by Hugh Thomas
15. Wadstrom’s evidence to the Privy Council enquiry.
16. Olaudah Equiano, Equiano’s Travels, 2 vols., ed. Paul Edwards (New York, 1967), I, 47.
17. Wadstrom [19, 10], 16-20.
18. Bosman [4, 16], 364.
19. Francis Moore [16, 10], 20.
20. Phillips [16, 18].
21. Wadstrom [19, 10], 18.
22. William Towerson, Hakluyt’s Principal Navigations 1598-1600, II, part II, 23-52.
23. Bosman [4, 16], 475.
24. Palmer [13, 4], 39.
25. Richard Drake, Revelations of a Slave Smuggler (New York, 1860), 3.
26. D, IV, 148.
27. Mungo Park, The Travels of Mungo Park, Everyman ed. (London, 1907), 221, 244.
28. Barbot [9, 4].
29. Bosman [4, 16], 364.
30. Xavier Golbéry, Fragments d’un voyage en Afrique fait pendant les années 1785-1787 (Paris, Year X, 1802) in D, II, 567.
31. Wadstrom [19, 10], 16.
32. Park [19, 27], 149.
33. Park [19, 27], 249.
34. Luiz Antonio de Oliveira, Memoria a respeito dos escravos e tráfico da escravatura . . . (Porto, 1977), 48.
35. The historian was Joseph Miller whose Way of Death (Madison, 1988) is the best introduction to the Anglo-Brazilian trade c. 1800.
20. THE BLACKEST SORT WITH SHORT CURLED HAIR
1. Bosman [4, 16], 1, 441.
2. Phillips [15, 18], 216.
3. Op. cit., 218-19.
4. Snelgrave [17, 6], 39.
5. Postma [9, 15], 87; Phillips [15, 18], loc. cit.; Barbot [9, 4], 374.
6. Gaston Martin [13, 26], 91-92; Mettas [15, 8], 1, 206-7.
7. D, II, 567.
8. Phillips [16, 18], 220.
9. D, II, 265.
10. D, II, 186.
11. D, 1, 399; Drake [19, 25], 43.
12. Rinchon [8, 2], 162.
13. Phillips [16, 18].
14. Palmer [15, 4], 69.
15. Martin [13, 26], 112.
16. Adam Jones, in Daget [12, 16], I, 289.
17. Letter from Pedro de Espinosa, S.J., to Fr. Diego Ruiz, 1622, in Pablo Pastells, S.J., Historia de la Compania de Jesús en la provincia de Paraguay (Madrid, 1912-49), I, 300-301.
18. Prévost’s voyage cit. Shirley Jones [18, 3], 225.
19. Degrandpré [18, 15], II, 25.
20. Qu. Palmer [15, 4], 61.
21. Qu. Palmer [15, 4], 63.
22. Karasch, 22.
23. Qu. James Rawley, The Transatlantic Slave Trade (New York, 1981), 272.
24. Phillips [16, 18], 212.
25. Postma [9, 5], 107-8.
26. “Considerations on the Present Peace,” London, 1763, in D, II, 515-16.
27. Ryder [6, 29], 169.
28. William Smith [18, 7].
29. Hutt committee, 421.
30. Martin [13, 26], 104.
31. D, IV, 372.
32. Qu. Palmer [15, 4], 35.
33. Thomas Clarkson, The History of the Abolition . . . of the Slave Trade, 2 vols. (London, 1808), I, 307-8.
34. Qu. Dantzig in Daget, ed. [12, 16], 1, 591.
35. Phillips, D, 1, 402.
36. Bosman [4, 16].
37. Phillips [16, 18], 219.
38. Snelgrave [17, 6], 162.
39. D, IV, 498.
40. Martin [13, 26], 117; John Newton, Letters and Sermons, 3 vols. (London, 1780), I, 75.
21. IF YOU WANT TO LEARN HOW TO PRAY, GO TO SEA
1. Equiano [19, 20], I, 76.
2. Jacques Savary, Le Parfait Négociant (Paris, 1757), cit. Gaston Martin [13, 26], 111.
3. Phillips [16, 18], 230.
4. R & P1790, vol. 83, 35.
5. Bosman [4, 16], 364.
6. Dionigio Carli de Piacenza, A Voyage to Congo, etc. . . . in 1666 and 1667, with Michael Angelo Guattini, in Churchill’s collections of voyages (London, 1732).
