The European Dream

by Jeremy Rifkin

11 Marshall, T. H. Citizenship and Social Class. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1950.

  12 Stevenson, N. “Globalization, National Cultures and Cultural Citizenship.” The Sociological Quarterly. Vol. 38. 1997. pp. 41-66; Yuval-Davis, N. National Spaces and Collective Identities: Borders, Boundaries, Citizenship and Gender Relations. Inaugural Lecture, University of Greenwich. 1997; van Steenbergen, B. “Towards a Global Ecological Citizen.” In van Steenbergen, ed. The Condition of Citizenship. London, U.K.: Sage, 1994; Held, David. Democracy and the Global Order. Cambridge, U.K.: Polity, 1991; Urry, John. Consuming Places. London, U.K.: Routledge, 1995; Bauman, Z. Postmodern Ethics. London: Routledge, 1993.

  13 Urry, John. Beyond Societies: Mobilities for the Twenty-First Century. London: Routledge, 2000. p. 166.

  14 “Charter of the United Nations: Chapter 1: Article 1:3.” The United Nations, 1945. www.un.org/aboutun/charter/chapter1.html

  15 “Ongoing Struggle for Human Rights: The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Timeline).” Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt Institute. November 2, 2003. www.udhr.org/history/timeline.htm ; Beetham, David. “Human Rights as a Model for Cosmopolitan Democracy.” p. 63.

  16 Brownlie, I., ed. Basic Documents on Human Rights. 3rd ed. Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press, 1992. pp. 115, 172; “Ongoing Struggle for Human Rights: The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Timeline).” Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt Institute; “Biodiversity and the Environment.” The United Nations. November 24, 2003. www.un.org

  17 Beetham, David. “Human Rights as a Model for Cosmopolitan Democracy.” pp. 62-63; Rumford, Chris. The European Union: A Political Sociology. Oxford, U.K.: Blackwell, 2002. p. 226.

  18 Closa Montero, Carlos. “The Concept of Citizenship in the Treaty on European Union.” Common Market Law Review. Vol. 29. 1992. p. 1139. 19. Scruton, Roger. A Dictionary of Political Thought. London: Pan, 1982. pp. 63-64.

  20 Soysal, Yasemin. “Changing Citizenship in Europe: Remarks on Postnational Membership and the National State.” In Cesarini, D., and M. Fulbrook, eds. Citizenship, Nationality, and Migration in Europe. London: Routledge, 1997. p. 21.

  21 Delanty, Gerard. Inventing Europe: Idea, Identity, Reality. London: Macmillan, 1995.

  CHAPTER 14: WAGING PEACE

  1 Hobsbawm, E. J. The Age of Extremes: The Short Twentieth Century, 1914-1991. London: Michael Joseph, 1994. p. 12.

  2 “Protocol No. 13 to the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, Concerning the Abolition of the Death Penalty in All Circumstances.” Council of Europe. May 3, 2002. http://conventions.coe.int

  3 Hodgkinson, Peter. “Living without the Death Penalty: The Experience in Europe.” The Lawyer Journal of the Taipei Bar Association. April 2002. p. 6.

  4 “EU Memorandum on the Death Penalty.” European Union in the U.S. February 5, 2003. www.eurunion.org/legislat/DeathPenalty/eumemorandum.htm

  5 Ibid.

  6 “Poll Topics and Trends: Death Penalty.” The Gallup Organization. October 9, 2003. www.gallup.com

  7 “EU Memorandum on the Death Penalty.” European Union in the U.S.

  8 Ibid.

  9 The Holy Bible, King James Version. Matthew 5:38, 5:39.

  10 Ibid. Matthew 5:43, 5:44.

  11 “Poll Topics and Trends: Death Penalty.” The Gallup Organization.

  12 Nisbett, Richard E. The Geography of Thought: How Asians and Westerners Think Differently . . . and Why. New York: Free Press, 2003. p. 88.

  13 “EU Memorandum on the Death Penalty.” European Union in the U.S. p. 3.

