by Hugh Thomas
Considérations sur le commerce de Bretagne (Pinczon du Sel), 266
Constant, Benjamin, 587, 588n, 622, 623n, 797
Constantine I (the Great), Emperor of Rome, 31, 396
Constantinople, fall of, 65–67
Constituent Assembly, French, 521–22
Constitution, U.S., 499–501, 518, 546, 548, 613–14
13th amendment of, 776
“three-fifths clause” of, 501, 522
Constitutionnel, Le, 664
Conte, Jacques, 296, 547
Continental Congress, U.S., 479–80, 486
Continental Monthly, 771–72
Contreras, Rodrigo, 105
Cooney, William, 408
Cooper, David, 482
Cooper, W. S., 720
Coppinger, Cornelius, 301
Corbière, Edouard, 311, 643, 675
Cordier, Captain, 351–52
Córdoba, Juan de, 90
Córdoba, Martín Alfonso de, 71
Corker, Thomas, 344
Cornelissøn, Christian, 350
Cornut, Pierre, 293
Cornwallis, Couba, 530
Coronado, Francisco de, 103, 174
Corrantee, John, 467
Correa de Sá, Salvador, 184–85
Correa de Sousa, João, 166, 168, 423
Correia, Mãe Aurélia, 682
Correio Mercantil, 740
Corrie, William, 766–67
Cortayre, Antonio de, 242
Cortés, Hernan, 79, 90, 93, 96, 97, 98, 100, 101, 116–17, 118, 119, 153, 212, 300, 332
Corzo, Juan Antonio, 118, 293
Costa, Gaspar da, 219
Costa Lima Viana, José da, 760n
Costa Ramos, Tomás da, 739
Côte d’Or, 405
Coton, Jean, 296
cotton trade, 249, 252–53, 286, 346, 449, 516, 541, 619, 792
of U.S., 571–72, 597, 629
Coulange, Antonio Francisco de, 239
Council of Ministers, Brazilian, 742
Council of New Netherlands, 186
Council of New York, 203–4
Council of Nineteen (Hereen XIX), 161, 183
Council of the Indies, 102, 139, 140, 163, 164, 212, 215, 216–17, 229, 236, 276, 456, 544, 578, 589, 599, 607, 750
Council of Trade and Plantations, 239
Courbe, Sieur de la, 798
Cour de Cassation, 626
Courier (New Orleans), 765
Courland, Duke of, 223–25, 292, 339
Courtauld, Samuel, 525–26, 531
Courtenay, John, 525
Coutinho, Governor, 368
Couturier, Isaac, 253, 306
Covarrubias, Fernando de, 76
Covarrubias, Juan de, 76
Covides, Pedro de, 75
Covilhã, Pero da, 86
Coward, William, 454
Cowper, William, 488, 497
cowrie shells, as currency, 11, 324–25, 354, 789, 795–96
Cox, Lieutenant, 664
Coymans, Baltasar, 213, 215–16, 217, 218, 269, 297, 301, 304
Coymans, Jan, 213–14, 215, 218
Craddocke, Richard, 236
Craggs, James, 239
Craigie, Captain, 699
Crampton, John, 755, 762
Crassous, Captain, 309
Craven, William, earl of, 198, 201
Craven, T. A., 772
Crawford, Joseph, 773, 778, 780
Crawford, William, 552, 725–26
Creevey, Captain Thomas, 265
Creevey, William, 265
Cresques, Abraham, 51
Crisp, Sir Nicholas, 175–77, 197
Crofton, S. S. L., 720–21
Crofts, Lord, 198
Croix, Marquesa de, 280
crossing, see Atlantic crossing
Crow, Captain Hugh, 308, 313, 556, 565
Crowninshield, George, 534
Crowninshield family, 271
Crozat, Antoine, 242, 274, 623
Cruger, Henry, 297, 300, 482, 515
Cruikshank, Judge, 696
Cruz, Francisco de la, 147
Cuba, 12, 14, 92, 100, 101, 102, 104, 116, 160, 217, 244, 274, 280, 303, 354, 368, 437, 438, 503, 504, 505, 519, 552, 570, 580, 581, 589–90, 593, 596, 597, 620, 626, 629, 636, 638, 639, 670, 714, 720, 724, 747
abolition debate in, 549, 580–81, 600–602
Anglo-Spanish relations and, 753–55
Anglo-Spanish Treaty of 1818 and, 600–602
Anglo-Spanish Treaty of 1835 and, 655–56, 750–51
black culture of, 95
Brazil contrasted with, 567–68
British abolition and, 579, 581–82, 602, 664–66, 668
British investors and, 648–49, 676–77
British occupation of, 272–73
