The Taste of War: World War II and the Battle for Food
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144 Stephenson, Hitler’s Home Front, pp. 212–15.
145 Ibid., p. 209.
146 Roodhouse, ‘Popular morality’, p. 256.
147 Hodgson, Few Eggs, p. 119.
148 Dörr, “Wer die Zeit nicht miterlebt hat …”, II, p. 19.
149 Roodhouse, ‘Popular morality’, p. 252.
150 Ibid., p. 259.
151 Mackay, Half the Battle, p. 200.
152 Ibid., pp. 254–5.
153 Vassiltchikov, The Berlin Diaries, p. 42.
154 Evans, The Third Reich at War, p. 510; Proctor, The Nazi War on Cancer, p. 140; Gordon, ‘Fascism, the neo-right and gastronomy’, p. 88.
155 Picker, Hitlers Tischgespräche, p. 53.
156 Proctor, The Nazi War on Cancer, pp. 134–7.
157 Gruchmann, ‘Korruption’, p. 578.
158 Ibid., pp. 573–4.
159 Ibid., p. 574.
160 Ibid., pp. 585–8.
161 Müller, ‘Albert Speer und die Rüstungspolitik’, p. 495.
162 Picker, Hitlers Tischgespräche, p. 380.
163 Werner, “Bleib übrig!”, p. 204.
164 Dörr, “Wer die Zeit nicht miterlebt hat …”, II, p. 23.
165 Werner, “Bleib übrig!”, p. 201.
166 Erker, Ernährungskrise und Nachkriegsgesellschaft, p. 24.
167 Werner, “Bleib übrig!”, pp. 202–3.
168 Beck, Under the Bombs, p. 11.
169 Stephenson, Hitler’s Home Front, p. 184.
170 Corni and Gies, Brot, Butter, Kanonen, p. 572.
171 Ibid., p. 567.
172 Beck, Under the Bombs, p. 45.
173 Corni and Gies, Brot, Butter, Kanonen, pp. 566–7.
174 Bannister, I Lived Under Hitler, pp. 104–5.
175 Ibid., pp. 141–2.
176 Ibid., p. 157.
177 Müller, ‘Albert Speer und die Rüstungspolitik’, p. 491.
178 Rüther, Köln, p. 372; Werner, “Bleib übrig!”, p. 216.
179 Stephenson, Hitler’s Home Front, pp. 188, 191.
180 Corni and Gies, Brot, Butter, Kanonen, p. 563.
181 Bannister, I Lived Under Hitler, p. 220.
182 Beck, Under the Bombs, p. 100.
183 Kitchen, Nazi Germany at War, p. 82.
184 Huegel, Kriegsernährungswirtschaft Deutschlands, p. 311.
185 Dörr, “Wer die Zeit nicht miterlebt hat …”, II, p. 17.
186 Ibid., II, p. 27.
187 Ibid., II, p. 29.
16. The British Empire – War as Welfare
1 Woolton, Memoirs, pp. 192–3.
2 Hicks, “Who Called the Cook a Bastard?”, p. 83.
3 Oddy, From Plain Fare, p. 136.
4 Ibid., pp. 136–7.
5 Mackay, Half the Battle, p. 61.
6 Ibid., p. 74.
7 Ashwell, McCance and Widdowson, p. 23.
8 Ibid.
9 Ibid., pp. 24–5.
10 Oddy, From Plain Fare, p. 137.
11 Wilt, Food for War, p. 219.
12 Hammond, Food and Agriculture, p. 155; Britnell and Voake, Canadian Agriculture, p. 367.
13 Driver, The British at Table, p. 12.
14 Burnett, Plenty and Want, p. 282.
15 Ibid., p. 281.
16 Buss, ‘The British diet’, p. 124.
17 Spiekermann, ‘Brown bread for victory’, p. 163.
18 Oddy, From Plain Fare, pp. 138–9.
19 Ibid., p. 140; Burnett, Plenty and Want, p. 291.
20 Hammond, Food and Agriculture, p. 230.
21 Ashwell, McCance and Widdowson, p. 25.
22 Oddy, From Plain Fare, p. 162.
23 Burnett, Plenty and Want, p. 291.
24 Gardiner, The 1940s House, p. 140.
25 The papers of A. W. Winter, Department of Documents, IWM, III, p. 12.
26 Hammond, Food and Agriculture, pp. 155–6.
27 Longmate, How We Lived Then, p. 145.
28 Gardiner, The 1940s House, pp. 141–2.
29 Garfield, Private Battles, p. 87.
