The Rise of Female Kings in Europe, 1300-1800

by William Monter

  Charlemagne, Roman emperor (800–814), (i)

  Charles Albert, elector of Bavaria (1726–45), (i). See also Charles VII

  Charles I, king of Spain (1516–55), (i), (ii), fig. 5. See also Charles V

  Charles IV, king of France and Navarre (1322–28), (i)

  Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (1519–55), (i), (ii), (iii), (iv).

  See also Charles I

  Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor (1711–40), (i), (ii)

  Charles VII, Holy Roman Emperor (1742–45), (i). See also Charles Albert

  Charles IX, king of France (1560–74), (i)

  Charles X Gustavus, king of Sweden (1654–60), (i)

  Charles XII, king of Sweden (1697–1718), (i)

  Charles of Lorraine, (i)

  Charlotte, deposed female monarch of Cyprus (1458–60), (i), (ii), (iii)n2

  chess queens, (i), (ii), (iii)

  China, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii)

  Christian VII, king of Denmark (1766–1808), (i)

  Christina, female monarch of Sweden (1632–54), (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), figs. 9, 10

  Churchill, Sarah, duchess of Marlborough, (i), (ii), (iii)n4

  Chuvalov, Ivan, (i)

  Cimarosa, Domenico (composer), (i)

  cinema and female rulers, (i), (ii)

  City of Ladies. See Pizan, Christine de

  civil wars, (i), (ii), (iii)

  Clement VI, pope (1342–52), (i)

  Clement XIII, pope (1758–69), (i)

  Clemenza di Tito, La (opera), (i)

  Cleopatra (film), (i)

  Cleopatra VII, female monarch of Egypt (51–30 B.C.), (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), fig. 2

  coins: designs of, (i), (ii); as mythologizing devices, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii); as numismatic evidence, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x); role in affirming authority of women, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii)n3, (xiv)n25, figs. 3–6, (xv), (xvi).

  See also medals of female rulers; numismatics

  Collot, Marie-Anne (sculptor), (i)

  Cornaro, Catherine, female monarch of Cyprus (1474–89), (i), (ii), (iii)

  Confucianism, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)

  coups d'état: by women, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii); against women, (i), (ii)

  Crimean war (1853–56), (i), (ii)

  cross-dressing, (i), (ii), (iii), fig. 14. See also Christina

  Cyprus, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii)

  Darnley, Henry Lord, king-consort of Scotland (1565–67), (i)

  Dashkova, princess, (i), (ii)n42

  Davis, Bette (actress), (i), (ii)

  Deborah (biblical heroine), (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  Dei Gratia Regina, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x).

  See also coins; female sovereigns

  Delhi, (i), (ii)

  Denmark, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v); royal law of, (i)

  Descalzas Reales (Spanish convent), (i), (ii)

  Dialogues of the Dead, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)n50.

  See also Fassmann, David

  Diderot, Denis, (i)

  Dido of Carthage, (i)

  Dietrich, Marlene (actress), (i)

  Discourse on the legitimate succession of women to the possessions of their parents and on the government of princesses in empires and kingdoms (Chambers), (i), (ii)

  divine right and women rulers. See Dei Gratia Regina

  Dormer, Diego (scholar), (i)

  dowagers, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii).

  See also China; regency and female government

  Duchesse de Bourgogne (beer), (i)

  Earenfight, Theresa, (i)

  Edward IV, king of England (1461–83), (i)

  Egypt, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x)

  Elisabeth Petrovna, female autocrat of Russia (1741–62), (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii)

  Elizabeth I, female monarch of England (1558–1603), (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii)n29, (xiii), fig. 7

  England, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x)

  Erasmus of Rotterdam, (i), (ii)

  Etting, Vivian, (i)

  European Union, female inheritance in, (i)

  executions: by women rulers, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii); of women rulers, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)

  Falconet, Étienne-Maurice (sculptor), (i), (ii), (iii)

  Fassmann, David, (i), (ii).