British slave trade and, 525–26
Chinese labor in, 646, 648, 759–60, 779
coffee trade and, 636–37
direct slave trade of, 267, 533–35, 543–44, 578
emancipados of, 599, 606–7, 608, 640, 641–42, 645, 655–56, 667–68, 701, 745, 749–50, 754, 756, 759, 784, 787
Escalera Conspiracy in, 748
European immigrants in, 603, 640–41, 759
fear of rebellions in, 638–39, 749–50
final days of slavery in, 786, 788–89
free blacks of, 636–37
“golden age” of, 642–44
illegal slave trade and, 605–6, 638, 640–41, 644–48
last landing of slaves in, 783–84
19th-century revival of slave trade in, 751–52
oligarchy of slave traders in, 542, 578, 637–38
Ostend Manifesto and, 758
Portuguese slave merchants and, 760–61
proposed British blockade of, 763–64, 777–78
proposed U.S. annexation of, 752–53, 755, 757–58, 759, 768–69
proposed U.S. purchase of, 757–58, 773–74
slave rebellions in, 667, 747, 748–49
sugar industry of, 9–10, 135, 266, 273, 281, 532, 568, 600–601, 636, 637, 650, 755
Ten Years’ War in, 787
U.S. slave market and, 642–43
U.S. slave trade and, 534–35, 542–43, 545, 571, 572, 649, 762–63
white labor in, 641, 644
Yucate laborers in, 760, 779
Cuesta y Manzanal, Santiago de la, 542, 578, 579, 601, 638, 643
Cultura e Opulencia do Brasil por Suas Drogas e Minas (Antonil), 463
Cumming, Thomas, 266
Cuneo, Michele, 89
Cunha, José Joaquim de, 566
Cunha, William Manuel Basilio da, 760n
Cunha Matos, Raimundo da, 610
Cunha Reis, Manoel Basilio da, 706, 760
Cunliffe, Ellis, 300
Cunliffe, Foster, 248, 268, 272, 294, 300, 442
Curaçao, 170, 186, 212–13, 214, 215, 217–19, 229, 255, 435–36
Curtin, Professor Philip, 11–12, 14
Curtis brothers, 684
Cushing, Caleb, 757
Cust, Peregrine, 321
Cuthbert, Lewis, 531
Cyane, 616, 617
Cybo, Alderan, 456
Cynics, slaves as viewed by, 29
D’Acunha, Governor of Luanda, 704
Dabues, Juan Miguel, 105
Daendels, Herman Willem, 612, 692–93
Dahomey, 13, 73, 226, 237, 253, 318, 319, 324, 326, 348, 355, 373, 391, 394, 556, 562, 565, 630, 777, 795
Brazilian trade with, 358–59
in 19th century, 694–97
Oyo conquest of, 357–58
slave trade in, 353–54, 359–60
Daines, William, 530
Dalzell, Archibald, 373
Damel Budomel, Wolof King, 60
Dampier, Captain William, 329
Danish West India Company, 444
Dapper, Olfert, 347
Dark, 579
Dark Ages, 32–34
Darrisague, Estevan, 154
Davenant, Charles, 202
Daver, Robert, 244
Davis, Charles, 757
Davis, David Brion, 11, 15
Davis, Jefferson, 765
Davy, Serjeant, 473
Dawes, William, 499
Dawson, James, 503, 504, 531, 532, 541
Dawson, John, 295, 723
Dawson, Margaret Baker, 503
Dawson, Robert, 723
Day, James, 245, 442
Day, Thomas, 490
de Almada, Governor of Cape Verde, 373
Dean, John, 495
Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (Gibbon), 14, 466
Defoe, Daniel, 181, 221, 236, 239, 247, 455, 456
De Freitas, Lançarote, 23, 55, 58
de Geer, Louis, 222
Dei, Benedetto, 77
Delassale d’Harader, Captain, 625
D’Elbée, François, 355
del Castillo, José, 542
Delicias, Marquis de la, 749
De l’intérêt de la France a l’égard de la traite des nègres (Sismondi), 585
del Monte, Domingo, 629, 667, 748
De los tratos de Indias y tratantes en ellas (Mercado), 422
de Luynes family, 251, 301
del Valle Cortés, José Antonio, 535
del Valle Cortés, Juan Bautista, 535
Demane, Henry, 498
Demanet, Father, 338
Demerara (Guiana), 541, 551, 571
Dempster, George, 513–14
Deniston, William, 295
Denman, Captain Joseph, 409, 652, 654, 660, 669–70, 672, 683, 689, 712, 723, 735, 736, 738, 761
