here Sophie Dorothea: Ibid., 152.
here Königsmarck: Ibid., 160.
here Sophia: Ward, The Electress Sophia and the Hanoverian Succession, 224.
Notes
Epigraphs
1. “Nor shall less joy”: Green, Elizabeth, 22.
2. “She has bin long admir’d”: Toland, An Account of the Courts of Prussia and Hanover, 58–59.
Introduction
1. “Please do not accuse me of”: Lettres, Instruction, et Mémoires de Marie Stuart, Tome Sixième, 479. In the original: “Ne m’accusez de présomption sy, abandonnant ce monde et me preparant pour ung meilleur, je vous ramentois que ung jour vous aurés à responder de vostre charge.”
2. “like those with which”: Maxwell-Scott, The Tragedy of Fotheringay, 199.
3. “Lord Jesus, receive my soul”: Calendar of the State Papers Relating to Scotland, vol. 9, “A Papist’s Report of the manner of the Scot. Q. Death,” 275.
4. “Such be the end”: Fraser, Mary, Queen of Scots, 540. The ceremony terminated with a final gruesome incident: When the executioner held up his prize, the queen’s head fell out of her wig.
Chapter 1. A King’s Daughter
1. “That princess rare”: Green, Elizabeth, 15.
2. “moving them to great triumph”: Moysie, Memoirs of the Affairs of Scotland, 113. I have modernized the language to make it easier to understand.
3. “God’s silly vassal”: The Autobiography and Diary of Mr. James Melvill, 370. In the original text: “God’s sillie vassal.”
4. “Alas, it is a far”: Correspondence of King James VI of Scotland with Sir Robert Cecil, 31.
5. “a cupboard of silver”: Williams, Anne of Denmark, 50.
6. “to play her with”: Green, Elizabeth, 3.
7. “What if Fawdonside’s pistol”: Herries, Historical Memoirs of the Reign of Mary Queen of Scots, 79.
8. “My Lord, God has given you”: Ibid., 79.
9. “rockers”: Willson, King James VI and I, 19.
10. “My Lady Mar was wise”: Ibid., 20.
11. “They made me speak Latin”: Beavan, King James VI of Scotland and I of England, 13.
12. “I heard him discourse”: The Autobiography and Diary of Mr. James Melvill, vol. 1, 48.
13. “he dislikes dancing”: Willson, King James VI and I, 53.
14. “malicious actions… as cannot”: Herries, Historical Memoirs of the Reign of Mary Queen of Scots, 82.
15. “That year [1579] arrived Monsieur d’Aubigny”: The Autobiography and Diary of Mr. James Melvill, 76.
16. “At this time his Majesty”: Moysie, Memoirs of the Affairs of Scotland, 26.
17. “At that time it was a pity”: The Autobiography and Diary of Mr. James Melvill, 119.
18. “The king came riding into”: Calderwood, The History of the Kirk of Scotland, vol. 5, 297.
19. “And so the King and the Duke”: The Autobiography and Diary of Mr. James Melvill, 134.
20. “I am murdered”: Lang, James VI and the Gowrie Mystery, 24.
21. “If war should ensue”: Gray, Letters and Papers, 135.
22. “made many fair promises”: Calderwood, The History of the Kirk of Scotland, vol. 5, 282.
23. “that she could rather have wished”: Nichols, The Processes, Processions, and Magnificent Festivities of King James I, vol. 1, 169.
24. “the sending… of such Jewels”: Ibid., 122.
25. “Royal Entertainment”: Ibid., 170.
26. “The young princess came [into Windsor]”: Green, Elizabeth, 6.
27. “There was such an infinite company”: Nichols, The Processes, Processions, and Magnificent Festivities of King James I, vol. 1, 195.
28. “I heard the Earls of Nottingham and Northampton”: Ibid., 193–94.
29. staff of 70 domestics: Ibid., 203–4.
30. “Whereas ourself and our dear Wife”: Ibid., 443.
31. He must have found his duties light: For evidence of John Bull’s version of the British national anthem, see Cummings, God Save the King, and Krummel, “God Save the King.”
32. “The Mayor and Aldermen”: Nichols, The Processes, Processions, and Magnificent Festivities of King James I, vol. 1, 429.
33. “With God’s assistance”: Ibid., 591.
34. “Liberty of Conscience”: Thou, A True Narration of that Horrible Conspiracy, 5.
35. “the King himself might by many ways”: Ibid., 11.
36. “Such was the opportuness”: Ibid., 14.
37. “Therefore the Conspirators”: Ibid., 17.
38. “For although no signs of troubles”: Ibid., 20.
39. “that the Palace with the places”: Ibid., 21.
