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The Walking Whales

Page 35

by J G M Hans Thewissen


  DC: Smithsonian Institution Press), 73–116.

  13. S. Nummela, S. T. Hussain, and J. G. M. Thewissen, “Cranial Anatomy of

  Pakicetidae  (Cetacea,  Mammalia),”  Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology  26

  (2006): 746–59.

  14. R. M. Bebej, M. Ul-Haq, I. S. Zalmout, and P. D. Gingerich, “Morphology

  and  Function  of  the  Vertebral  Column  in  Remingtonocetus domandaensis

  (Mammalia, Cetacea) from the Middle Eocene Domanda Formation of Paki-

  stan,”  Journal of Mammalian Evolution  19  (2012):  77–104.  doi:10.1007

  /S10914–011–9184–8.

  15. F. Spoor, S. Bajpai, S. T. Hussain, K. Kumar, and J. G. M. Thewissen, “Ves-

  tibular Evidence for the Evolution of Aquatic Behaviour in Early Cetaceans,”

  Nature 417 (2002): 163–66.

  16. A. Williams and J. Safarti, “Not at All Like a Whale,”  Creation 27 (2005):

  20–22.

  Notes    |    223

  chapter 9. the ocean is a desert

  1.  K.  Schmidt-Nielsen,  Animal Physiology: Adaptation and Environment

  (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997).

  2.  M. E. Q.  Pilson, “Water  Balance  in  California  Sea  Lions,”  Physiological

  Zoology 43 (1970): 257–69.

  3. D. P. Costa, “Energy, Nitrogen, Electrolyte Flux and Sea Water Drinking in

  the Sea Otter  Enhydra lutris,”  Physiological Zoology 55 (1982): 35–44.

  4. R. M. Ortiz, “Osmoregulation in Marine Mammals,”  Journal of Experi-

  mental Biology 204 (2001): 1831–44.

  5. C. Hui, “Seawater Consumption and Water Flux in the Common Dolphin

  Delphinus delphis,”  Physiological Zoology 54 (1981): 430–40.

  6. J. G. M. Thewissen, L. J. Roe, J. R. O’Neil, S. T. Hussain, A. Sahni, and S.

  Bajpai, “Evolution of Cetacean Osmoregulation,”  Nature 381 (1996): 379–80.

  7.  M. T.  Clementz, A.  Goswami,  P. D.  Gingerich,  and  P. L.  Koch, “Isotopic

  Records from  Early Whales and  Seacows: Contrasting Patterns  of Ecological

  Transition,”  Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 26 (2006): 355–70.

  8. L. J. Roe, J. G. M. Thewissen, J. Quade, J. R. O’Neil, S. Bajpai, A. Sahni, and

  S. T. Hussain, “Isotopic Approaches to Understanding the Terrestrial-to-Marine

  Transition of the Earliest Cetaceans,” in  The Emergence of Whales: Evolution-

  ary Patterns in the Origin of Cetacea, ed. J. G. M. Thewissen (New York, NY:

  Plenum, 1998), 399–422.

  chapter 10. the skeleton puzzle

  1. L. Van Valen, “Deltatheridia, a New Order of Mammals,”  Bulletin of the

  American Museum of Natural History 132 (1966): 1–126.

  2. X. Zhou, R. Zhai, P. Gingerich, and L. Chen, “Skull of a New Mesonychid

  (Mammalia, Mesonychia) from the Late Paleocene of China,”  Journal of Verte-

  brate Paleontology 15 (2009): 387–400.

  3. Z. Luo and P. D. Gingerich, “Terrestrial Mesonychia to Aquatic Cetacea:

  Transformation of the Basicranium and Evolution of Hearing in Whales,”  Uni-

  versity of Michigan Papers on Paleontology 31 (1999), 1–98. M. A. O’Leary and

  J. H. Geisler, “The Position of Cetacea within Mammalia: Phylogenetic Analysis

  of Morphological Data from Extinct and Extant Taxa,”  Systematic Biology 48

  (1999): 455–90. M. D. Uhen, “New Species of Protocetid Archaeocete Whale,

  Eocetus wardii (Mammalia, Cetacea) from the Middle Eocene of North Caro-

  lina,”  Journal of Paleontology 73 (1999): 512–28.

  4. J. G. M. Thewissen, E. M. Williams, L. J. Roe, and S. T. Hussain, “Skeletons

  of Terrestrial Cetaceans and the Relationship of Whales to Artiodactyls,”  Nature

  413 (2001): 277–81.