  See also Dialogues of the Dead

  female sovereigns: affairs and lovers of, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)

  coins and, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii)n25

  depositions of, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  female advisers of, (i)

  gender norms and, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)

  illegitimate male siblings and, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)n24

  inheritance and, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)

  joint rule with men, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)

  legal restrictions upon, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii)

  male disguises of, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  marriages of, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii)

  methods of legitimizing rule of, (i), (ii), (iii)

  military matters and, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), (xviii)n18

  portraits and images of, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x)n3, (xi)

  regency and, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii)

  religion and, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv)

  ruling styles of, (i)

  studies of, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  unmarried, (i)

  young heiresses as, (i)

  See also inheritance by female rulers; prenuptial contracts of female monarchs; Salic law

  Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor (1619–37), (i)

  Ferdinand ‘the Catholic,’ king of Aragon (1479–1516) and joint monarch of Castile (1474–1504), (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)n41, fig. 4

  Flores, Juan de (chronicler), (i)

  France, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x)

  Francis II, king of France (1559–60) and joint monarch of Scotland (1558–60), (i), (ii)

  François-Etienne, duke of Lorraine (husband of Maria Theresa). See Franz I Stefan

  Franz I Stefan, Holy Roman Emperor (1745–65), (i), (ii)

  Fraser, Antonia, (i)

  Frederick II the Great, king of Prussia (1740–86), (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix)n18

  Frederick of Hesse, king of Sweden (1720–51), (i)

  French Revolution, (i), (ii), (iii)n49

  Galicia, (i)

  Garbo, Greta (actress), (i)

  Gattinara, Mercurino (statesman), (i)

  gender: Catherine II's superlative and, (i)

  Christina of Sweden and, (i), (ii)

  female authority and, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)

  female inheritance and, (i)

  Islam's view of, (i), (ii)

  male disguise and, (i)

  military issues and, (i)

  religion and, (i)

  rulers’ titles and, (i).

  See also female sovereigns; misogyny; regency and female government

  George III, king of England (1760–1820), (i), (ii), (iii)

  George of Denmark, prince-consort of England (1702–8), (i), (ii)n3

  Georgia, kingdom of, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii)

  Germany, (i), (ii).

  See also Holy Roman Empire; Prussia

  Glorious
Revolution (1688), (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  Golden Bull of Holy Roman Empire (1356), (i)

  Golitsyn, Vasily, (i)

  Gonçalves, Ruy, (i)

  Gonzalez de Lara, Count Pedro, (i).

  See also Urraca

  Gracián, Baltasar, (i)

  Granada, (i), (ii)

  Grassalkovich, Anton, (i)

  Great Schism (1378), (i), (ii), (iii)

  Gregg, Edward, (i)

  Gregory XI, pope (1370–78), (i)

  Grey, Lady Jane, English pretender (1553), (i), (ii), (iii)

  Grieg, Samuel (Russian admiral), (i), (ii)n34

  Grimm, Baron Frederick von, (i)

  Gustav II Adolf, king of Sweden (1611–32), (i), (ii)

  Gustav III, king of Sweden (1771–92), (i)

  Habsburg dynasty, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x)

  See also Pragmatic Sanction

  Habsburg-Valois wars (1494–1559), (i), (ii)

  Hambly, Gavin, (i)

  Hamer, Mary, (i)

  Hamsun, Knut (playwright), (i)

  Han dynasty (China), (i), (ii)

  Hanseatic League, (i)

  Hatsheput, Egyptian pharaoh (1479–58 B.C.), (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), fig. 1

  Hedwig. See St. Jadwiga

  Heian era (Japan), (i), (ii), (iii)

  Henri II, king of France (1547–59), (i)

  Henri IV, king of France (1589–1610), (i)

  Henrique I, king of Portugal (1578–80), (i), (ii)

  Henry I, king of England (1100–1135), (i)

  Henry VIII, king of England (1509–47), (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  Herrin, Judith, (i)

  Holy Roman Empire, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x)

  See also Germany; Golden Bull of Holy Roman Empire

  honorary orders and female rulers, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)n31, (vii)n34

  Hughes, Lindsay, (i)

