Hannibal's Dynasty
Page 54
engines with the wildly inflated ones of Livy’s near-contemporary Valerius
Antias.
5 Chaereas, Eumachus, Xenophon: FGrH nos. 177–9; cf. K. Meister, Historische
Kritik bei Polybios (Wiesbaden 1975) 167–72; Seibert, FzH 13; Hoyos (2001a) 77.
Cincius Alimentus: Livy 21.38.3–5; Appendix §8. Cato: Badian (1966) 6–11;
B. D. Hoyos, Ancient History Bulletin 1 (1987) 112–21, and 4 (1990) 31–6; Mahar-
bal’s remark: chapter IX §IV, with note 3.
6 Coelius: Badian (1966) 15–17; W. Hermann, Die Historien des Coelius Antipater:
Fragmente und Kommentar (Meisenham/Glan 1979). Scipio’s storm, chapter XIV
note 7.
7 Claudius and Valerius: Badian (1966) 18–22 ; Luce (1977) 139–84 (mostly on
Livy’s use of them and others in Books 31–45). A Clodius Licinus, cited once
(Livy 29.22.10), may have been the consul of AD 4 who was a historian (Sueto-
nius, De Grammaticis 20, and perhaps also Plutarch, Numa 1); thus Kukofka (1990)
142 note 61. But Livy wrote Books 21–30 probably around 20 BC (cf. Luce, 5
note 5), which would put this Clodius’ historical opus many decades before his
consulate—not an unthinkable span, but difficult. More likely Livy’s Clodius was
282
N O T E S T O T H E T E X T
the historian whom Cicero names as one of Coelius’ inferior successors ( De Leg-
ibus 1.2.6; so too Badian, 17, 20).
8 On Polybius see F. W. Walbank’s study (1972) and of course his Commentary; also
A. E. Astin, in CAH 2 8.3–8. On symploke: Vollmer (1990).
9 Polybius at Carthage, 38.19, 21–2. ‘How, and through what type of political
system’, 1.1.5. Later decision to extend the History: 3.4–5.
10 Zama: Pol. 15.9–19; Livy 30.33–7; Walbank, 2.453–71; H. E. Butler and
H. H. Scullard, Livy, Book XXX (6th edn, London, 1954) 122–9. Lengthy listing
of Second Punic War Livian variants from Polybius in Kukofka (1990) 165–7,
who in impeccable quellenkritisch style ascribes all variants not to Livy but to a
writer between Polybius and Livy, like Coelius Antipater. On Livy’s use of Poly-
bius: P. G. Walsh, Livy: His Historical Aims and Methods (Cambridge 1963), esp.
142–63; Luce (1977); Tränkle (1977).
11 Mercenaries’ War an awful warning: Pol. 1.65.2–7, 67.4–6, 81.5–11. Relevant to
Hannibal’s war: 67.8–9 (not that Polybius clearly explains how). Gisco in 203:
Pol. 15.19.2; Livy 30.37.7–8. Sufete (βασιλε´υς) in 218: Pol. 3.33.3; on Picard’s
unconvincing notion that this was Bomilcar, brother-in-law of Hannibal, cf.
chapter IV note 5. Democratic leanings at Carthage by 218: Pol. 6.51.6; cf. chap-
ter VI §III.
12 Sardinia: chapter IV §I; Hoyos (1998) 132–43. Carthaginians in the right in 218:
Pol. 3.30.3–4; see chapter VII §IV. A Roman city-sack: 10.15.4–16.9 (New
Carthage in 209); not totally representative of all sackings, cf. A. Ziolkowski,
‘ Urbs direpta, or how the Romans sacked cities’, in J. Rich and G. Shipley (eds.),
War and Society in the Roman World (London 1993) 69–91. On Polybius’ life and
activities, Walbank (1972) is an outstanding guide; for Polybius’ improvements to
fire-signalling see Pol. 10.43–7; interview with Masinissa, 9.25.4–6; with eyewit-
nesses of Hannibal’s passage of the Alps, 3.48.12.