  5. See note 4.

  6. P. D. Gingerich, M. U. Haq, I. S. Zalmout, I. H. Khan, and M. S. Malkani,

  “Origin  of Whales  from  Early Artiodactyls:  Hands  and  Feet  of  Eocene  Pro-

  tocetidae from Pakistan,”  Science 293 (2001): 2239–42.

  7. M. C. Milinkovitch, M. Bérubé, and P. J. Palsbøl, “Cetaceans Are Highly

  Derived Artiodactyls,” in  The Emergence of Whales: Evolutionary Patterns in

  224    |    Notes

  the Origin of Cetacea,  ed.  J. G. M. Thewissen (New York,  NY:  Plenum  Press,

  1998), 113–131. M. Nikaido, A. P. Rooney, and N. Okada, “Phylogenetic Rela-

  tionships among Cetartiodactyls Based on Insertions of Short and Long Inter-

  spersed Elements: Hippopotamuses Are the Closest Extant Relatives of Whales,”

  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences  96  (1999):  10261–66.  J.

  Gatesy  and  M. A.  O’Leary, “Deciphering Whale  Origins  with  Molecules  and

  Fossils,”  Trends in Ecology and Evolution 16 (2001): 562–70.

  chapter 11. the river whales

  1. K. S. Norris, “The Evolution of Acoustic Mechanisms in Odontocete Ceta-

  ceans,” in  Evolution and Environment, ed. E. T. Drake (New Haven, CT: Yale

  University Press, 1968), 297–324. T. W. Cranford, P. Krysl, and J. A. Hildebrand,

  “Acoustic Pathways Revealed: Simulated Sound Transmission and Reception in

  Cuvier’s Beaked Whale ( Ziphius cavirostris),”  Bioinspiration and Biomimetics 3

  (2008): 016001. doi:10.1088/1748–3182/3/1/016001.

  2. J. G. McCormick, E. G. Wever, G. Palin, and S. H. Ridgway, “Sound Con-

  duction in the Dolphin Ear,”  Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 48

  (1970): 1418–28.

  3. S. Hemilä, S. Nummela, and T. Reuter, “A Model of the Odontocete Mid-

  dle Ear,”  Hearing Research 133 (1999): 82–97.

  4. T. W. Cranford, P. Krysl, and M. Amundin, “A New Acoustic Portal into

  the  Odontocete  Ear  and  Vibrational  Analysis  of  the  Tympanoperiotic  Com-

  plex,”  PLoS One 5 (2010): E11927. doi:10.1371/Journal.Pone.0011927.

  5. W. C. Lancaster, “The Middle Ear of the Archaeoceti,”  Journal of Verte-

  brate Paleontology  10  (1990):  117–27.  S.  Nummela,  J. G. M.  Thewissen,  S.

  Bajpai,  S. T.  Hussain,  and  K.  Kumar, “Eocene  Evolution  of  Whale  Hearing,”

  Nature  430  (2004):  776–78.  S.  Nummela,  J. E.  Kosove,  T. E.  Lancaster,

  and  J. G. M.  Thewissen,  “Lateral  Mandibular  Wall  Thickness  in  Tursiops

  truncatus:  Variation  Due  to  Sex  and  Age,”  Marine Mammal Science  20

  (2004): 491–97. S. Numme
la, J. G. M. Thewissen, S. Bajpai, S. T. Hussain, and K.

  Kumar,  “Sound  Transmission  in  Archaic  and  Modern  Whales:  Anatomical

  Adaptations  for  Underwater  Hearing,”  Anatomical Record  290  (2007):

  716–33.

  6. D. M. Higgs, E. F. Brittan-Powell, D. Soares, M. J. Souza, C. E. Carr, R. J.

  Dooling, and A. N. Popper, “Amphibious Auditory Responses of the American

  Alligator  (Alligator mississippiensis),”  Journal of Comparative Physiology 188

  (2002): 217–23.

  7. R. Rado, M.  Himelfarb, B. Arensburg, J. Terkel, and  Z. Wollberg, “Are

  Seismic Communication Signals Transmitted by Bone Conduction in the Blind

  Mole Rat?”  Hearing Research 41 (1989): 23–29.

  8. Modern whales also can still hear in air—in spite of not having a func-

  tional eardrum or external auditory meatus—but their underwater hearing is

  much better.

