.

  241 “Helen, are you”: Ibid., 206.

  242 when Ruth Bader Ginsburg applied: Anderson, The Movement and the Sixties, 339.

  242 The arbiters of fashion: Brownmiller, In Our Time, 4.

  242 Jane O’Reilly, recalling: O’Reilly, The Girl I Left Behind, 112–13.

  242 A “Stamp Out”: Baxandall and Gordon, Dear Sisters, 40.

  242 A fashion report: Marylin Bender, “As Hemlines Go Up, Up, Up, Heels Go Down, Down, Down,” New York Times, January 27, 1966.

  242 And by the end: Nina Hyde, “Grown-Up Glamour,” Washington Post, May 1, 1978.

  243 Wilma Rudolph, a poor: See Rudolph, Wilma.

  244 “There was no doubt”: “The Fastest Female,” Time, September 19, 1960.

  244 the first time “in Clarksville’s”: Rudolph, Wilma, 143.

  244 Altha Cleary, who attended: “Sports News,” United Press International, December 14, 1980.

  244 In 1966 Roberta: John Powers, “Going Route in ’66,” Boston Globe, April 13, 2007.

  245 The next year, Kathrine: John Powers, “In ’67, Switzer Was ‘Magellan’ in Sweats,” Boston Globe, April 13, 2007; Tony Chamberlain, “Feet First,” Boston Globe, April 16, 2006.

  245 “Little girl, you can’t”: Unless otherwise noted, the section on Billie Jean King is based on A Necessary Spectacle by Selena Roberts.

  247 “I want her”: Selena Roberts, “Tennis’s Other Battle of the Sexes,” New York Times, August 21, 2005.

  247 “She won’t admit it”: “How Bobby Riggs Runs and Talks, Talks, Talks,” Time, September 10, 1973.

  247 ABC paid: Ibid.

  247 “I thought it would”: Larry Schwartz, “Billie Jean Won for All Women,” ESPN.com.

  247 “Because of Billie Jean alone”: Curry Kirkpatrick, “There She Is, Ms. America,” Sports Illustrated, October 1, 1973.

  248 In Cedar Rapids: Noun, More Strong-Minded Women, 77.

  248 The women at the University of Kansas: Cindy Luis, “Title IX,” Honolulu Star-Bulletin, June 2, 2002.

  248 Jane L., a ninth-grade: Levine and Lyons, The Decade of Women, 71.

  248 the sum total of women’s: This information was provided by the Women’s Sports Foundation.

  249 Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan wrote: Blumenthal, Let Me Play, 100.

  249 Since an average Big Ten: Cahn, Coming on Strong, 250.

  249 When Congresswoman Pat: Schroeder, 24 Years of House Work, 37.

  249 Thanks to Title IX: Solomon, In the Company of Educated Women, 204.

  249 The number of girls playing: Bailey and Farber, America in the ’70s, 108.

  249 The Cedar Rapids Women’s Caucus: Noun, More Strong-Minded Women, 78.

  250 “Second-class citizenship”: Cahn, Coming on Strong, 251.

  250 In 1974 Kathryn: Levine and Lyons, The Decade of Women, 14.

  250 Billie Jean King was the winner: Roberts, A Necessary Spectacle, 66.

  252 And, of course, there was: Levine and Thom, Bella Abzug.

  252 When Chisholm was appointed: Rick Hampson, “Shirley Chisholm Hoping to Be Remembered as Having ‘Guts,’ ” Associated Press, February 12, 1982.

  253 Millicent Fenwick, the inimitable: For background, see Amy Schapiro’s Millicent Fenwick: Her Way.

  253 She managed to have: Couric, Women Lawyers, 193.

  254 Molly Ivins, the great: Ivins, Molly Ivins Can’t Say That, 18.

  254 “The whole world adopted”: This section is based on Pat Schroeder’s 24 Years of House Work… And the Place Is Still a Mess.

  256 In 1971 there were only: Cox, Women State and Territorial Legislators, 328.

  257 One afternoon in 1972: Kunin, Living a Political Life, 38.

  257 When some of them were invited: Ibid., 117.

  258 In 1974 Kunin went: Ibid., 182.

  259 “To our ear, it still”: William Safire, “On Language: Good-bye Sex, Hello Gender,” New York Times Magazine, August 5, 1984.

  259 In the same year: Georgia Dullea, “Birthday Celebration: Gloria Steinem at 50,” New York Times, May 24, 1984.

  259 In 1986 Paula Kassell: Betsy Wade, “Paula Kassell Always Took Women in New Directions,” Women’s eNews, December 6, 2002.

  260 After a childhood on Cherokee: This is based on Wilma Mankiller’s autobiography, Mankiller.

  261 “I was so excited”: Roraback, “Women and the Connecticut Bar.”

  261 “In my criminal law”: Feigen, Not One of the Boys, 5–6.

  261 “I liked it right away”: The
section on women in the skilled-trade unions is based on Jane LaTour’s Sisters in the Brotherhoods.

  266 Their battles began with Eulalie: Barry, Femininity in Flight, 162–63.

  266 In another case in Miami: Ibid., 167.

  266 In 1971 National Airlines: Ibid., 176–84.

  267 “In professional terms”: Robertson, The Girls in the Balcony, 101.

  268 At the New York Times, the last: Ibid., 133.

  270 The women at Reader’s: Ibid., 209.

  11. WORK AND CHILDREN

  Interviews: Barbara Arnold, Dana Arthur-Monteleone, Myrna Ten Bensel, John Brademas, Pat Buchanan, Jack Duncan, Alison Foster, Maria K., Faith Middleton, Walter Mondale, Martha Phillips, Vicki Cohn Pollard, Virginia Williams.

  271 “They sure do”: Felicity Barringer deconstructed this episode, “The Pancake Mix,” in the New York Times, October 9, 1994.

  271 In 1960, 62 percent: Coontz, The Way We Really Are, 37.

  271 By the middle of the ’80s: U.S. Census, Married Couples by Labor Force Status of Spouses, 1986 to the Present.

  272 The competition of: Coontz, Marriage, 259.

  272 In 1977 BusinessWeek: Strasser, Never Done, 301.

  272 While in 1970: Beth Bailey, “She ‘Can Bring Home the Bacon,’” in America in the ’70s, 109.

  272 the government would note: Monthly Vital Statistics Report, National Center for Health Statistics, June 27, 1983.

  273 by 1976 the number of divorces: Ted Gest, “Divorce: How the Game Is Played Now,” U.S. News and World Report, November 21, 1983, 39.

  274 “It’s healthy for the”: Ibid.

  274 “At that time we were”: Friedan, It Changed My Life, 415.

  274 In California, the average: Lenore Weitzman, “No-Fault Divorce,” U.S. News and World Report, November 4, 1985, 63.

  274 One study found that: Susan Faludi, Backlash, 24.

  274 Minnette Doderer, who was: Noun, More Strong-Minded Women, 166.

  275 Lenore Weitzman, a sociologist: Weitzman, “No-Fault Divorce,” 63.

  276 “My rage centers”: Leslie Bennetts, “Displaced Homemakers,” New York Times, June 15, 1979.

  276 The census-takers counted: Lynne M. Casper et al., “How Does POSSLQ Measure Up?” U.S. Bureau of the Census, May 1999.

  276 They were right: Faludi, Backlash, 16.

  276 At Harvard Medical: Klass, A Not Entirely Benign Procedure, 33.

  277 In 1976, for the first: Lawrence Feinberg, “Half of Black Children Born to Unmarried Women,” Washington Post, May 4, 1978.