  14 Ibid.

  15 Bonczar, Thomas P., and Tracy L. Snell. “Capital Punishment, 2002.” Bureau of Justice Statistics. November 2003.

  16 Chace, James. “Present at the Destruction: The Death of American Internationalism.” World Policy Journal. Spring 2003. p. 2; Tyler, Patrick E. “U.S. Strategy Plan Calls for Insuring No Rivals Develop.” The New York Times. March 8, 1992.

  17 Ibid.

  18 Chace, James. “Present at the Destruction: The Death of American Internationalism.”

  19 “President Bush Delivers Graduation Speech at West Point.” The White House. June 1, 2002. www.whitehouse.gov

  20 Ibid.

  21 “Secretary Rumsfeld Media Availability.” Speech by Donald Rumsfeld. May 22, 2002. www.globalsecurity.org

  22 Glennon, Michael J. “Why the Security Council Failed.” Foreign Affairs. Vol. 82. No. 3. May/June 2003. p. 20.

  23 “Charter of the United Nations: Chapter 1: Purposes and Principles.” The United Nations. www.un.org

  24 Ikenberry, G. John. “America’s Imperial Ambition.” Foreign Affairs. Vol. 81. No. 5. September /October 2002. pp. 56-57.

  25 Ibid.

  26 Hoffman, Stanley. “The High and the Mighty.” American Prospect. January 23, 2003.

  27 Bush, George W. “Text: Bush’s 2003 State of the Union Address.” The Washington Post. January 28, 2003.

  28 Gordon, Philip H. “Bridging the Atlantic Divide.” Foreign Affairs. Vol. 81. No. 1. January/ February 2003. pp. 76-77.

  29 “Seventy-Two Percent of Americans Support War Against Iraq.” The Gallup Organization. March 24, 2003.

  30 Gordon, Philip H. “Bridging the Atlantic Divide.” p. 77.

  31 Ibid.

  32 “Views of a Changing World.” The Pew Global Attitudes Project. The Pew Research Center for the People and the Press. June 2003. p. 101.

  33 Glennon, Michael J. “Why the Security Council Failed.” p. 21.

  34 Fischer, Joschka. Speech at Humboldt University. Berlin, Germany. May 12, 2000.

  35 Daley, Suzanne. “French Minister Calls U.S. Policy ‘Simplistic.’” The New York Times. February 7, 2002.

  36 Prodi, Romano. Speech at the Institu d’Etudes Politiques. Paris. May 29, 2001.

  37 Kagan, Robert. Of Paradise and Power: America and Europe in the New World Order. New York: Knopf, 2003. p. 60.

  38 Kennedy, Craig, and Marshall M. Bouton. “The Real Trans-Atlantic Gap.” Foreign Policy. December 2002. p. 5.

  39 Ibid.

  40 Kagan, Robert. Of Paradise and Power: America and Europe in the New World Order. pp. 3-4.

  41 Kennedy, Craig, and Marshall M. Bouton. “The Real Trans-Atlantic Gap.”

  42 Patten, Chris, CH. “A European Foreign Policy: Ambition and Reality.” Speech at Institut Francais des Relations Internationales (IFRI). Paris. June 15, 2000.

  43 Ibid.

  44 Patten, Chris. “From Europe with Support.” Yediot Ahronot. October 28, 2002.

  45 Nye, Joseph S. Jr. The Paradox of American Power. Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press, 2002. pp. 8-9.

  46 “The Biggest Threat to Peace: You Vote.” Time Europe. August 25, 2003. www.time.com

  47 “Global Survey Results Give a Thumbs Down to US Foreign Policy.” Gallup International. September 7, 2002.

  48 Ioannides, Isabelle. “The European Rapid Reaction Force.” Bonn International Center for Conversion (BICC). September 2002. p. 8.

  49 Kaldor, Mary. “Reconceptualizing Organized Violence.” In Archibugi, Daniele, David Held, and Martin Kohler, eds. Re-imagining Political Community: Studies in Cosmopolitan Democracy. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1998. p. 108.

  50 Moravcsik, Andrew. “How Europe Can Win without an Army.” Financial Times. April 2, 2003.

  51 Gelb, Leslie H., and Justine Rosenthal. “The Rise of Ethics in Foreign Policy.” Foreign Affairs . Vol. 82. No. 3. May/June 2003. pp. 2-7.