  9. S. Nummela, J. E. Kosove, T. Lancaster, and J. G. M. Thewissen. “Lateral

  Mandibular Wall Thickness  in  Tursiops truncatus: Variation  Due  to  Sex  and

  Age,”  Marine Mammal Science 20 (2004): 491–97.

  Notes    |    225

  10. R. M. West, “Middle Eocene Large Mammal Assemblage with Tethyan

  Affinities,  Ganda  Kas  Region,  Pakistan,”  Journal of Paleontology  54  (1980):

  508–33. P. D. Gingerich and D. E. Russell, “Pakicetus inachus,  a New Archae-

  ocete (Mammalia, Cetacea),”  Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology,

  University of Michigan 25 (1981): 235–46. K. Kumar and A. Sahni, “Eocene

  Mammals from the Upper Subathu Group, Kashmir Himalaya, India,”  Journal

  of Vertebrate Paleontology 5 (1985): 153–68. J. G. M. Thewissen and S. T. Hus-

  sain, “Systematic Review of the Pakicetidae, Early and Middle Eocene Cetacea

  (Mammalia)  from  Pakistan  and  India,”  Bulletin of the Carnegie Museum of

  Natural History 34 (1998): 220–38.

  11. S. I. Madar, “The Postcranial Skeleton of Early Eocene Pakicetid Ceta-

  ceans,”  Journal of Paleontology 81 (2007): 176–200.

  12. L. J. Roe, J. G. M. Thewissen, J. Quade, J. R. O’Neil, S. Bajpai, A. Sahni,

  and  S. T.  Hussain, “Isotopic  Approaches  to  Understanding  the  Terrestrial  to

  Marine  Transition  of  the  Earliest  Cetaceans,”  in  The Emergence of Whales:

  Evolutionary Patterns in the Origin of Cetacea,  ed.  J. G. M. Thewissen  (New

  York, NY: Plenum  Press,  1998),  399–421. M. T. Clementz, A.  Goswami,  P. D.

  Gingerich, and P. L. Koch, “Isotopic Records from Early Whales and Sea Cows:

  Contrasting Patterns of Ecological Transition,”  Journal of Vertrebrate Paleontol-

  ogy 26 (2006): 355–70.

  13. M. A. O’Leary and M. D. Uhen, “The Time of Origin of Whales and the

  Role of Behavioral Changes in the Terrestrial–Aquatic Transition,”  Paleobiology

  25  (1999):  534–56.  J. G. M.  Thewissen,  M. T.  Clementz,  J. D.  Sensor,  and  S.

  Bajpai, “Evolution of Dental Wear and Diet During the Origin of Whales,”  Pale-

  obiology 37 (2011): 655–69.

  14. P. S. Ungar,  Mammal Teeth: Origin, Evolution, and Diversity (Baltimore,

  MD: Johns Hopkins Press, 2010).

  15.  A.  D.  Foote,  J.  Newton,  S. B.  Piertney,  E.  Willerslev,  and  M. T. P.

  Gilbert,  “Ecological,  Morphological,  and  Genetic  Divergence  of  Sympatric

  North  Atlantic  Killer  Whale  Populations,”  Molecular Ecology  18  (2009):

  5207–17.

  16. S. Nummela, S. T. Hussain, and J. G. M. Thewissen, “Cranial Anatomy of

  Pakicetidae  (Cetacea,  Mammalia),”  Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology  26

  (2006), 746–59.

  17. G. Dehnhardt and B. Mauck, “Mechanoreception in Secondarily Aquatic

  Vertebrates,” in  Sensory Evolution on the Threshold: Adaptations in Secondar-

  ily Aquatic Vertebrates, ed. J. G. M. Thewissen and S. Nummela (Berkeley, CA:

  University of California Press, 2008), 295–316.

  18. N. M. Gray, K. Kainec, S. Madar, L. Tomko, and S. Wolfe, “Sink or Swim?

  Bone Density As a Mechanism for Buoyancy Control in Early Cetaceans,”  Ana-

  tomical Record 290 (2007): 638–53.

  19. S. I. Madar, “The Postcranial Skeleton of Early Eocene Pakicetid Ceta-

  ceans,”  Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 81 (2007): 176–200.

  20. See note 12.

  21. J. G. M. Thewissen, L. N. Cooper, M. T. Clementz, S. Bajpai, and B. N.

  Tiwari. “Whales Originated from Aquatic Artiodactyls in the Eocene Epoch of

  India,”  Nature 450 (2007): 1190–95.