13 On Diodorus generally: K. S. Sacks, Diodorus Siculus and the First Century (Prince-
ton 1990). La Bua (1966) and Loreto (1995) analyse his sources for Books 22–5
with rigid Quellenkritik; cf. note 1 above and, on Loreto, Hoyos (1999). Diodorus
on 264: Hoyos (1998) 82–6, cf. 85 note 6.
14 On Livy generally see Walsh (note 10 above); Luce (1977); J. D. Chaplin, Livy’s
Exemplary History (Oxford 2000). V. M. Warrior sees greater coherence and accu-
racy, at least in a later book, than usually credited to him: The Initiation of the Second
Macedonian War: An Explication of Livy Book 31 (Stuttgart 1996), especially 23–35,
52–73, 91–3.
15 On Hannibalica: Leidl (1993) 428–62, arguing (446–59) that Appian uses a pre-
Livian source who, he thinks, is Coelius. Appian on the ‘Ebro’: Iber. 6.24; chapter
VI §VI. Events in Africa from 204: e.g. the gory capture of ‘Locha’ ( Lib. 15.62–3;
Livy (29.35.4) has a town Salaeca taken without incident); Syphax’s machinations
before Scipio’s attack on the enemy camps ( Lib. 17.68–18.74) and his rôle, after
capture, in the story of Sophoniba (27.113–16); and most notably Hannibal’s
supposed activities, including a truce with Scipio, before Zama (36.151–39.161).
Appian incidentally sites this battle near a town ‘Cilla’ and knows nothing of
names like Naraggara or Zama (40.165): cf. Walbank, 2.449; Seibert, FzH
310–11. Cannae: Appian, Hann. 19.83–26.114. On the Iber-accord and Appian’s
version of it, which incidentally dates it to Hamilcar’s time ( Hann. 2.6): Hoyos
(1998) 158, 160, 167–71, 292–3. Appian and the elder Scipios in Spain: Hoyos
(2001b) 70–1, 78–89, 84–5, 88. Younger Scipio’s operations in 208–206: Iber.
24.93–36.146. Scipio versus Hannibal at Zama, Lib. 45.188–9. Unsatisfied with
this touch of epic, Appian follows up with a Masinissa–Hannibal clash during
the pursuit (46.195–7).
283
N O T E S T O T H E T E X T
16 Italian traders and other items in 241–237: chapters III §III, IV §I. Hannibal’s
oath: chapter IV note 7; army-strength, chapter VIII note 15. Trasimene: Appian,
Hann. 10.39–43. Italian troops massacred: chapter XIV §IV.
17 Iber. 9.33–5, Hann. 3.9–10 (Hannibal causes war); Hann. 5.17, 14.60 (kills prisoners), 31.132 (burns alive traitor’s family at Arpi), 43.183 (Lucanian mistress).
On Hannibal’s plus side: Hann. 10.43 (mild to Italian prisoners), 26.111 (brilliance
of Cannae), 35.152 (honours to Gracchus), 50.216–17 (to Marcellus); Lib.
37.155–38.158 (his foiled peace-effort), 55.241 (peace counsel after Zama). Leidl
fails to persuade that this portrayal is largely hostile (1993) 441–2.
18 Coelius the basic source: Schwarte (1983) 26–7, 31–6; Leidl (1993) 456–9.
19 Nepos on Hannibal’s later life: Hann. 7–13; years of exile, 8–12. On 216 to 203:
Hann. 5; much of it in fact concerns 217 (5.1–3). A verdict of ‘solid and reliable’
on Nepos’ Hannibalic chronology is too kind (J. Geiger, Cornelius Nepos and
Ancient Political Biography (Stuttgart 1985) 110–11). Hannibal’s postwar position,
Hann. 7.1–4; see chapter XV §II.
20 Dio’s Roman envoys in 219, Zon. 8.21; Hannibal after Trasimene, 8.25; treaty
with Philip V, 9.4; Metaurus campaign, 9.9. Romans initially reject peace terms in
203: Dio, frg. 57.74 = Zon. 9.13; cf. chapter XIV §III.