  52 “European Union Factsheet: Development Assistance and Humanitarian Aid.” European Commission. June 25, 2003.

  53 Ibid.

  54 Ibid.

  55 Barber, Lionel. “The New Transatlantic Agenda.” In Guttman, Robert J., ed. Europe in the New Century: Visions of an Emerging Superpower. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2001. p. 97; Lennon, David. “The European Union: A Leader in Humanitarian and Development Assistance.” In Guttman, Robert J., ed. Europe in the New Century: Visions of an Emerging Superpow
er. p. 131.

  56 Lennon, David. “The European Union: A Leader in Humanitarian and Development Assistance.” p. 127.

  57 “Ranking the Rich.” Foreign Policy. May/June 2003. pp. 57-58.

  58 Ibid. pp. 60-61.

  59 Clark, Wesley K. Waging Modern War. New York: Public Affairs, 2001. p. 426.

  60 Ibid.

  61 Zinsmeister, Karl. “Old and In the Way.” The American Enterprise Magazine Online. 2002. www.americanenterprise.org; Hartmann, Andreas. “Europe’s Military Ambitions—Myth or Reality?” European Documentation Centre, 2002. www.edc.spb.ru

  62 Kennedy, Paul. “Time for an American Recessional?” Newsweek—Special Edition: Issues 2003. December 2002-February 2003. p. 86.

  63 “Fiscal Year 2004 Budget.” Center for Defense Information. March 19, 2003. www.cdi.org/budget/2004/world-military-spending.cfm ; “CIA Country Fact Sheets 2003.” CIA World Fact-book . www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook

  64 Walker, Martin. “Europe: Superstate or Superpower?” World Policy Journal. Vol. XVII. Issue 4. Winter 2000/2001. p. 9.

  65 “United Nations Human Development Report 2002.” United Nations Development Program. Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press, 2002. p. 45.

  66 Heisbourg, François. “Emerging European Power Projection Capabilities.” Geneva Centre for Security Policy. July 16, 1999.

  67 “Defence & Foreign Affairs: Strong Popular Support for Common EU Policies.” European Report. May 3, 2003.

  68 “Europe Gets Its Guns.” European Security. January 2001. www.europeansecurity.net

  69 Wolf, Charles Jr., and Benjamin Zycher. European Military Prospects, Economic Constraints and the Rapid Reaction Force. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Publications, 2001. p. 22.

  70 Moravscik, Andrew. “How Europe Can Win without an Army.” Financial Times. April 2, 2003.

  71 Ioannides, Isabelle. “The European Rapid Reaction Force.”

  72 Zinsmeister, Karl. “Old and In the Way.”

  73 Ibid. p. 8.

  74 Rice, Condoleezza. “How to Pursue the National Interest: Life after the Cold War.” Foreign Affairs. January/February 2000.

  75 Ash, Timothy Garton. “How the West Can Be One.” The New York Times Magazine. April 27, 2003. p. 14.

  76 Ibid.

  77 Kennedy, Craig, and Marshall M. Bouton. “The Real Trans-Atlantic Gap.” p. 7.

  78 Glennon, Michael J. “Why the Security Council Failed.” Quotation by Jacques Chirac.

  79 Walker, Martin. “Europe: Superstate or Superpower?” p. 11.

  80 Hartmann, Andreas. “Europe’s Military Ambitions—Myth or Reality?” pp. 1-2.

  81 Ibid.

  82 Ibid.

  83 Ibid.

  84 Ibid. p. 3.

  85 Ibid. pp. 1-2; “The European Military Structures and Capabilities.” Council of the European Union. 2002. http://ue.eu.int

  86 Walker, Martin. “Europe: Superstate or Superpower?” p. 8.

  87 “Presidency Conclusions.” EU Council. Helsinki. December 1999.

  88 Hartmann, Andreas. “Europe’s Military Ambitions—Myth or Reality?” p. 4.

  89 Ibid. pp. 4-5.

  90 Ibid.

  91 Ibid.

  92 Ibid.

  93 Walker, Martin. “Europe: Superstate or Superpower?” p. 8.

  94 Ibid.

  95 Assemblée nationale, Commission de la defense nationale et des forces armés. Rapport de réunion no. 32 (en application de l’article 46 du Réglement). 18 avril 2001. Président: M. Paul Quilés. Cited in Ioannides, Isabelle. “The European Rapid Reaction Force.”