7. Report of the House of Commons enquiry, 1792.
8. Barbot [9, 4].
9. Wadstrom evidence to the Privy Council.
10. Wadstrom evidence to the Privy Council.
11. Equiano [19, 20], I, 78.
12. Lady Knutsford, Life and Letters of Zachary Macaulay (London, 1908), 87-89.
13. R & P 1790, vol. 72, 84.
14. Thomas Clarkson, Essay on the Comparative Efficiency of Regulation or Abolition as Applied to the Slave Trade (London, 1789), in D, II, 573.
15. D, I, 272.
16. See for example H. S. Klein, The Middle Passage (Princeton, 1978).
17. Barbot [9, 4], II, 779.
18. Phillips [16, 18], 229; Hutt committee, II, 7.
19. Postma [9, 57], 308.
20. Barbot [9, 4], I, xcvii.
21. London Magazine, XXVIII, 162.
22. Mettas, Répertoire [16, 8], 123.
23. Hutt committee, I, 472.
24. Phillips [16, 18], 221.
25. Phillips [16, 18], 232.
26. Barbot [9, 4], II, 790.
27. Speech by Wilberforce in PH, vol. 28, col. 258.
28. D, I, 462.
29. Barbot [9, 4], II, 791; Phillips [16, 18], 233.
30. Mercado [8, 21].
31. Barbot [9, 4].
32. Phillips [16, 18].
33. Bosman [4, 16], 365.
34. This was in John Atkins’s A Voyage to Guinea . . . (London, 1753), qu. D, II, 266.
35. William Smith [18, 7], 19.
36. D, III, 321.
37. D, III, 213.
38. Georg Norregåard, Danish Settlements in West Africa (Boston, 1966), 89.
39. Martin [13, 26], 120.
40. Newton [16, 19], 104.
41. Park [19, 27], 271.
42. Marcel Delafosse, L’Histoire de la Rochelle (Paris, 1991), 169.
43. D, II, 494.
44. D, IV, 118.
45. Boston News letter, May 9, 1723, in D, IV, 186 fn. 6.
22. GOD KNOWS WHAT WE SHALL DO WITH THOSE THAT REMAIN
1. Amadée-François Frézier, Voyage to the South Sea, Eng. tr. (London, 1717), 301.
2. Qu. Boxer [9, 9], 7.
3. Qu. Robert Edgar Conrad, World of Sorrow (Baton Rouge, 1986), 49.
4. Nicolás del Castillo Mathieu, Esclavos negros en Cartagena (Bogotá, 1982), 95.
5. Sandoval [8, 28], 109.
6. Drake [19, 25], 44.
7. Jean-Baptiste Labat, Voyages aux îles (Paris, 1993), 228.
8. Martin [13, 26], 130.
9. Op. cit., 125.
10. W. R. Gardner, History of Jamaica (London, 1909), 165.
11. D, III, 273.
12. Equiano [19, 20], 63.
13. Barbot [9, 4], 550.
14. R & P 1790, vol. 72, 160.
15. D, 11, 460.
16. Hamer [14, 3], I, 255.
17. Loc. cit. Bostock later became a successful slave merchant.
18. Loc. cit.
19. Qu. Darold Wax, “Black Immigrants, the Slave Trade,” Colonial Maryland 73, no. 1, March 1978, 43.
20. Newton [20, 39], I, 81.
21. Roger Anstey, The Atlantic Slave Trade and British Abolition (London, 1975), 47.
BOOK V: ABOLITION
23. ABOVE ALL, A GOOD SOUL
1. D, II, 627.
2. PH, 34 1798-1800, col. 1092 (July 5, 1792).
3. Arthur Young, Travels in France (London, 1929), 116.
4. Francis Lefeuvre, Souvenirs nantais et vendéens (Paris, 1913).
5. PH, 19, col. 305 (May 23, June 2, 1777): “Mr Burke was against revising the state of the trade to Africa in general.”
6. Milton, Paradise Lost, vii, 64.
7. John Locke, Two Treatises on Government, ed. Peter Laslett (Cambridge, 1960), 302. Laslett’s note 24 explains that Locke seemed to suppose that the RAC’s slave raiding forays were just wars and the slaves captured had previously forfeited their lives by “some act that deserves death.”
