Gabriele D'Annunzio

by Lucy Hughes-Hallett

Giolitti, Giovanni: and censorship of d’Annunzio’s Song of the Dardanelles, 26.1; caution, 26.2; on Italian meagre gains after war, 29.1; post-war hostility to, 29.2; Nitti serves under, 29.3; recalled to succeed Nitti (1920), 31.1; acts against d’Annunzio’s Fiume, 31.2, 31.3, 31.4; allows d’Annunzio to go unpunished, 31.5; ends workers’ strike (1920), 32.1; Mussolini opposes, 32.2; opposes selection of parliamentary candidates by Grand Fascist Council, 32.3

  Giovanni Episcopo (Gd’A; novel)

  Giulietti, Giuseppe, 31.1, 31.2, 32.1

  Giuriati, Giovanni: association with d’Annunzio, 29.1; irredentism, 29.2, 30.1; hostility to Nitti, 29.3; and governing of Fiume, 29.4, 29.5; negotiates with Badoglio, 29.6; and popular support for d’Annunzio in Fiume, 30.2; d’Annunzio appoints prime minister in Fiume, 30.3, 30.4; on d’Annunzio’s incompetence as administrator, 30.5; and lack of revenue in Fiume, 30.6; on intelligence organisation in Fiume, 30.7; and food shortage in Fiume, 30.8; accepts Nitti’s Modus Vivendi, 30.9; on killings in Fiume, 30.10; on Keller, 31.1; attempts to provoke revolution among Slavs around Fiume, 31.2; suggests moving Fiume legionaries to Zara, 31.3; fails to rebuff fascists, 32.1; ministerial post under Mussolini, 32.2; as Mussolini’s party secretary, 32.3

  Glory (la Gloria; Gd’A; play), 24.1, 24.2, 27.1, 31.1, 31.2; fascist government buys manuscript, 32.1

  Goethe, J. W. von, 1.1, 18.1

  Goloubeff, Nathalie de: cares for dogs, 3.1, 26.1, 27.1, 28.1; irritates d’Annunzio, 3.2, 3.3, 26.2; relations with d’Annunzio, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 25.1, 26.3; d’Annunzio first meets, 25.2; appearance and dress, 25.3, 26.4, 26.5, 26.6; Fedra dedicated to, 25.4; d’Annunzio praises voice, 25.5; jealousy, 26.7; at Arcachon, 26.8, 26.9; at Dame Rose (farm), 26.10, 27.2, 27.3, 28.2; accompanies d’Annunzio to England, 26.11; d’Annunzio sends money to, 28.3

  Goncourt, Edmond de, 10.1, 15.1

  Goncourt, Jules de

  Göring, Hermann

  Gozzoli, Benozzo

  Graham, Sir Ronald William

  Gramsci, Antonio, 31.1, 32.1, 32.2, 32.3

  Grandi, Dino

  Gravina, Gabriele Dante (Maria’s son)

  Gravina, Maria, Princess (later Countess): lives with d’Annunzio, 2.1, 18.1; attempts suicide, 2.2, 18.2; affair with d’Annunzio, 18.3, 18.4, 21.1; gives birth to d’Annunzio’s daughter and loses custody of children, 18.5; jealousy, 18.6, 19.1; loses home, 18.7; provides money for d’Annunzio, 18.8; joins d’Annunzio in Francavilla, 19.2; mental instability, 19.3, 19.4, 25.1; sexual demands on d’Annunzio, 19.5; d’Annunzio leaves, 20.1, 21.2, 21.3; birth of son by d’Annunzio, 21.4; promiscuity, 26.1

  Gravina, Renata: birth, 18.1; in Francavilla, 19.1

  Great War (1914–18): d’Annunzio visits Western Front, 1.1, 2.1, 27.1; Italy enters, 2.2, 27.2; d’Annunzio’s movements in, 2.3, 27.3, 27.4; Italian conduct of, 3.1, 29.1; outbreak, 27.5; conduct of, 27.6; d’Annunzio draws imagery from, 27.7; conditions on Italian front, 28.1, 28.2, 28.3, 28.4, 28.5; Italian casualties, 28.6, 28.7, 28.8, 28.9; Italian troops demoralised, 28.10; peace settlement (1919), 29.2