Denmark, 172, 223–24, 252, 292, 299, 346, 350–51, 354, 388
Caribbean possessions of, 210, 255–56
importation of slaves abolished by, 526–27, 528, 549
Dennis, Pierre-Thomas, 625
Denonville, Viscount of, 194
Denton, Vachell, 799
de Poëy family, 542–43
de Prado, Captain, 66
Derby, Edward Stanley, fourteenth earl of, 755
De Republica (Cicero), 29
Desbarbès, André, 626
De Servis et Eorum Apud Veteres Minsteriis (Pignoria), 125
Desire, 177
Des peines infamantes à infliger aux négriers (Gregoire), 591, 623
Dessalines, Jean-Jacques, 548
Déveaux, Jean-Michel, 293, 623n
Devonshire, Duchess of, 540n
Devyanes, William, 495, 550
de Wolf, Charles, 285, 545n
de Wolf, George, 293, 294, 569, 603, 603n
de Wolf, James, 10, 285, 286, 294, 295, 297, 300, 480–81, 533, 534–35, 537, 545–46, 556, 569, 602, 616, 618, 794
de Wolf, John, 285, 569
de Wolf, Levi, 285
de Wolf, Mark Antony, 284–85, 534
de Wolf, William, 285
de Wolff, Abel, 187
de Wolff, Dirck, 187
Dhariette, Etienne, 294
Diario de la Marina, 756
Diario del gobierno de la Habana, 601, 640
Dias, Bartolomeu, 82, 131
Dias, Dinis, 57
Dias, Luis, 131
Dias, Pallos, 117
Dias, Pedro, 79
Dias de Novães, Paulo, 131, 132
Dias Querido, Diogo, 162, 299
Díaz Pimenta, Juan, 219, 224
Dick (interpreter), 404
Dickinson, John, 479
Dickinson, Jonathan, 298, 302, 459
Dickley, Samuel, 648
Dictionnaire philosophique (Voltaire), 465
Diderot, Denis, 464, 466, 480, 483
Digby, Kenelm, 176
Dike, Dr., 794–95
Dillon, Arthur, 522
Dillwyn, William, 477, 492
Diman, Jeremiah, 537
Di Noli, Antonio, 68
Diodorus of Sicily, 28
Diogo I, King of Congo, 128
Discombe, John, 597
Discours sur l’origine et les fondements de l’inégalité (Rousseau), 466
Disraeli, Benjamin, 573, 590, 657, 734
Docemo, King of Benin, 777
Doddridge, Philip, 494
Dolben, Sir William, 42, 508, 510, 513, 582
Doll, Senhora, 344
Dolphin, 661, 662, 690
Dolz, J. N., 556
Dominica, 173, 274
Donnan, Professor Elizabeth, 173
Doran, James, 474
Doria, Luis, 70
Doria, Teodisio, 50, 51
Douglas, John, 380
Douglas, Stephen, 764, 770
Douglass, Frederick, 14
Downing, Emmanuel, 197
Downing, Sir George, 196–97
Drake, Sir Francis, 12, 140, 157–58
Drake, John, 514
Drake, Philip (Richard), 380, 570–71, 615, 690, 712, 725, 761
Drake, Santiago, 542–43
Drax, James, 188
Dreschler, Professor Seymour, 542
Driscoll, Cornelius, 675
Drouin, Louis, 295
Drouin, René, 295
Drouin family, 251, 523
Duarte, Sebastián, 179–80
Duarte Nunes, 218
Dubois, Captain, 612
Dubois, W. E. B., 502
Dubourg, Chevalier, 355
Ducasse, Jean-Baptiste, 193, 194, 227–28, 295
du Chaillu, Paul, 701–2
Duck, George, 800
Duckett, Sir Lionel, 156
Du Contrat social (Rousseau), 466
Ducudray-Bourgault (trader), 595–96
Dudley, Joseph, 207, 454
Dueñas, Rodrigo de, 101
Duffield, Peter, 357
Duke, Antera, 353, 362
Dulce, Domingo, 768, 779, 783
Dulcert, Angelino, 50–51
Dumaigne (trader), 682
Dum Diversas (papal bull), 65
Duncan, John, 680, 698
Dundas, Henry (later first viscount Melville), 495, 507, 536, 539, 540, 550, 551, 553, 581
“amendment” of, 528–29, 530, 538
Dunlop, Hugh, 738
Dunmore, John Murray, fourth earl of, 481
Dupuis (British official), 561
Dupuis, Jean-Louis, 373
Duquesne, Abraham, 436
Duraboña, Francisco, 779
Durán, Cristóbal, 543
Durán, Diego, 95
Duras, Duchess of, 624
Dutch East India Company, 160–61, 185, 204, 256, 321, 369, 389, 495