8. Philip had in 1601 prohibited the use of Indian labor in any capacity on plantations which had th
e effect of forcing planters to buy African slaves.
9. John Francis Maxwell, Slavery in the Catholic Church (London, 1975), 71.
10. Père Labat, Voyages aux îles d’Amerique, 8 vols. (Paris, 1722), vol. iv, 435.
11. Davis [7, 9], 201.
12. D, III, 4.
13. D, III, 108.
14. D, III, 7.
15. Lawrence Towner, “A Fondness for Freedom,” WMQ, 2d series, xix, April 1962.
16. D, III, 36.
17. Aphra Behn, Oronooko, or the History of a Royal Slave (London, 1688).
18. Qu. Tattersfield [11, 10], 18.
19. Thomas Aubrey, The Sea Surgeon, or the Guinea Man’s Vademecum (London, 1729).
20. James Thomson, Summer, Complete Works (Edinburgh, 1853), 67.
21. William Shenstone, Complete Works (Edinburgh, 1852), 233; Pope, “Essay on Man,” 1, 107.
22. Fr. Jerome Merollo da Sorrento, A Voyage to Congo, tr. into English, in John Pinkerton, A General Collection of the Best and Most Interesting Voyages (London, 1814), qu. Donnan, I, 319.
23. Qu. Walter Rodney, A History of the Upper Guinea Coast (Oxford, 1970), 120-21.
24. D, 1, 319.
25. Labat [22, 7], 219.
26. Clarkson [19, 33], I, 112, 134.
27. Darold Wax, “Quaker Merchants and the Slave Trade in Colonial Pennsylvania,” Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography LXXXVII, 1962, 143-59.
28. Qu. Tattersfield [111, 10], 119.
29. Albert Matthews, “Protests Against Slavery in Massachusetts,” Publications of the Colonial Society of Massachusetts viii, Transactions (Boston, 1906), 288.
30. Clarkson [19, 32], I, 148.
31. Op. cit., I, 140.
32. John Woolman’s Journal, ed. Philips Marlton (New York, 1971), and Clarkson [19, 33], I, 162.
33. Clarkson [19, 33], I, 114.
34. D, IV, 132.
35. D, IV, 131.
36. Clarkson [19, 33], I, 184.
37. D, IV, 289.
38. D, IV, 294.
39. D, IV, 321.
40. D, III, 291.
41. André João Antonil, Cultura e Opulencia do Brasil (Lisbon, 1711); Manuel Ribeiro da Rocha, Ethiope Resgatada (Lisbon, 1758).
42. Jorge Palacio Preciados, La trata de esclavos por Cartagena de Indias (Tunja, 1973), 349.
43. Pierre Marivaux, L’lle des esclaves (Paris, 1753).
44. Voltaire, Romans et Contes, in Pléiade ed. (Paris, 1954), 104-5.
45. Voltaire, “Essai sur les moeurs et l’esprit des nations,” ed. René Pomeau (Paris, 1963) II, 805.
46. Voltaire, Complete Works of Voltaire, ed. Theodore Besterman (Banbury, 1974), vol. 117, 374.
47. Montesquieu, Oeuvres complètes, ed. Edouard Laboulaye (Paris, 1877), vol. iv, I, 330.
48. Rousseau, “Du contrat social,” in Oeuvres complètes, Pléiade ed., vol. I, iv.
49. Encyclopédie, vol. xvi (Neuchatel, 1765), 532.
50. Brief Immensa Pastorum of December 20, 1741, addressed to the Bishops of Brazil and other Portuguese dominions; Pastor [7, 15], 36, 10.