30 Brassley and Potter, ‘A view from the top’, pp. 226–7.
31 Oddy, From Plain Fare, p. 153.
32 Hardyment, Slice of Life, p. 17.
33 Gardiner, The 1940s House, p. 136.
34 Patten, Victory Cookbook, n.p.
35 Gardiner, The 1940s House, p. 138.
36 Waller, London 1945, p. 51.
37 Garfield, Private Battles, p. 338.
38 Britnell and Voake, Canadian Agriculture, p. 367.
39 Driver, The British at Table, p. 26.
40 Zweineger-Bargielowska, ‘Rationing’, p. 179.
41 Gardiner, The 1940s House, p. 133.
42 Hammond, Food and Agriculture, p. 183.
43 Oddy, From Plain Fare, p. 154.
44 Hammond, Food and Agriculture, p. 183.
45 Mant, All Muck, p. 39. Prisoners of war engaged in manual work were allocated the daily 3,300 calorie army home service ration. War Office, Record of Ration Scales, p. 12.
46 Waugh, Brideshead Revisited, Preface, p. 42.
47 Zweiniger-Bargielowska, Austerity in Britain, p. 71.
48 Mackay, Half the Battle, p. 204.
49 Ibid., p. 203. For a discussion of the limits of the levelling-up thesis see Summerfield, ‘The “levelling of class”’ and Fielding, ‘The Good War’.
50 Oddy, From Plain Fare, p. 164.
51 Essemyr, ‘Food policies in Sweden’, p. 171.
52 Darian-Smith, On the Home Front, p. 39.
53 Santich, What the Doctors Ordered, p. 120.
54 Ibid.; Darian-Smith, On the Home Front, p. 48.
55 Britnell and Voake, Canadian Agriculture, pp. 150–51.
56 Magnússon, The Hidden Class, p. 132; Jonsson, ‘Changes in food consumption’, p. 41.
57 Webster, ‘Healthy or hungry’, p. 121.
58 Hammond, Food and Agriculture, p. 143.
59 Woolton, Memoirs, pp. 34–5.
60 Hammond, Food and Agriculture, pp. 144–5.
61 Burnett, Plenty and Want, p. 292.
62 Mackay, Half the Battle, p. 240.
63 Hammond, Food and Agriculture, p. 149; Mackay, Half the Battle, p. 242.
64 Maggie Hay in conversation with the author.
65 Burnett, ‘The rise and decline of school meals’, p. 55.
66 Ibid., p. 65.
67 Oddy, From Plain Fare, pp. 165, 209.
68 Jeffreys, ‘British politics and social policy’, p. 129.
69 Hardyment, Slice of Life, p. 3.
70 Burnett, ‘The rise and decline of school meals’, pp. 65–6.
71 Taylor, English History, p. 567.
72 Burnett and Oddy, ‘Introduction’, pp. 5–6.
73 Harris, ‘Great Britain’, p. 242.
74 The papers of R. P. Evans, Department of Documents, IWM, p. 21.
75 The papers of R. B. Buckle, Department of Documents, IWM, p. 16.
76 Garfield, Private Battles, p. 61.
77 Bruce, War on the Ground, p. 27.
78 War Office, Record of Ration Scales, p. 3.
79 Reynolds, Rich Relations, p. 137.
80 Ibid., p. 69.
81 Crang, ‘The British soldier’, p. 62.
82 Garfield, Private Battles, p. 61.
83 Crew, The Royal Army Service Corps, p. 186; Bird, The First Food Empire, p. 176.
84 The papers of Fus. H. Simons, ‘Army Cookery Notebook, 1944’, Department of Documents, IWM, Misc 180 Item 2726.
85 Crang, ‘The British soldier’, p. 131.
86 Hicks, “Who Called the Cook a Bastard?”, pp. 31–3.
87 Ibid., pp. 44–5.
88 Ibid., pp. 38–9.
89 Ibid., p. 73.
90 Beaumont, ‘Australia’s war: Europe and the Middle East’, pp. 17–18; Jackson, The British Empire, p. 2.
91 The papers of G. R. Page, Department of Documents, IWM, p. 30.
92 Crimp, The Diary of a Desert Rat, pp. 20–21.
93 Bier
man and Smith, Alamein, p. 151.