  Huguenots, French, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)n29

  Hundred Years’ War (1337–1453), (i), (ii)

  Hungary, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii)

  Hunt, Alice, (i)

  Ibn Wasil (chronicler), (i)

  India, (i); female rulers in, (i), (ii)

  inheritance by female rulers, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)

  from female sovereigns, (i), (ii)

  obstacles to, along gender lines, (i)

  See also female sovereigns; primogeniture; regency and female government; Salic law

  Iran, (i), (ii); female sovereignty in, (i)

  Irene of Athens, female emperor of Byzantium (797–802), (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  Isabel I ‘the Catholic,’ joint monarch of Castile (1474–1504), (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix)nn41–42, (x), fig. 4

  Isabel II, female monarch of Spain (1833–68), (i)

  Isabel Clara Eugenia, co-sovereign (1598–1621) and regent (1621–33) of Habsburg Netherlands, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii)n15, (viii)n34, (ix)

  Islam, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii)

  See also jihad against female ruler

  Italy, (i)

  See also Naples; Sicily

  Ivan VI, emperor of Russia (1740–41), (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  See also Anna Leopoldovna

  Jacques de Bourbon (husband of Joanna II of Naples), (i)

  Jagiello of Lithuania. See Ladislas II

  Jakum al-Firanji. See James II

  James II, king of Cyprus (1463–73), (i)

  Jameson, Anna, (i)

  Jansen, Sharon, (i)

  Japan, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)

  Jean I, king of France (1316), (i)

  Jean II d'Albret, joint monarch of Navarre (1494–1516), (i)

  Jeanne II of France, monarch of Navarre (1328–49), (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)n6

  Jeanne III d'Albret, joint (1555–62) and sole monarch of Navarre (1562–72), (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii)n29

  jihad against female ruler, (i)

  Jindeok, female Korean monarch (647–54), (i)

  Jingu, female Japanese tenno, (i)

  Jinseong, female Korean monarch (887–97), (i)

  Joanna, female duke of Brabant (1355–1406), (i)

  Joanna I, female monarch of Naples (1345–81), (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x)n13, (xi)

  Joanna II, female monarch of Naples (1414–34), (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  John II, king of Cyprus (1432–58), (i), (ii)

  John III, king of Portugal (1521–58), (i)

  joint rule of female and male sovereigns, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)

  Jones, John Paul, (i)

  José I, king of Portugal (1750–77), (i)

  Joseph I of Austria, Holy Roman Emperor (1703–11), (i), (ii)

  Joseph II of Austria, Holy Roman Emperor (1765–90), (i), (ii)n25, (iii)n18

  Josephus, Flavius (historian), (i)

  Juan I, joint monarch (1425–41) and king of Navarre (1441–79), (i), (ii)

  Juan II, king of Aragon (1451–79), 78. See also Juan I

  Juana of Castile, unsuccessful heiress of Castile (1474), (i), (ii), (iii)n42

  Juana of Spain, regent of Castile (1554–59), (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii)n17

  Juana ‘the Mad,’ titular female monarch of Castile (1506–55) and Aragon (1516–55), (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), fig. 5

  Judaism, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)

  Julius Caesar, (i), (ii)

  Kalmar, Union of (1397), (i)

  Kantorowicz, Ernst, (i)

  Karafiol, Emile, (i)

  Kaunitz, Wenzel Anton von (statesman), (i)

  Khatun, Absh, female Iranian ruler (1263–87), (i)

  Khatun, Padishah, female Iranian ruler (1291–95) (i)

  Khosrau II Parvez, Sasanid emperor of Iran (590–628), (i)

  Knef, Hildegard (actress), (i)

  Knights Hospitallers, (i)

  Knights of Santiago (Spain), (i), (ii)

  Knox, John, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii)

  Koken, female Japanese tenno (749–58, 764–70), (i)

  Korea, (i)

  ‘Ladies Peace’ (1529), (i)

  Ladislas II, joint monarch (1384–99) and king of Poland (1399–1434), (i)

  Lea, Henry Charles (historian), (i), (ii)n48

  León and Castile, kingdom of, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii)