  Greece: d’Annunzio visits, 2.1, 19.1, 22.1; classical culture, 23.1

  Grimm, Jacob and Wilhelm

  Grossich, Antonio, 29.1, 29.2, 30.1, 30.2, 31.1

  Guzzo, Giovanni del

  Hahn, Reynaldo

  Halcyon (Alcyone; Gd’A; poetry), 2.1, 3.1, 24.1, 24.2, 24.3

  Hankey, Sir Maurice (later 1st Baron)

  Hardinge, Sir Charles (later Baron)

  Hare, Augustus

  Hearst Newspapers, 27.1, 32.1, 32.2

  Heine, Heinrich, 17.1, 22.1

  Hemingway, Ernest, 2.1, 28.1, 32.1; A Farewell to Arms, 28.2

  Henley, W. E.: Invictus (poem)

  Henry the Fowler, King of Germany

  Heraclitus

  Herder, Johann Gottfried

  Hérelle, Georges, 2.1, 18.1, 19.1, 19.2, 19.3, 20.1, 26.1

  Hindenburg, Paul von

  Hirschfeld, Magnus

  Hitler, Adolf: d’Annunzio despises, 1.1, 2.1, 32.1; Mussolini meets, 2.2, 32.2; and outbreak of Great War, 27.1; Mussolini’s interest in, 32.3; becomes Chancellor of Germany, 32.4; relations with Mussolini, 32.5; assumes absolute power, 32.6

  Hofmannsthal, Hugo von, 18.1, 19.1, 26.1, 27.1

  Hohenlohe, Prince Fritz von, 19.1, 28.1

  Host-Venturi, Captain Nino, 29.1, 29.2, 30.1, 30.2, 30.3

  House, Edward, 29.1, 29.2

  Huard, Madame

  Hubin, Madame, 26.1, 28.1

  Huefler, Emy, 32.1, 32.2

  Hugo, Victor, 7.1, 7.2; The Hunchback of Notre Dame, 7.3

  Hundred and Hundred and Hundred Pages of the Secret Book, The (Gd’A; autobiography)

  Huysmans, Joris-Karl, 15.1, 25.1; À Rebours, 15.2

  Ibsen, Henrik, 2.1; A Doll’s House, 20.1

  Icarus: d’Annunzio writes poem on

  Ilicˇ, Danilo

  Impavido (torpedo boat), 28.1, 28.2

  Impero, L’ (newspaper)

  In Memoriam (Gd’A; poems)

  Inconsapevole, L’ (Gd’A; sonnet)

  Innocent, The (Gd’A; novel): form and content, 10.1, 18.1, 24.1; illness in, 13.1, 28.1; writing, 18.2; reception, 18.3, 18.4; Hérelle translates, 18.5

  Institute for the Publication of the Complete Works of d’Annunzio

  Irene (brigantine)

  Isaotta Guttadauro (Gd’A; poems)

  Isonzo, River: Italian offensives (October 1915), 28.1, 28.2; (August 1917), 28.3

  Issy-les-Moulineaux, France

  Italian Armada, The (Gd’A; articles)

  “Italian Pentecost” (Gd’A; pamphlet)