24. THE LOUDEST YELPS FOR LIBERTY
1. Horace Walpole, Letters II, Cunninghame ed., 149.
2. Gentleman’s Magazine X, 341.
3. London Magazine VII, March 1738, 129.
4. Horace Walpole, Correspondence, Yale ed., 20, 126.
5. Francis Hutcheson, A System of Moral Philosophy (London, 1755), II, 213.
6. Adam Smith, The Theory of Moral Sentiments (London, 1759), 402.
7. Gentleman’s Magazine XXXIV, 493.
8. George Wallace, The System of the Principles of the Laws of Scotland (London, 1761), I, 91.
9. Adam Ferguson, Institutes of Moral Philosophy (Edinburgh, 1769), 223.
10. William Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England, 1765, I, 411-12.
11. As discussed in Shyllon [13, 20], 55ff.
12. “The London Stage,” no date, The Padlock, 3.
13. An Account of Giants Lately Discovered (London, 1766), 15. I am grateful to Gina Thomas for drawing my attention to this work.
14. Anthony Benezet, A Caution to Great Britain and Her Colonies . . . (London, 1767), 11.
15. R & P, 1788, vol. 67, 308, 316.
16. Granville Sharp, A Representation of the Injustice and Dangerous Tendency of Tolerating Slavery (London, 1769), 9.
17. Peter Hutchinson, The Diaries and Letters of Thomas Hutchinson Esq. (Boston, 1884), II, 277.
18. Richard Pares, A West-India Fortune (London, 1950), 121.
19. Benezet qu. David Brion Davis, The Problem of Slavery in the Age of Revolution (Ithaca, 1975), 406.
20. John Wesley, Thoughts Upon Slavery (London, 1774), 10-14.
21. Boswell’s Life of Johnson, ed. Augustine Birell (Boston, 1904), IV, 202.
22. Op. cit., IV, 207.
23. Samuel Johnson, Taxation No Tyranny, an Answer to the Resolutions and Addresses of the American Congress (London, 1774), 89.
24. Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations (New York, 1994), 415.
25. History of Parliament 1754-1790, ed. Sir Lewis Namier and John Brooke (London, 1964), II, 593.
26. Qu. Latimer [18, 16], 412.
27. Massachusetts Archives CCXV 96. I am grateful to David Hancock of the University of Michigan for this reference.
28. Frederick Law Olmsted, A Journey in the Southern Slave States (New York, 1856), 125.
29. W. E. B. Dubois, The Suppression of the African Trade to the United States of America (Cambridge, 1899), 48; Jefferson, Works, ed. H. A. Washington, 1853-1854, 1, 23-24.
30. PH, vol. 18, col. 486 (March 22, 1775).
31. David Cooper (“A farmer”) A Serious Address to the Rulers of America (London, 1783).
32. Louis-Sebastien Mercier, L’An 2440 (Paris, 1977).
33. Abbé Guillaume Raynal, Histoire philosophique et politique des Indes, ed. Yves Benot (Paris, 1981), 193-211.
34. Recueil des pièces présentées à l’Academie de Marseilles 1777, qu. Charles Carrière, Négociants marseillais au XVIIIe siècle, 2 vols. (Marseilles, 1973), I, 349.
35. Peytraud [13, 25], 390.
25. THE GAUNTLET HAD BEEN THROWN DOWN
1. Esmond Wright, Franklin of Philadelphia (Cambridge, Mass., 1986), 344, suggests that Franklin inspired the idea that Britain had imposed slavery on the colonies.