40. “hath confessed their design”: Nichols, The Processes, Processions, and Magnificent Festivities of King James I, vol. 1, 592.
41. “this poor Lady hath not yet”: Ibid.
42. “What a Queen should I”: Ibid.
Chapter 2. (An Almost) Royal Wedding
1. “speaks French very well”: Green, Elizabeth, 16. See also La Fèvre de La Boderie, Ambassades, 7.
2. Elizabeth likely was introduced: For evidence that Elizabeth was exposed to recent developments in the natural sciences, see Strickland, Lives of the Queens of Scotland, 15–20.
3. “This is only my desire”: Ibid., 29.
4. “she is handsome, graceful”: Green, Elizabeth, 16. See also La Fèvre de La Boderie, Ambassades, 7.
5. “a princess of lovely beauty”: Green, Elizabeth, 15–16.
6. “of a comely, tall, middle Stature”: Cornwallis, An Account of the Baptism, Life, Death and Funeral, 50.
7. “He studies two hours a day”: Birch, The Life of Henry Prince of Wales, 65. See also La Fèvre de La Boderie, Ambassades, 400.
8. “not able to go”: Nichols, The Processes, Processions, and Magnificent Festivities of King James I, vol. 1, 460.
9. “The King was desirous”: Ibid., 461.
10. “As the King is by nature”: Willson, King James VI and I, 174.
11. “Good Mr. Jowler”: Ibid., 184.
12. “We all saw a great change”: The Diary of the Lady Anne Clifford, 5–6.
13. “I perceive, my cousin”: Birch, The Life of Henry Prince of Wales, 82–83.
14. “Will he bury me alive?”: Willson, King James VI and I, 281.
15. “Then will I make him”: Chancellor, The Life of Charles I, 14.
16. “My dear and worthy brother”: Green, Elizabeth, 11.
17. her guardian complained: Ibid., 18.
18. “have proceeded so far with me”: Ibid., 28.
19. “The prince hath publicly”: Ibid., 29.
20. “His Majesty is well pleased”: Winwood, Memorials of Affairs of State, 222.
21. “if the Princes”: Ibid., 223.
22. “Prince Henry gave the first”: Cornwallis, The Life and Character of Henry-Frederick, 29.
23. “straight and well-shaped”: Winwood, Memorials of Affairs of State, 404.
24. “He is very handsome”: Brown, Calendar of State Papers and Manuscripts Relating to English Affairs, vol. 12, 444.
25. “Bending himself with”: Winwood, Memorials of Affairs of State, 403.
26. “He plies his Mistress so hard”: Nichols, The Processes, Processions, and Magnificent Festivities of King James I, vol. 2, 466.
27. “The Princess, who maybe begins to feel”: Brown, Calendar of State Papers and Manuscripts Relating to English Affairs, vol. 12, 444.
28. “And ’tis certain”: Coke, A Detection of the Court and State of England, 68.
29. “she would rather be”: Ibid.
30. “The Palatine has surpassed expectation”: Brown, Calendar of State Papers and Manuscripts Relating to English Affairs, vol. 12, 441.
31. “Above all the rest”: Cornwallis, An Account of the Baptism, Life, Death and Funeral, 30.
32. “He (the Match being ended)”: Ibid., 31.
33. “great thirst”: Ibid., 33.
34. “Pigeons and Cupping-Glasses”: Ibid., 37.
35. “saying that it should never”: Ibid., 39.
36. “Our Rising Sun is set ere scarce”: Nichols, The Processes, Processions, and Magnificent Festivities of King James I, vol. 2, 490.
37. “When the women in Scotland”: Ibid., 504.
38. “The King is doing all he can”: Brown, Calendar of State Papers and Manuscripts Relating to English Affairs, vol. 12, 472.
39. “The Princess has gone two days”: Ibid., 449.
40. “The Lady Elizabeth”: Nichols, The Processes, Processions, and Magnificent Festivities of King James I, vol. 2, 489.
41. “The Succession to this Crown”: Brown, Calendar of State Papers and Manuscripts Relating to English Affairs, vol. 12, 448.
42. “He [Henry] meant to have conducted”: Letters to King James the Sixth, 39–40.
43. “On Tuesday I took occasion”: Ibid., 40.
44. “for bigness, fashion, and beauty”: Nichols, The Processes, Processions, and Magnificent Festivities of King James I, vol. 2, 515.
45. “The Affiancy of the Palsgrave”: Ibid., 514.
46. “a black velvet cloake”: Ibid., 513.
47. “The Queen is noted”: Ibid., 515.
48. “that he doubted not”: Green, Elizabeth, 35.