  Italy: unification, 1.1, 5.1, 31.1; d’Annunzio urges to enter Great War, 2.1, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 27.1; d’Annunzio claims territory for after Great War, 2.2, 29.1; early neutrality in Great War, 3.5, 3.6, 27.2, 27.3, 27.4; d’Annunzio returns to from France (1915), 3.7; signs Treaty of London (1915), 3.8; declares war on Austria-Hungary (1915), 3.9, 28.1; nationalism and pro-war feelings, 5.2, 8.1, 27.5; study of Latin and Roman history, 5.3; parliamentary instability and corruption, 11.1, 24.1; builds up army and navy, 14.1; Dogali defeat (1887), 16.1; Ethiopian expedition (1887), 16.2, 16.3; blood and patriotism in, 16.4; intervenes in Austro-Prussian war (1866), 16.5; parliamentary process, 18.1; defeat at Adua (Ethiopia, 1896), 22.1; political turmoil (1898), 22.2; drama and theatre-going, 23.1; d’Annunzio promotes artistic heritage, 24.2; Austria occupies territories, 24.3; in North Africa, 26.1, 32.1; popular discontent (1914), 26.2; earthquake (January 1915), 27.6; forms air force, 28.2; declares war on Germany (1916), 28.3; wartime battlefields and engagements, 28.4, 28.5, 28.6, 28.7, 28.8, 28.9; wartime casualties, 28.10, 28.11, 28.12, 28.13; soldiers shelled in friendly fire, 28.14; aircraft manufacturing industry, 28.15, 28.16; army deserters, 28.17, 29.2; Austria offers peace settlement to, 28.18; ends war with Austria, 28.19; and conduct of Great War, 29.3; peace settlement and territorial gains, 29.4, 29.5, 29.6; post-war instability, 29.7, 29.8, 31.2, 31.3; Allies’ low opinion of, 29.9; claims on Fiume, 29.10, 29.11; d’Annunzio seen as potential leader, 30.1; elections (1919), 30.2; (May 1921), 32.2; (April 1924), 32.3; d’Annunzio on “mutilated victory”, 31.4; Treaty of Rapallo with Yugoslavia (1920), 31.5; industrial strike (September 1920), 32.4; under National Fascist Party, 32.5; Mussolini declares total fascistisation, 32.6; totalitarianism, 32.7; war on Ethiopia (1935–6), 32.8; see also Triple Alliance

  Jalea (Italian submarine)

  James, Henry, 1.1, 9.1, 12.1, 17.1, 18.1

  Jarman, Derek

  Jorio’s Daughter (La Figlia di Jorio; Gd’A; play), 2.1, 7.1, 21.1, 24.1, 25.1, 25.2, 30.1, 32.1, 32.2

  Jouvence see Lager, Angèle

  Joyce, James, 1.1, 26.1, 28.1; Ulysses, 32.1

  Jullian, Philippe

  Kafka, Franz, 2.1, 25.1, 28.1

  Karl, Emperor of Austria-Hungary

  Keats, John, 5.1, 5.2, 12.1, 24.1, 28.1

  Keller, Guido: character and behaviour, 30.1, 31.1; heads march on Fiume, 30.2, 31.2; meets Grossich, 30.3; as “
Action Secretary” in Fiume, 30.4; commands Uscocchi, 30.5, 31.3; gives cockatoo to Luisa Baccara, 30.6, 31.4; jealousy of Luisa Baccara’s influence on d’Annunzio, 30.7; steals platypus for mascot, 30.8; followers, 31.5; relations with d’Annunzio, 31.6; plots against Luisa Baccara, 31.7; organises Festa Yoga, 31.8; political ambitions, 31.9; on military reform in Fiume, 31.10; flies over Rome and drops messages, 31.11; urges d’Annunzio to resist Italian actions at Fiume, 31.12; organises squad in Fiume, 32.1; killed in car crash and buried at Vittoriale, 32.2, 32.3

  Kipling, Rudyard, 25.1, 27.1, 28.1

  Kitchener, Field Marshal Horatio Herbert, fm.1st Earl, 28.1

  Klimt, Gustav

  Kochnitzky, Léon: meets and describes d’Annunzio, 29.1, 30.1; arrives in Fiume, 30.2, 30.3; on d’Annunzio’s youthfulness, 30.4; admires d’Annunzio, 30.5, 31.1; scans foreign press for d’Annunzio, 30.6; describes Arditi, 30.7; appointed Minister for Foreign Affairs in Fiume, 31.2; on Fiumans’ imitation of d’Annunzio, 31.3; and appeal of communism, 31.4; on mood in Fiume, 31.5, 31.6; declining relations with d’Annunzio, 31.7

  Kosztolányi, Deszö

  Lachne (d’Annunzio’s prostitute lover)