2. Dieudonné Rinchon, Les armements négriers au XVIIIe siècle (Brussels, 1955) [8, 2], 360.
3. D, III, 335; L. V. Briggs, History and Genealogy of the Cabot Family (Boston, 1927), II, 478.
4. D, II, 555.
5. Thomas Day, A Fragment of a Letter on the Slavery of the Negroes (London, 1785).
6. Cit. in Clarkson [19, 33], 1, 120; PH, XXIII, 1026-27.
7. Jacques Necker, De l’administration des finances de la France, 3 vols. (Paris, 1784), qu. Clarkson [19, 33], 1, 104.
8. William Paley, The Principles of Moral and Political Philosophy (Dublin, 1785).
9. Clarkson [19, 33], I, 284.
10. PH, vol. vii, 580 (June 10, 1806).
11. Clarkson [19, 33], 1, 332.
12. R & P 1788-89, March 6, 1788.
13. Boston Gazette, March 26, 1788.
14. Sharp, Sept. 4, 1788, in P. Hoare, Memoirs of Granville Sharp (London, 1820), 329.
15. E. C. Martin [12, 17], 126.
16. Congressional Debates on the Constitution, Library of America, 2 vols. (New York, 1993), I, 645-46.
17. Ibid., 395.
18. P. L. Ford, Pamphlets on the Constitution of the United States 367 (Brooklyn, 1887).
19. Congressional Debates [25, 16], II, 65.
20. Ibid., 21, 117.
21. Loc. cit.
22. D, IV, 480 ff.
23. W. E. B. Dubois [24, 29], 198.
24. Add. MSS. 38416, ff. 24-27, 216 in D, II, 577.
25. Picton [15, 19], I, 219.
26. Robin Furneaux pointed out (Wilberforce, London, 1974, 238) that this must be the explanation of the
comment of Clarkson ([19, 33], II, 506). See too G. R. Mellor’s evidence, British Imperial Trusteeship (London, 1950), 69-70; Wilberforce’s life by his sons, R. I. and S. Wilberforce, The Life of William Wilberforce (London, 1838), 165; and Anstey [22, 21], 300-302. Fuller’s comment is in his papers at Duke University.
27. Williams [16, 12], 148.
28. Clarkson [19, 32], II, 504.
29. Qu. ibid., I, 536.
30. The Dolben debate is in PH, vol. 27, col. 495ff and 573ff (May 21, 1788).
31. Jeremy Bentham to Jeremiah Bentham, November 9, 1785, in Collected Works of Jeremy Bentham, ed. Ian R. Christie, III (London, 1971), 386.
26. MEN IN AFRICA OF AS FINE FEELING AS OURSELVES
1. Clarkson [19, 32], II, 26.
2. PH, vol. 28, May 12, 1789.
3. Latimer [18, 16], 477.
4. A general and descriptive history [13, 18], 229.
5. Qu. Davis [24, 18], 33.
6. D, II, 601-10.
7. Loc. cit.
8. Smith’s failure to discuss the trade should be examined.
9. R & P 1790, vol. 72, 224.
10. Ibid., 35.
11. Ibid., 138.
12. R & P 1791-92 v. 83 125-26.
13. Annals of Congress, I Congress, 1 session, 336-41, 903.
14. See Marcel Chatillon, La diffusion de la gravure du Brooks, in Daget [12, 16], 141.
15. Saugera [14, 13], 331.
16. Chatillon [26, 14], 145; Mirabeau, Mémoires Bruxelles (1836), vol. 10, 146-49.
17. Saugera [14, 13], 340.
18. Saugera [14, 13], 116.
19. Clarkson [19, 32], II, 141.
20. Qu. Furneaux [25, 26], 98.
21. PH, v. 28, col. 359; Peter Fryer, Staying Power, The History of Black People in Britain (London, 1984), 64.
22. Horace Walpole, Letters, IX, 306 (to Mary Berry).
23. AGI, Santo Domingo, leg. 2207. This Captain Courtauld may have been that individual listed in Burke’s Landed Gentry as of Delaware, merchant 1752-1821. The second captain’s name was given in Havana as Hugo Tomás. Compare seven ships only in 1790.
24. Hans Christian Johansen, in David Eltis and James Malvin, ed., The Abolition of the Atlantic Slave Trade (Madison, 1981), 221ff.
25. PH, v. 29, cols. 1055-57.
26. PH, v. 29, col. 1349.
27. Philip Ziegler, King William IV (London, 1971), 98.
28. B. W. Higman, Jamaica Surveyed (Kingston, 1988).
29. Maria Nugent, Journal of a Residence in Jamaica, ed. Philip Wright (Kingston, 1966), 26.
30. Postma [9, 5], 118.
31. I. B. Richman, Rhode Island, 2 vols. (New York, 1902), I, 261; Samuel Hopkins, Works, 3 vols. (Boston, 1852), I, 122.