  96 Ioannides, Isabelle. “The European Rapid Reaction Force”; “Public Opinion in the European Union.” European Commission Eurobarometer. No. 56. April 2002.

  97 Savic, Misha. “EU Peacekeepers Arrive in Macedonia.” The Washington Post. April 1, 2003.

  98 Geitner, Paul. “EU to Send Peacekeepers to Congo.” The Associated Press. June 4, 2003.

  CHAPTER 15: A SECOND ENLIGHTENMENT

  1 Rees, Martin. Our Final Hour. New York: Basic Books, 2003. p. 8.

  2 Ibid. p. 120.

  3 Ibid. p. 121.

  4 Ibid.

  5 Ibid.

  6 Davidson, Keay. “Saving the Universe by Restricting Research.” San Francisco Chronicle. April 14, 2003.

  7 Rees, Martin. Our Final Hour. pp. 125, 128.

  8 Ibid. p. 132.

  9 “American and European Public Opinion & Foreign Policy.” Worldviews. 2002. pp. 25 c2-26 c2. www.worldviews.org; “Views of a Changing World.” The Pew Global Attitudes Project. The Pew Research Center for the People and the Press. June 2003. pp. 90-99. www.people-press.org

  10 “Commission and Industry Divided Over Impact Assessment of Chemicals Review.” EurActiv. April 30, 2003. www.eruactiv.com

  11 Becker, Elizabeth, and Jennifer Lee. “Europe Plan on Chemicals Seen as Threat to U.S. Exports.” The New York Times. May 8, 2003.

  12 Ibid. Quotation by Margot Wallstrom.

  13 Loewenberg, Samuel. “Europe Gets Tougher on U.S. Companies.” The New York Times. April 20, 2003.

  14 Becker, Elizabeth, and Jennifer Lee. “Europe Plan on Chemicals Seen as Threat to U.S. Exports.”

  15 Ibid.

  16 Ibid.; “Commission and Industry Divided Over Impact Assessment of Chemicals Review.” EurActiv. April 30, 2003. www.euractiv.com

  17 Becker, Elizabeth, and Jennifer Lee. “Europe Plan on Chemicals Seen as Threat to U.S. Exports.”

  18 “REACH on Its Way—Risk or Opportunity for Chemicals Sector?” EurActiv. October 29, 2003. www.euractiv.com

  19 Ibid.

  20 Loewenberg, Samuel. “Europe Gets Tougher on U.S. Companies.”

  21 Ibid.; “Commission and Industry Divided Over Impact Assessment of Chemicals Review.”

  22 “Commission Adopts Communication on Precautionary Principle.” EU Online. November 26, 2002. www.europa.eu.int

  23 Ibid.

  24 Harremoes, Poul, David Gee, Malcolm MacGarvin, Andy Stirling, Jane Keys, Brian Wynne, and Sofia Guedes Vaz, eds. The Precautionary Principle in the 20th Century: Late Lessons from Early Warnings. European Environment Agency. London: Earthscan Publications, 2002. p. 7.

  25 Pollan, Michael. “The Year in Ideas: A to Z.” The New York Times. December 9, 2001.

  26 Harremoes, Poul, David Gee, Malcolm MacGarvin, Andy Stirling, Jane Keys, Brian Wynne, and Sofia Guedes Vaz, eds. The Precautionary Principle in the 20th Century: Late Lessons from Early Warnings. p. 4.

  27 Ibid. p. 200.

  28 Ibid. pp. 191, 194.

  29 Ibid. p. 189.

  30 “Communication from the Commission on the Precautionary Principle.” Commission of the European Communities. February 2, 2000. p. 11. www.europa.eu.int

  31 Harremoes, Poul, David Gee, Malcolm MacGarvin, Andy Stirling, Jane Keys, Brian Wynne, and Sofia Guedes Vaz, eds. The Precautionary Principle in the 20th Century: Late Lessons from Early Warnings. p. 6.