  Lady Clara (boat)

  Lager, Angèle (“Jouvence”)

  Landes, the, France, 26.1, 26.2, 26.3

  Las Cases, Emmanuel Auguste Dieudonné, Comte de: Mémorial de St. Hélène

  Laudi (Gd’A; poem-cycle), 2.1, 24.1, 24.2, 24.3, 24.4

  Laus Vitae (Gd’A; poetry)

  Lawrence, D. H., 25.1, 28.1

  League of Fiume, 31.1, 31.2

  Lebrun, Albert

  Leda without Swan (Gd’A; novella)

  Legion of Fiume, 29.1, 29.2, 30.1, 30.2, 30.3, 30.4, 31.1, 31.2, 31.3, 31.4, 31.5, 31.6, 32.1

  Lenin, Vladimir Ilich, 1.1, 31.1

  Leonardo da Vinci, 19.1; Mona Lisa (painting): stolen, 26.1

  Leoni, Count, 1.1, 13.1, 14.1

  Leoni, Countess Elvira Fraternali (“Barbara’; “Barbarella”): affair with d’Annunzio, 3.1, 13.1, 14.1, 14.2, 18.1, 18.2, 27.1; d’Annunzio ends relationship, 2.1, 18.3, 18.4; ill-health, 13.2; musicianship, 13.3; inspires d’Annunzio’s Roman Elegies, 13.4; in The Triumph of Death, 18.5; correspondence with d’Annunzio, 18.6, 18.7; learns of Maria Gravina, 18.8

  “Letter to the Dalmatians” (Gd’A), 29.1, 29.2

  Levi, Giorgio

  Levi, Olga Brünner (“Balkis”): relations with d’Annunzio, 28.1, 28.2, 28.3, 28.4, 28.5; d’Annunzio breaks with, 29.1; makes banner for d’Annunzio, 32.1

  Libro Segreto (Gd’A) see Hundred and Hundred and Hundred Pages of the Secret Book, The

  Libya, 26.1, 32.1

  Licenza (Gd’A)

  Life of Cola di Rienzo (Gd’A)

  Liszt, Franz

  Lloyd George, David (later 1st Earl), 3.1, 28.1, 29.1, 29.2

  London Morning Post

  London, Treaty of (1915), 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 29.1, 29.2, 29.3

  Lorenzo the Magnificent (Medici)

  Loti, Pierre

  Lovatelli, Countess

  Lucca

  Macdonald, Father J. N., 29.1, 30.1, 30.2, 30.3, 30.4, 31.1, 31.2, 31.3, 31.4, 31.5, 32.1

  Macpherson, James

  Maeterlinck, Maurice, 2.1, 26.1

  Magnico, Carlo, 6.1, 11.1

  Mahler, Gustav

  Maia (Gd’A; poetry), 24.1, 28.1, 32.1

  Malaparte, Curzio

  Malatesta, Enrico

  Malatesta, Gianciotto

  Malipiero, Gian Francesco, 28.1, 28.2

  Mallarmé, Stéphane

  Mancini, Countess Giuseppina (“Amaranta”): as d’Annunzio’s lover, 25.1, 25.2, 25.3, 28.1, 29.1; madness, 25.4, 25.5; love of speed, 25.6; returns to family home, 25.7; as model for character in Maybe Yes, Maybe No, 25.8

  Mann, Thomas, 3.1, 12.1, 27.1

  Mantegna, Andrea

  Manzoni, Alessandro: I Promessi Sposi

  Marconi, Guglielmo, 28.1, 31.1, 32.1

  Maria Sophia, Queen of Naples

  Mariners’ Union (Italy)