21 Scipio’s true parentage: Silius 13.615–20. On Silius cf. C. Reitz in Der Neue Pauly
11 (2001) 557–9; D. W. T. C Vessey in The Cambridge History of Classical Literature
(Cambridge 1982) 2.590–6. Silius used against Polybius and Livy: Schwarte
(1983), especially 1–36. Against this: B. D. Hoyos, ‘Polybius mendax?’, Liverpool
Classical Monthly 10 (1985) 135–9, 153–6; cf. Hoyos (1998) 226–32.
22 Eutropius 2.18–3.23 (Punic Wars period); also 4.5 (Hannibal’s suicide). Justin on
the Barcids: notably 44.5.4–7 (in Spain), 29.1.7 (Hann
ibal’s odium Romanorum),
31.1.7–2.8 (his exile), 31.3.5–6.3 (dealings with Antiochus; the lengthiest
episode), 32.2–12 (last years and laudatory obituary).
23 On Valerius Maximus, Frontinus, Florus, Polyaenus and Orosius see, conve-
niently, OCD 3. Oros. 4.7–19 reports the Punic wars to 201. De Viris Illustribus: the
manuscripts claim Pliny the Younger as author while in early modern times the
fourth-century epitomizing historian Aurelius Victor was suggested; the real
author remains unknown (F. Pichlmayr in his Teubner edition of Victor and De
Vir. Ill. (1911; revised by R. Gruendel, 1970) x–xi).
284
B I B L I O G R A P H Y
Abbreviations
AS
Kromayer and Veith, Antike Schlachtfelder
AHB
Ancient History Bulletin
AJPAmerican Journal of P
hilology
Appian, Hann.
Appian, Hannibalica
Appian, Iber.
Appian, Iberica
Appian, Lib.
Appian, Libyca
Appian, Sic.
Sic
Appian, Syr.
Appian, Syriaca
Broughton, MRR
Broughton, The Magistrates of the Roman Republic
CAH 1, CAH 2
Cambridge Ancient History, 1st and 2nd edns
Cassiod.
Cassiodorus
CPClassical P
hilology
Degrassi, ILLRP
Degrassi, Inscriptiones Latinae Liberae Rei Publicae
Diod.
Diodorus
Eutrop.
Eutropius
frg.
fragment
FGrH
Jacoby, Die Fragmente der griechischer Historiker
Gsell, HAAN
Gsell, Histoire ancienne de l’Afrique du Nord
HZ
Historische Zeitschrift
ILS
Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae, ed. H. Dessau (Berlin
1892–1916)
Itin. Ant.
Itinerarium Antonini
Itin. Rav.
Itinerarium Ravennatis
Kl PDer Kleine P
auly
Livy, Epit.
Livy, Epitome
LSJ
Liddell, Scott and Jones, Greek Lexicon, 6th edn (Oxford
1968)
NF
Neue Folge [New Series]
OCD 3
Oxford Classical Dictionary, 3rd edn
Oros.
Orosius
285
B I B L I O G R A P H Y
Picard and
Picard and Picard, The Life and Death of Carthage
Picard, LDC
Pliny, NH
Pliny, Naturalis Historia
Pol.
Polybius
RE & Supplbd.
Paulys Realencyclopädie der Altertumswissenschaft, and
supplements
RÉL
Revue des Études Latines
RhM
Rheinisches Museum für Philologie
RSA
Rivista di Storia Antica
Schmitt, SVA
Schmitt, Die Staatsverträge des Altertums, vol. 3
Schulten, FHA
Schulten, Fontes Hispaniae Antiquae
SEG
Sylloge Epigraphica Graeca
Seibert, FzH
Seibert, Forschungen zu Hannibal
Seibert, Hann.
Seibert, Hannibal
St. Byz.
Stephanus of Byzantium
Val. Max.
Valerius Maximus
Zon.
Zonaras
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Eutropius, Compendium Historiae Romanae
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