49. “gowne of white satin”: Nichols, The Processes, Processions, and Magnificent Festivities of King James I, vol. 2, 542.
50. “gold-spangles, pearls”: Ibid., 543.
51. “adorned with many”: Ibid.
52. “God give them joy”: Ibid., 548.
Chapter 3. Goodwife Palsgrave
1. “The commissioners that accompany her”: Smith, The Life and Letters of Sir Henry Wotton, vol. 2, 18.
2. “to make Heaven and Earth”: Nichols, The Processes, Processions, and Magnificent Festivities of King James I, vol. 2, 613.
3. “costly shows”: Ibid., 614.
4. Elizabeth was showered: For a complete list of these gifts and their value, see ibid., 614–15.
5. “the people of the country report”: Ibid., 616.
6. “that Castle in which”: Ibid.
7. “all Gentlemen of the country”: Ibid., 617.
8. “fell plainly to tell me”: Smith, The Life and Letters of Sir Henry Wotton, vol. 2, 89.
9. “that my Lady [Elizabeth] was not”: Ibid., 90.
10. “Being desirous by all means I can”: Letters to King James the Sixth, 185.
11. English musk roses: Frederick hired a special landscape architect to create a terraced garden in the English fashion; Elizabeth also had crown imperials, flowers-de-luce, and carnations. See Godfrey, Heidelberg: Its Princes and Its Palaces, 258.
12. “Prague, unthankful Prague”: Vickers, History of Bohemia, 571.
13. Letter of Majesty: Schiller, The History of the Thirty Years’ War in Germany, 33.
14. “it would be well for them”: Gindely, History of the Thirty Years’ War, vol. 1, 37.
15. “Let us follow the ancient custom”: Vickers, History of Bohemia, 578.
16. “Noble lords, another awaits”: Ibid.
17. “Jesus! Mary!”: True, The Thirty Years’ War, 27.
18. “Let us see whether”: Ibid.
19. “Behold, his Mary”: Ibid., 28.
20. “I have heard nothing”: Green, Elizabeth, 126. For the full letter in French, see Bromley, A Collection of Original Royal Letters, 1.
21. And then came word that: For an exact account of Frederick’s election in Bohemia, see Gindely, History of the Thirty Years’ War, vol. 1, 148–50.
22. When Elizabeth’s mother: For an account of the jewels and property given to Buckingham out of Anne’s estate, see Nichols, The Processes, Processions, and Magnificent Festivities of King James I, vol. 3, 546.
23. “This worthy bearer”: Gardiner, Letters and Other Documents, 2.
24. “It is much debated here”: Ibid., 7.
25. “God forbid he [Frederick] should refuse it”: Ibid., 12–13.
26. “The greater number of the councilors”: Ibid., 23.
27. “The hope of making his daughter”: Ibid., 27.
Chapter 4. Queen of Bohemia
1. “The Prince and Princess Palatine”: Gardiner, Letters and Other Documents, 55.
2. some three thousand foot soldiers: For an estimate of the size of the entourage, see the letter of the Venetian ambassador to the doge in ibid., 81.
3. “The queen’s free and gracious demeanor”: Carleton, Letters from and to Sir Dudley Carleton, 419.
4. “Their Majesties are very cheerful”: Ibid., 409.
5. “The queen appeared very joyous”: Green, Elizabeth, 142.
6. “Bethlen Gabor hath made a great progress”: Carleton, Letters from and to Sir Dudley Carleton, 403.
7. “By your Highness’s letter”: Gardiner, Letters and Other Documents, 87.
8. “I have resolved and given orders”: Ibid., 118.
9. “I have wished here apart”: Ibid., 155.
10. “This last week’s letters”: Carleton, Letters from and to Sir Dudley Carleton, 422.
11. “In our neighboring provinces”: Gardiner, Letters and Other Documents, 110.
12. “This last week”: Ibid., 182.
13. “For commonly he that is first”: Carleton, Letters from and to Sir Dudley Carleton, 403.
14. “All of his Majesty’s ministers”: Gardiner, Letters and Other Documents, 148.
15. “his belief that”: Ibid., 142.
16. “He is a strange fellow”: Nichols, The Processes, Processions, and Magnificent Festivities of King James I, vol. 3, 585.
17. “that his subjects were as dear”: Ibid., 568.
18. “If the cause had been good”: Gardiner, Letters and Other Documents, 137.
19. “doth still profess”: Ibid., 181.
20. “he was glad of it”: The Processes, Processions, and Magnificent Festivities of King James I, vol. 4, 617.
21. “My only dear brother”: Green, Elizabeth, 154.
22. “My Lord, seeing the necessity”: Ibid., 153.