  Marinetti, Filippo Tommaso: on d’Annunzio’s appeal, 1.1; describes d’Annunzio, 2.1, 30.1; journalism, 2.2; arrested after d’Annunzio’s speech in Rome, 2.3; on war as purifying, 3.1, 26.1; covers d’Annunzio’s 1897 election campaign, 22.1; on theatre-going in Italy, 23.1; sees d’Annunzio in Paris, 24.1; on Marchesa Casati, 25.1; motoring accident, 25.2; background and ideas, 25.3; rages against Italy’s preoccupation with past, 25.4; on d’Annunzio in France, 26.2; declares Mussolini futurist, 27.1; on air force pilot, 28.1; and post-war Italian territorial claims, 29.1; political activism and ideals, 29.2, 31.1; exults in youthfulness, 30.2; in Fiume, 30.3; failure in 1919 election, 30.4; on d’Annunzio’s not seeing significance of actions, 31.2; admires Mussolini, 32.1; “Futurist Manifesto,” 1.2, 2.4, 25.5, 25.6

  Marini, Marino

  Maroni, Gian Carlo, 2.1, 32.1, 32.2, 32.3, 32.4, 32.5, 32.6, 32.7

  Marra, Baronessa della

  Martini, Ferdinando, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 28.1

  Martinuzzi, Napoleone

  Martyrdom of St. Sebastian, The (Le Martyre de Saint Sébastien; Gd’A; music drama), 2.1, 12.1, 26.1, 26.2, 26.3, 32.1

  Marussig, Guido

  Mascagni, Pietro, 25.1, 26.1, 26.2; daughter, 26.3

  Massaua

  Matteotti, Giacomo, 29.1, 32.1; murdered, 32.2, 32.3

  Maupassant, Guy de, 6.1, 7.1

  Maurras, Charles

  Maybe Yes, Maybe No (Forse che si, Forse che no; Gd’A; novel), 4.1, 12.1, 18.1, 25.1, 25.2, 25.3, 32.1

  Mazower, Amélie (“Aélis”): d’Annunzio employs at Arcachon, 3.1, 26.1; personal relations with d’Annunzio, 3.2, 26.2, 26.3; in Paris with d’Annunzio, 3.3; procures lovers for d’Annunzio, 26.4, 32.1; in England with d’Annunzio, 26.5; attends d’Annunzio with injured eye, 28.1; in Venice with d’Annunzio, 28.2; on Olga Brünner Levi’s marriage, 28.3; packs for d’Annunzio, 28.4; at Vittoriale, 32.2, 32.3; love of jazz, 32.4; not reported at d’Annunzio’s funeral, 32.5

  Mazzini, Giuseppe, 8.1, 28.1

  Melitta (casual friend of d’Annunzio), 28.1, 28.2

  Menelik, Emperor of Ethiopia

  Meyerhold, Vsevolod Yemilevich

  Michelangelo Buonarroti: Pietà, 12.1; Torso, 22.1

  Michetti, Francesco Paolo: friendship with d’Annunzio, 7.1, 7.2; and Abruzzi culture, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5; provides introductions for d’Annunzio, 8.1; d’Annunzio stays with in Francavilla, 15.1, 18.1, 18.2, 18.3, 19.1; d’Annunzio names Cenobiarca, 15.2; introduces d’Annunzio to Treves, 15.3; d’Annunzio borrows from, 18.4; portrait of d’Annunzio, 19.2; helps d’Annunzio with staging of Jorio’s Daughter, 24.1; La Figlia di Jorio (painting), 7.6, 20.1

  Miglianico: San Pantaleone church

  Milan: d’Annunzio visits Treves in, 24.1; Jorio’s Daughter performed in, 24.2; La Scala, 28.1; The Ship produced in, 29.1; fascist demonstrations and violence in, 29.2, 32.1; d’Annunzio’s 1922 speech in, 32.2

  Millo di Casagiate, Admiral Enrico

  Ministry of Popular Culture (Italy)

  Mirabella, Villa: d’Annunzio acquires

  Miraglia, Giuseppe: d’Annunzio meets and befriends, 3.1, 28.1, 28.2; d’Annunzio flies with in war, 3.2, 3.3, 28.3, 28.4; in Venice, 28.5; view of sex, 28.6; killed, 28.7, 28.8; insouciance, 28.9, 28.10