  32 Alden, Edward. “Cautious EU Rules Are ‘Bar to Trade,’ Say US Companies.” Financial Times. May 6, 2003.

  33 Wallstrom, Margot. “The EU and the US Approaches to Environment Policy: Are We Converging or Diverging?” European Institute. April 25, 2002. www.eurunion.org

  34 Ibid.

  35 Ibid.

  36 Harremoes, Poul, David Gee, Malcolm MacGarvin, Andy Stirling, Jane Keys, Brian Wynne, and Sofia Guedes Vaz, eds. The Precautionary Principle in the 20th Century: Late Lessons from Early Warnings. p. xiii.

  37 Heisenberg, Werner. Physics and Philosophy: The Revolution in Modern Science. New York: Harper, 1958.

  38 Maren-Grisebach, Manon. Philsophie der Brunen. Munchen, Ger.: Olzog, 1982. p. 30. Quotation by Ernst Haeckel.

  39 Lovelock, James. The Ages of Gaia: A Biography of Our Living Earth. New York: Norton, 1988. p. 312. Quotation by Vladimir Vernadsky.

  40 Polunin, N. “Our Use of ‘Biosphere,’ ‘Ecosystem,’ and Now ‘Ecobiome.’” Environmental Conservation 11. 1984. p. 198; Serafin, Rafal. “Noosphere, Gaia
, and the Science of the Biosphere.” Environmental Ethics 10. Summer 1988. p. 125.

  41 Patten, Bernard C. “Network Ecology.” In Higashi, M., and T. P. Burns, eds. Theoretical Studies of Ecosystems: The Network Perspective. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991.

  42 Capra, Fritjof. The Web of Life: A New Scientific Understanding of Living Systems. New York: Anchor Books, 1996. pp. 34-35.

  43 Ibid. p. 34; Thomas, Lewis. The Lives of a Cell. New York: Bantam, 1975. pp. 26ff., 102ff.

  44 Prodi, Romano. “The Energy Vector of the Future.” Conference on the Hydrogen Economy. Brussels. June 16, 2003.

  45 This author serves as an adviser to Romano Prodi, the president of the European Commission and, in that capacity, provided the strategic memorandum that led to the adoption and implementation of the EU hydrogen plan.

  46 Prodi, Romano. “The Energy Vector of the Future.”

  47 Ibid.

  48 Ibid.

  49 Ibid.

  50 Greene, Catherine, and Amy Kremen. “U.S. Organic Farming in 2000-2001: Adoption of Certified Systems. Table 5.” Agriculture Information Bulletin. No. 55 (AIB780). April 2003. www.ers.usda.gov/publications; Scowcroft, Bob. “Bush’s Squeeze on Organic Farmers.” Organic Consumers Association. June 28, 2003. www.organicconsumers.org

  51 “How to Facilitate the Development of Transnational Co-Operation in Research in Organic Farming by Member and Associated States.” Paper presented at Seminar on Organic Farming Research in Europe (Brussels). September 24-25, 2002. p. 2.

  52 Ibid. p. 6.

  53 “The European Market for Fresh Organic Vegetables.” M2 Presswire. December 17, 2002.

  54 “How to Facilitate the Development of Transnational Co-Operation in Research in Organic Farming by Member and Associated States.” pp. 3, 5.

  55 Brown, Amanda. “UK Organic Food Sales the Second Highest in Europe.” The Journal (of Newcastle). October 15, 2002.

  56 “Market Research Shows Rapid Growth of Organic Food.” Organic Consumers Association. June 20, 2003. www.organicconsumers.org

  57 Wynne-Tyson, Jon. The Extended Circle. Sussex, England: Centaur Press, 1985. p. 91. Quotation by Mohandas Gandhi.

  58 “Feeling the Heat: Climate Change and Biodiversity Loss.” Nature. Vol. 427. January 8, 2004. www.nature.com. Gorman, James. “Scientists Predict Widespread Extinction by Global Warming.” The New York Times. January 8, 2004; Gugliotta, Guy. “Warming May Threaten 37% of Species by 2050.” The Washington Post. January 8, 2004; Houlder, Vanessa. “Global Warming ‘Will Kill Tenth of Species.’” Financial Times. January 7, 2004.