94 Crimp, The Diary of a Desert Rat, pp. 38–9.
95 Bierman and Smith, Alamein, pp. 151–2.
96 Levenstein, Paradox of Plenty, p. 93.
97 Jackson, Botswana, p. 76.
98 The papers of G. R. Page, Department of Documents, IWM, p. 30.
99 Lloyd, Food and Inflation, pp. 273–7; Bayly, ‘Spunyarns’, p. 33.
100 Jackson, The British Empire, p. 105.
101 Collier, ‘The logistics of the North African campaign’, pp. 202–3.
102 The papers of G. R. Page, Department of Documents, IWM, p. 47.
103 Ibid.
104 Walker, The Clinical Problems of War, p. 321; Bullard, ‘“The great enemy”’, pp. 219–20.
105 Brune, Those Ragged Bloody Heroes, p. 45.
106 Walker, ‘The writers’ war’, pp. 149–50.
107 Brune, Those Ragged Bloody Heroes, p. 101; Dornan, The Silent Men, p. 146.
108 Richmond, The Japanese Forces in New Guinea, p. 369.
109 Brune, Those Ragged Bloody Heroes, p. 93.
110 Ibid., p. 89.
111 Walker, The Clinical Problems of War, p. 321.
112 Beaumont, ‘Australia’s war: Asia and the Pacific’, p. 40.
113 Ibid.; Drea, In the Service of the Emperor, p. 70.
114 Walker, The Island Campaigns, p. 229.
115 Ibid., p. 227.
116 The Australian Army at War, p. 70.
117 ‘Appendix. Sources of Vitamin C etc.’, Box 23, Folder 203, Sir Cedric Stanton Hicks Papers, NLA, MS 5623.
118 Ibid.
119 Walker, The Island Campaigns, p. 272.
120 Ibid., p. 270.
121 Ibid., p. 227.
122 Health and stamina of the troops. Appendix A. Explanatory Note on Blue Peas and Wheat. JAS. H. Cannan, Quartermaster General, 30 January 1943, AWM 54 351/6/2.
123 Laurence and Tiddy, From Bully Beef, p. 35.
124 Ibid., pp. 45–6.
125 Ibid., pp. 35–6.
126 Walker, The Island Campaigns, pp. 227–8.
127 Ibid., p. 270.
128 ‘Historical summary of the activities of Sir C. Stanton Hicks from the outbreak of war – showing the influence of applied science on army feeding’, Box 23, Folder 203, Sir Cedric Stanton Hicks Papers, NLA, MS5623.