  226    |    Notes

  chapter 12. whales conquer the world

  1.  M.  Nikaido, A.  P.  Rooney,  and  N.  Okada, “Phylogenetic  Relationships

  among Cetartiodactyls Based on Insertions of Short and Long Interspersed Ele-

  ments: Hippopotamuses Are the Closest Extant Relatives of Whales,”  Proceed-

  ings of the National Academy of Sciences 96 (1999): 10261–66.

  2. J.-R. Boisserie, F. Lihoreau, and M. Brunet, “The Position of Hippopot-

  amidae within Cetartiodactyla,”  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sci-

  ences 102 (2005): 1537–41.

  3. J. G. M. Thewissen and S. Bajpai, “New Protocetid Cetaceans from the

  Eocene of India,”  Palaeontologia Electronica (in review).

  4. Paleobiology Database, http://fossilworks.org/?a=home.

  5.  A.  Sahni  and  V.  P.  Mishra,  “Lower  Tertiary  Vertebrates  from  Western

  India,”  Monograph of the Palaeontological Society of India 3 (1975): 1–48. P. D.

  Gingerich, M. Arif, M. A. Bhatti, M. Anwar, and W. J. Sanders, “Protosiren and

  Babiacetus (Mammalia, Sirenia and Cetacea) from the Middle Eocene Drazinda

  Formation,  Sulaiman  Range,  Punjab  (Pakistan),”  Contributions from the

  Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan 29 (1995): 331–57. P. D. Gin-

  gerich,  M.  Arif,  and  W.  C.  Clyde, “New  Archaeocetes  (Mammalia,  Cetacea)

  from the Middle Eocene Domanda Formation of the Sulaiman Range, Punjab

  (Pakistan),”  Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, University of

  Michigan  29 (1995): 291–330.  P.  D. Gingerich,  M.  Haq,  I.  S. Zalmout,  I.  H.

  Khan, and M. S. Malkani, “Origin of Whales from Early Artiodactyls: Hands

  and Feet of Eocene Protocetidae from Pakistan,”  Science
 293 (2001): 2239–42.

  P. D. Gingerich, M. ul-Haq, W. v. Koenigswald, W. J. Sanders, B. H. Smith, and

  I.  S.  Zalmout, “New  Protocetid Whale  from  the  Middle  Eocene  of  Pakistan:

  Birth on Land, Precocial Development, and Sexual Dimorphism,”  PLoS One 4

  (2009): e4366, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0004366.

  6. E. M. Williams, “Synopsis of the Earliest Cetaceans: Pakicetidae, Ambu-

  locetidae,  Remingtonocetidae,  and  Protocetidae,”  in  Emergence of Whales:

  Evolutionary Patterns in the Origin of Cetacea, ed. J. G. M. Thewissen (New

  York: Plenum Press, 1988), 1–28. G. Bianucci and P. D. Gingerich, “Aegyptoce-

  tus tarfa n. gen. et sp. (Mammalia, Cetacea), from the Middle Eocene of Egypt:

  Clinorhynchy, Olfaction, and Hearing in a Protocetid Whale,”  Journal of Verte-

  brate Paleontology 31 (2011): 1173–88. P. D. Gingerich, “Cetacea,” in  Cenozoic

  Mammals of Africa, ed. L. Werdelin and W. J. Sanders (Berkeley: University of

  California Press, 2010), 873–99.

  7. R. C. Hulbert, Jr., R. M. Petkewich, G. A. Bishop, D. Bukry, and D. P. Ale-

  shire, “A New Middle Eocene Protocetid Whale (Mammalia: Cetacea: Archae-

  oceti) and Associated Biota from Georgia,”  Journal of Paleontology 72 (1998):

  907–26. J. H. Geisler, A. E. Sanders, and Z.-X. Luo, “A New Protocetid Whale

  (Cetacea: Archaeoceti) from the Late Middle Eocene of South Carolina,”  Amer-

  ican Museum Novitates 3480 (2005): 1–65. S. A. McLeod and L. G. Barnes, “A

  New Genus and Species of Eocene Protocetid Archaeocete Whale (Mammalia,

  Cetacea)  from  the  Atlantic  Coastal  Plain,”  Science Series, Natural History

  Museum of Los Angeles County 41 (2008): 73–98. M. D. Uhen, “New Speci-

  mens of Protocetidae (Mammalia, Cetacea) from New Jersey and South Caro-

  lina,”  Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 34 (2013): 211–19.

  Notes    |    227

 

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