  Leoni, Leone (sculptor), (i)

  Leopold I, king of Belgium (1831–65), (i)

  Lermontov, Mikhail (poet), (i)

  lesbianism, (i), (ii)

  Leslie, John (bishop), (i)

  Leti, Gregorio (polygraph), (i), (ii)n44

  Levin, Carol, (i)

  L'Hôpital, Michel de (statesman), (i)

  Lithuania, (i), (ii), (iii)

  Louis, prince of Taranto, joint monarch of Naples (1352–62), (i)

  Louis I the Great, king of Hungary (1342–82) and Poland (1370–82), (i)

  Louis IX, St., king of France (1226–70), (i), (ii)

  Louis XI, king of France (1461–83), (i)

  Louis XIII, king of France (1610–43), (i), (ii)

  Louis XIV, king of France (1643–1715), (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x)n7, fig. 11

  Louis XVI, king of France (1774–92), (i)

  Low Countries, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x)

  See also Belgium; Luxembourg

  Luther, Martin, (i)

  Luxembourg, (i), (ii)

  Machiavelli, Niccolò, (i), (ii)

  Madariaga, Isabel de, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  Mamelukes (Egyptian), (i)

  Mandate of Heaven (Confucian), 24. See also Dei Gratia Regina

  Manley, Delarivier (female polemicist), (i)

  Margaret of Austria, duchess of Parma, regent of the Netherlands (1559–67), (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)

  Margaret of Austria, duchess of
Savoy, regent of the Netherlands (1507–30), (i), (ii)nn2–3, (iii)

  Margaret of Denmark, monarch of Denmark and Norway (1386–1412), (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii)

  Margaret of York, dowager duchess of Burgundy, (i), (ii)

  Maria, female monarch of Hungary (1382–95), (i)

  Maria, female monarch of Sicily (1377–1402), (i)

  Maria I, female monarch of Portugal (1777–92), (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)n36, fig. 15

  Maria II, female monarch of Portugal (1834–53), (i), (ii)

  Maria Theresa, female monarch of Hungary (1741–80) and Bohemia (1743–80), (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii)n14, (viii)n24, (ix)n31, fig. 13

  Maria Theresa (film), (i)

  Marie, sovereign duchess of Burgundy (1477–82), (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii)n49

  Marie Antoinette, queen of France, (i), (ii), (iii)

  Maron, Anton von (painter), (i)

  Martin, Therese, (i)

  Martin the Younger of Aragon, joint ruler (1395–1402) and king of Sicily (1402–9), (i)

  Mary II, joint monarch of England (1689–94), (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)

  Mary of Guise, dowager regent of Scotland (1554–60), (i)

  Mary of Hungary, regent of the Netherlands (1531–55), (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii)nn7–9, (ix)

  Mary Stuart, female monarch of Scotland (1542–67), (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x)

  Mary Tudor, female monarch of England (1553–58), (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), fig. 6

  Massacre of St. Bartholemew (1572), (i), (ii), (iii)

  Masson, Charles-François-Philibert (memoirist), (i), (ii)

  Matilda, heir to English crown (1139–48), (i)

  matrushka dolls, (i)

  Maximilian of Austria, Holy Roman Emperor (1493–1519), (i), (ii), (iii)n4

  medals of female rulers, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix)n40. See also coins; numismatics

  Medici, Catherine de, dowager French regent (1560–74), (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii); her ‘Flying Squadron,’ (i)

  Medici, Marie de, dowager French regent (1610–17), (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), fig. 8

  Melville, James (diplomat), (i)

  Memoirs of Celebrated Female Sovereigns. See Jameson, Anna

  Menshikov, Alexander (statesman), (i), (ii), (iii)

  military record of female rulers, (i); founding military academies, (i), (ii)

  Minhaj, Muslim scholar, (i)

  Mirren, Helen (actress), (i)

  misogyny: of Christina of Sweden, (i), (ii)

  France and, (i)

  historical continuity of, (i)

  Islam and, (i)

  political and military decisions based upon, (i)