129 Johnston, The Australian Army, p. 58.
130 Laurence and Tiddy, From Bully Beef, p. 40.
131 Ibid., p. 41.
132 Walker, The Island Campaigns, p. 269.
133 Ibid., p. 228.
134 Ibid., p. 227.
135 Ibid., p. 273.
136 Ibid., p. 270.
137 Australian Defence Force: Good food to stay fighting fit. http://www.dsto.defence.gov.au/research/5170/.
138 Walker, The Clinical Problems of War, p. 321.
139 Jackson, Botswana, p. 63.
140 Ibid.
141 Moharir, History of the Army Service Corps, p. 42; War Office, Record of Ration Scales, p. 58.
142 Barkawi, Globalization and War, p. 85.
143 MacNalty and Mellor, Medical Services in War, p. 745.
144 Kamtekar, ‘A different war dance’, pp. 190–91.
145 Bayly and Harper, Forgotten Armies, pp. 368, 425.
146 Moharir, History of the Army Service Corps, p. 45.
147 MacNalty and Mellor, Medical Services in War, p. 81.
148 Moharir, History of the Army Service Corps, p. 44.
149 Ibid., pp. 42–4; War Office, Record of Ration Scales, p. 62.
150 Crew, The Royal Army Service Corps, p. 186.
151 Australian Defence Force: Good food to stay fighting fit. http://www.dsto.defence.gov.au/research/5170/.
152 Pollan, In Defence of Food, p. 8.
17. The United States – Out of Depression and into Abundance
1 Terkel, ‘The Good War’, p. 112.
2 Lamont, ‘Oral histories of World War II labour corps’, p. 403.
3 26 April–12 May 1945, the papers of E. Barrington, Department of Documents, IWM, 88/58/1 (P).