  Mishima, Yukio

  Moleschott, Jacob

  Mondadori, Arnaldo

  Montaigne, Michel de

  Montemezzi, Italo

  Montesquiou-Fézensac, Count Robert de, 2.1, 15.1, 26.1, 26.2, 26.3, 32.1

  Monteverdi, Claudio

  Montrésor, Lily de

  More Than Love (Più Che l’Amore; Gd’A; play), 1.1, 25.1, 27.1

  Moreau, Gustave

  Morosina (island in Isonzo), 28.1, 28.2

  Morosini, Annina, Countess, 3.1, 3.2, 25.1

  Motoscafi Armata Svan (MAS; fast naval craft), 28.1, 28.2

  Musil, Robert

  Mussolini, Benito: encourages biography of d’Annunzio, 1.1; d’Annunzio disparages, 1.2, 30.
1; Sarfatti’s biography of, 1.3, 32.1; arrested after d’Annunzio’s speech in Rome, 2.1; contributes large objects to the Vittoriale, 2.2, 32.2, 32.3; relations with d’Annunzio, 2.3, 32.4; rise to power, 2.4, 29.1, 29.2, 30.2, 30.3, 32.5, 32.6; meets Hitler, 2.5, 32.7, 32.8; denounces Italian neutrality (1915), 3.1; and classical Rome, 5.1; disapproves of 1911 war in North Africa, 26.1; converts to pro-war stance (1914), 27.1; visits d’Annunzio in Vittoriale, 32.9, 32.10, 32.11, 32.12; wartime military service, 29.3; disparages Pope Benedict, 29.4; opposes socialists, 29.5; courts Arditi, 29.6; voice, 29.7;

  Mussolini, Benito: meets d’Annunzio, 29.1, 29.2; on Italian leadership, 29.3; speech in Fiume, 29.4; and d’Annunzio’s march on Fiume, 30.1; letter from d’Annunzio on potential revolt, 30.2; and march on Rome (1922), 30.3, 32.1; Giurati works under, 30.4; visits d’Annunzio in Fiume, 30.5; failure in 1919 election, 30.6; and syndicalism, 31.1; on d’Annunzio’s Charter of Carnaro, 31.2; declines cooperation with d’Annunzio for uprising, 31.3; advises d’Annunzio to recognise Treaty of Rapallo, 31.4; on efficacy of force, 32.2; seizes power (October 1922), 32.3, 32.4; keeps d’Annunzio under surveillance, 32.5; copies d’Annunzio’s style, 32.6; and fascist violence, 32.7, 32.8, 32.9; proposes d’Annunzio stand as candidate for Zara, 32.10; proposes pact with socialists, 32.11; speechmaking and idolatry, 32.12, 32.13, 32.14; renounces pact with socialists, 32.15; urges fascists to mobilise, 32.16; informs d’Annunzio of 1922 events, 32.17; forms government (1922), 32.18; first speech to parliament, 32.19; d’Annunzio sends instructions and advice to, 32.20, 32.21; visits London, 32.22; rule, 32.23, 32.24; relations with Marinetti, 32.25; early view of Hitler, 32.26; election victory (April 1924), 32.27; St. Loe Strachey visits, 32.28; and murder of Matteotti, 32.29, 32.30; wins vote of confidence, 32.31; declares Vittoriale a National Monument, 32.32; addresses parliament justifying fascist violence, 32.33; announces fascistisation of entire nation, 32.34; totalitarianism, 32.35; idealises Napoleon, 32.36; pictures, 32.37; assassination attempts on, 32.38, 32.39; strengthens powers, 32.40; increases armed services, 32.41; occupies new office, 32.42; womanising, 32.43; addresses party leaders on Italian fighting qualities, 32.44; likes mottoes, 32.45; d’Annunzio requests funds for museum of war at Vittoriale, 32.46, 32.47; enjoys films, 581; as cult figure, 32.48; encourages national pride, 32.49; declares war on Ethiopia, 32.50; on “revolution” of May 1915, 32.51; final visit to d’Annunzio, 32.52; visits Germany (1937), 32.53; attends d’Annunzio’s funeral, 32.54; “The Doctrine of Fascism” (encyclopedia article), 32.55; La Fiumana, 32.56