23. “I cannot conceal from your Imperial Majesty”: Gindely, History of the Thirty Years’ War, vol. 1, 240–41.
24. “swept with a broom”: Ibid., 239.
25. “Spinola is still in the Low Palatinate”: Green, Elizabeth, 158.
26. “His Majesty coming to court”: Ibid., 163.
Chapter 5. The Winter Queen
1. managed to slay only about 1,600 Bohemian soldiers: See Gindely, History of the Thirty Years’ War, vol. 1, 250.
2. “I have learned from the English agent”: “Venice: December 1620, 4–15,” in Hinds, Calendar of State Papers Relating to English Affairs, vol. 16, item 648, December 8, 486–99.
3. “who truly saw the state”: Green, Elizabeth, 167.
4. “They shall find neither food”: Benger, Memoirs of Elizabeth Stuart, vol. 2, 107.
5. “This be the fifteenth day”: Smith, The Life and Letters of Sir Henry Wotton, vol. 2, 198.
6. “Everyone laments the misfortunes”: “Venice: December 1620, 4–15,” in Hinds, Calendar of State Papers Relating to English Affairs, vol. 16, item 652, December 11, 486–99.
7. “Whereas, on the preceding days”: Ibid.
8. “and had never offended anyone”: Ibid., item 733, February 12, 1621.
9. “to imperil his three kingdoms”: Ibid.
10. “have to be a warrior”: Green, Elizabeth, 171.
11. “The Lady Elizabeth, we hear”: Williams and Birch, The Court and Times of James I, vol. 1, 456.
12. “So great is our mislike”: Green, Elizabeth, 174–75.
13. “I think they have reason there”: Halliwell-Phillips, Letters of the Kings of England, 178.
14. “You speak to me of Italy”: Hinds, Calendar of State Papers Relating to English Affairs, vol. 16, item 680, January 8, 1621.
15. “His Majesty fears the troubles”: Ibid., item 759.
17. “I have seen a genuine letter”: Hinds, Calendar of State Papers Relating to English Affairs, vol. 17, item 40.
18. “You will have heard of the death”: Ibid.
19. “would rather cherish”: Green, Elizabeth, 191.
20. “Madam, I will give it you”: Wedgwood, The Thirty Years War, 127.
21. “The commandment I have”: Green, Elizabeth, 189.
22. “Fire! Fire! Blood! Blood!”: Wedgwood, The Thirty Years War, 129.
23. “Be it known to all”: Benger, Memoirs of Elizabeth Stuart, vol. 2, 161–62.
24. “My poor Heidelberg taken”: Green, Elizabeth, 207–8.
25. “We have here at present”: Smith, The Life and Letters of Sir Henry Wotton, vol. 2, 245.
26. “The king, my father”: Green, Elizabeth, 214.
27. “Ye shall present her with”: Halliwell-Phillips, Letters of the Kings of England, 180–81.
28. “was the prettiest child”: Green, Elizabeth, 234.
29. “I like not to marry”: Dalton, Life and Times of General Sir Edward Cecile, 42.
30. “There is nothing but trickery”: Gregg, King Charles I, 85.
31. “Since my dear brother’s return”: Dalton, Life and Times of General Sir Edward Cecile, 48.
32. “I remember Mr. French”: Jesse, Memoirs of the Court of England During the Reign of the Stuarts, 105.
33. “Yet now, being grown toward sixty”: Ibid.
34. “He enjoyed life for fifty-nine years”: Hinds, Calendar of State Papers Relating to English Affairs, vol. 18, item 879, April 6, 1625.
Chapter 6. Queen of Hearts
1. “You may easily judge”: Green, Elizabeth, 242.
2. “The comforte of my deare brother’s love”: Benger, Memoirs of Elizabeth Stuart, vol. 2, 231–32. Charles was in fact heavily committed to his sister’s cause. According to a report that the Venetian secretary in Germany sent to the doge, “A league [had been] made at Paris for thirty years for the recovery of the Palatinate and the Valtelline… in the presence of the Most Christian king and all the ambassadors of princes allied against the King of Spain and the House of Austria and their adherents and supporters… [by which] The King of England… shall pay 300,000 crowns yearly to the Palatinate until the recovery of his states… [also] 12,000 foot and 2,000 horse for the Palatinate during the war… He shall pay Mansfelt [Mansfield] 20,000 crowns yearly as the Palatinate’s general and… on the completion of the Palatinate affair… Mansfelt… shall go against the empire and the Spanish dominions as France and the Venetians require.” This treaty also called for “Obligations of France for undertakings in the Valtelline, Flanders, Milan and Naples.” Hinds, Calendar of State Papers Relating to English Affairs, vol. 18, item 857, March 15, 1625.
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