4 Ibid.
5 Ibid.
6 Bernstein, A Caring Society, p. 46.
7 Poppendieck, Breadlines Knee-Deep in Wheat, pp. 19–20.
8 Levenstein, Paradox of Plenty, pp. 58–9.
9 Levine, School Lunch Politics, p. 56.
10 Wynn, ‘The “good war”’, p. 469.
11 Jeffries, Wartime America, pp. 63–4.
12 Gluck, Rosie the Riveter Revisited, p. 189.
13 Terkel, ‘The Good War’, p. 112.
14 Ibid., pp. 316–17.
15 Levenstein, Paradox of Plenty, p. 87.
16 Jacobs, ‘“How about some meat?”’, pp. 931–2.
17 Cohen, A Consumer’s Republic, p. 70.
18 Campbell, Women at War, p. 183.
19 Levenstein, Paradox of Plenty, p. 85.
20 Campbell, Women at War, p. 181.
21 Levenstein, Paradox of Plenty, p. 88.
22 Terkel, ‘The Good War’, p. 316.
23 Reynolds, Rich Relations, p. 50.
24 Bentley, Eating for Victory, p. 62.
25 Overy, Why the Allies Won, p. 192.
26 Ibid., p. 198.
27 Ibid., p. 192.
28 Ibid., p. 191.
29 Ibid., p. 192.
30 Bentley, Eating for Victory, pp. 63–4.
31 Ibid., p. 22.
32 Levenstein, Paradox of Plenty, p. 65.
33 Ibid., p. 66.
34 Levine, School Lunch Politics, p. 64.
35 Ibid., pp. 64–5.
36 Campbell, Women at War, pp. 183–4.
37 Leff, ‘The politics of sacrifice’, p. 1310.
38 Levenstein, Paradox of Plenty, p. 76.
39 Goodhart and Pett, ‘The wartime nutrition programs’, pp. 163–4.
40 Levenstein, Paradox of Plenty, p. 77.
41 French, Waging War, p. 135.
42 Ibid.
43 Levenstein, Paradox of Plenty, pp. 77–8.
44 Kersten, Labor’s Home Front, p. 177.
45 Ibid., p. 175.
46 Ibid., pp. 179–80.
47 Prendergast, For God, Country and Coca-Cola, p. 196.
48 Proctor, The Nazi War on Cancer, p. 156.
49 Terkel, ‘The Good War’, p. 110.
50 Bentley, Eating for Victory, pp. 9–10.
51 Brandt, Harlem at War, p. 217.
52 Ibid., p. 73.
53 Ibid., p. 218.
54 Ibid., p. 93.
55 Kryder, Divided Arsenal, pp. 2–3.
56 Brandt, Harlem at War, p. 138.
57 Cohen, A Consumer’s Republic, pp. 85–7.
58 Capeci, The Harlem Riot, pp. 64–5.
59 Brandt, Harlem at War, pp. 158–9.
60 Levine, School Lunch Politics, pp. 55–6.
61 Levenstein, Paradox of Plenty, pp. 54, 62; Poppendieck, Breadlines Knee-Deep in Wheat, p. 241.
62 Bengelsdorf, Die Landwirtschaft der Vereinigten Staaten, pp. 123–4.
63 Poppendieck, Breadlines Knee-Deep in Wheat, p. 242.
64 Bengelsdorf, Die Landwirtschaft der Vereinigten Staaten, pp. 207–8.
65 Wilcox, The Farmer, p. 318.
66 Levine, School Lunch Politics, p. 51.
67 Ibid., p. 53.
68 Ibid., p. 58.
69 Ibid., pp. 68–9.
70 Ibid., p. 60.
71 Terkel, ‘The Good War’, p. 112.
72 Cohen, A Consumer’s Republic, p. 71.
73 Terkel, ‘The Good War’, p. 487.
74 McDermott, Women Recall the War Years, pp. 206–7.
75 Duis, ‘No time for privacy’, p. 39.
76 Cohen, A Consumer’s Republic, p. 73.
77 Bentley, Eating for Victory, p. 61.
78 Goodwin, No Ordinary Time, p. 384.
79 Garfield, Private Battles, p. 312.
80 Levenstein, Paradox of Plenty, p. 82.
81 Bentley, Eating for Victory, pp. 103, 109.
<
br /> 82 Wilcox, The Farmer, p. 200.
83 Levenstein, Paradox of Plenty, p. 82.
84 Bentley, Eating for Victory, p. 61.
85 Ibid., p. 10.
86 Ibid., p. 93.
87 Ibid., p. 35.
88 Campbell, Women at War, p. 181.
89 Matusow, Farm Policies, p. 49.
90 Levenstein, Paradox of Plenty, pp. 81–2; Bentley, Eating for Victory,pp. 36–7.
91 Fenby, Alliance, p. 21.
92 Goodwin, No Ordinary Time, p. 384.
93 Duis, ‘No time for privacy’, pp. 33–4.
94 Gluck, Rosie the Riveter Revisited, p. 189.
95 Westbrook, ‘Fighting for the American family’, p. 203.
96 Cited by Westbrook, ‘Fighting for the American family’, p. 204.
97 Aquila, Home Front Soldier, p. 63.
98 Cohen, A Consumer’s Republic, p. 55.
99 Ibid., p. 116.
100 Ibid., p. 127.
101 Bentley, Eating for Victory, p. 94; Crawford et al., Wartime Agriculture in Australia, p. 147.
102 Milward, War, Economy and Society, p. 288; Tooze, The Wages of Destruction, p. 361.
103 Levenstein, Paradox of Plenty, pp. 94–5.
104 The papers of R. B. Buckle, Department of Documents, IWM, pp. 52–5.
105 Kennett, G.I., p. 99.
106 Reynolds, Rich Relations, p. 73.
107 Ross and Romanus, The Quartermaster Corps, p. 485.
108 Reynolds, Rich Relations, p. 80.
109 Ibid., p. 81.
110 Collier, ‘Logistics’, pp. 5–6.
111 Reynolds, Rich Relations, p. 81.
112 Adapting Livestock Products to War Needs, p. 14.
113 Levenstein, Paradox of Plenty, p. 90.
114 Wilson, ‘Who fought and why?’, p. 302.
115 Levenstein, Paradox of Plenty, p. 90.
116 Ross and Romanus, The Quartermaster Corps, p. 136.
117 Stauffer, The Quartermaster Corps, p. 67.
118 Levenstein, Paradox of Plenty, p. 91.
119 Cited by Potts and Potts, Yanks, pp. 289–90.
120 US War Department, Handbook, pp. 298–9, 537.
121 Merridale, Ivan’s War, p. 120.
122 William H. Bauer, Interview, 7 October 1994, Rutgers Oral History Archives, New Brunswick History Department, history.rutgers.edu/Interviews.
123 Reynolds, Rich Relations, p. 77.
124 Levine, School Lunch Politics, p. 69; Levenstein, Paradox of Plenty, p. 93.
125 Bentley, Eating for Victory, pp. 82–3.
126 Prendergast, For God, Country and Coca-Cola, p. 196.
127 Ibid., p. 197.
128 Ibid., pp. 512–13.
129 Mintz, Tasting Food, p. 27.
130 Prendergast, For God, Country and Coca-Cola, p. 203.
131 Mintz, Tasting Food, p. 27.