Dutch West India Company, 160–61, 162, 169, 170, 172, 183, 186, 190, 192, 203, 210, 213, 214, 215, 218, 222, 225, 227, 229, 255, 292, 308, 348, 349, 365, 371, 375, 379, 391, 403, 411, 444, 452, 800
Duval, Captain, 706
Duverne, Isaac, 160
Dying Negro, The (Day), 490
Dying Slave (Michelangelo), 124
Dyula (Mandingo), 72
Eagle, 660, 661
Eannes, Gil, 53–54, 55
Earle, Thomas, 491, 515
Earle, William, 285, 491
Early, Peter, 552
East Africa, 82–83, 111–12, 116, 184, 314, 368, 511, 586, 595, 669, 677, 700, 716, 789
Atlantic crossing from, 707–8
19th-century slave trade in, 704–8
East-Indian Merchant, 390
Eaton, John, 649
Ebicram, King, 376
Ebrero, King, 362
Ebro, Dick, 363–64
Edmundson, William, 458
Edward IV, King of England, 76
Edwards, Bryan, 540
Edwards, Jonathan, 502
Efik traders, 363, 795
Egica, King, 35
Egmont, John Perceval, first earl of, 461
Egremont, Charles, second earl of, 273–74
Egrot, Maurice, 192
Eguia, Francisco de, 96
Egypt, 261, 510, 563, 664
ancient, 25, 27, 28, 43, 791
Ehrman, John, 506n, 507n, 529n
El Cometa, 533, 543
El Corresponsal, 669
Eldon, John Scott, first earl of, 557
Elements of Moral Science (Beattie), 535
Eligius, Saint, 35
Eliza, 531, 597, 612
Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 155, 156, 157
Ellery, William, 519
Ellis, Charles, 540
Ellsworth, Oliver, 500
Ellzey, John, 175
Elmina fortress, 80–81, 102, 106, 107–8, 111, 155, 175, 190, 221, 303, 304, 315, 347–48, 350, 355, 635
described, 348–49
Dutch capture of, 171, 183
French attack on, 153–54
in 19th century, 692–93
Elvas, Antônio Fernandes, 164–65, 167, 178, 299
emancipados, 599, 606–7, 608, 640, 641–42, 645, 667–68, 701, 745, 749–50, 754, 756, 759, 784, 787
Anglo-Spanish Treaty of 1835 and, 655–56
Emanuel (slave), 800–801
Emilia, 595
Encyclopédie, 464, 466, 483
England, 35, 36, 42, 76, 174, 196, 202, 204, 210, 214–15, 335, 338, 339, 344, 346, 349–51, 354, 357, 360, 361, 369, 388, 393
France’s slave trade rivalry with, 229–30
indentured servitude era and, 177–78
London-based slave trade of, 196–98
Navigation Laws of, 188–89
royal backers of slave trade in, 198–201
Spanish slave trade with, 218–19, 230–31
Utrecht Treaty and, 231
Whydah settlement and, 355–56
see also Great Britain; Royal Africa Company; South Sea Company
Enlightenment, 464–66
Enquiry into the Effects of the Abolition of the Slave Trade, An (Ramsay), 491
Enrique IV, King of Spain, 64
Enríquez, Felipe, 458
Enríquez, Martin, 158
Enríquez, Miguel, 240
Enterprize, 443
voyage of, 809–11
Eon, Guillaume, 239
Ephraim, Duke, 362, 653, 795
Epictetus, 29
“Epistle to Lord Burlington” (Pope), 244n
Equiano, Olaudah, 377, 410, 414, 438, 474, 798, 799
Erasmus, 124
Ericks, Bernard, 159
Erie, 774, 775
Erskine, Thomas, first lord, 553–54
“Escalera Conspiracy,” 748
Escobar, Pero de, 73, 80
Escovar, Francisco de, 118
Esnambuc, Bélain d’, 173
Espagnol, André l’, 192
Espartero, General, 666, 747
Espindola, Polo de, 102
Esprit des lois, L’ (Montesquieu), 449, 465–66, 470
Esquivel, Lorena de, 179
Es-Sahili (architect), 46
Essai sur les moeurs (Voltaire), 467
Essay on the Conversion and Treatment of the African Slaves (Ramsay), 491
Essay on the Slavery and Commerce of the Human Species, An (Clarkson), 492
Essays Historical and Moral (Gregory), 490
Es-Segli, Ahmed, 114
Essequibo colony, 551
Esserjee (slave), 427–28
Estrées, Marshal d’, 338
Ethiope Resgatado, Empenhado, Sustenado, Corregido, Instruido e Libertado (Ribeiro de Rocha), 463
