River of Darkness

by Buddy Levy

  Pizarro, Pedro. Relation of the Discovery and Conquest of the Kingdoms of Peru. 2 vols. Translated into English and annotated by Philip Ainsworth Means. New York, 1921.

  Raleigh, Sir Walter. Sir Walter Raleigh’s Discoverie of Guiana. Edited by Joyce Lorimer. London, 2006.

  ______. The Discoverie of the Large, Rich, and Bewtiful Empyre of Guiana. Transcribed, annotated, and introduced by Neil L. Whitehead. Norman, Oklahoma, 1997.

  Spruce, Richard. Notes of a Botanist on the Amazon and Andes. London, 1908.

  Staden, Hans. The True History of His Captivity, 1557. Translated and edited by Malcolm Letts, with an introduction and notes. New York, 1929.

  Vega, Garcilaso de la (El Inca). Royal Commentaries of the Incas and General History of Peru. 2 vols. Translated and with an introduction by Harold V. Livermore. Austin and London, 1966.

  Wallace, Alfred Russel. A Narrative of Travels on the Amazon and Rio Negro, with an Account of the Native Tribes, and Observations on the Climate, Geology, and Natural History of the Amazon Valley. London, New York, and Melbourne, 1889.

  Zárate, Agustín de. The Discovery and Conquest of Peru. Translated with an introduction by J. M. Cohen. Baltimore, 1968.

  BOOKS AND ARTICLES

  Albornoz, Miguel. Hernando de Soto: Knight of the Americas. Translated from the Spanish by Bruce Boeglin. New York and Toronto, 1986.

  Arens, William. The Man-Eating Myth: Anthropology and Anthropophagy. New York, 1979.

  Aronson, Marc. Sir Walter Raleigh and the Quest for El Dorado. New York, 2000.

  Bandelier, A. F. The Gilded Man (El Dorado): And Other Pictures of the Spanish Occupancy of America. New York, 1893.

  Bernard, Brendan. Pizarro, Orellana, and the Exploration of the Amazon. New York, 1991.

  Betanzos, Juan de. Narrative of the Incas. Translated and edited by Roland Hamilton and Dana Buchanan from the Palma de Mallorca manuscript. Austin, 1996.

  Birney, Hoffman. Brothers of Doom: The Story of the Pizarros of Peru. New York, 1942.

  Bollaert, William. The Expedition of Pedro de Ursúa and Lope de Aguirre in Search of El Dorado and Omagua in 1560–1. Translated from Fray Pedro Simón’s “Sixth Historical Notice of the Conquest of Tierra Firme,” with an introduction by Clements R. Markham. New York, 1861.

  Boorstin, Daniel J. The Discoverers: A History of Man’s Search to Know His World and Himself. London, 1983.

  Bray, Warwick. Gold of El Dorado. From the exhibition Gold of El Dorado: The Heritage of Colombia. New York, 1979.

  Camerini, Jane R. The Alfred Russel Wallace Reader: A Selection of Writings from the Field. Baltimore and London, 2002.

  Campbell, David G. A Land of Ghosts: The Braided Lives of People and the Forest in Far Western Amazonia. New York, 2005.

  Canedo, Lino G. “New Data Regarding the Origins of the Franciscan Missions in Peru, 1532–1569.” The Americas, vol. 9, no. 3 (January 1953): 315–48.

  Carneiro, Robert L. Evolutionism in Cultural Anthropology: A Critical History. Boulder, Colorado, 2003.

  ______. The Muse of History and the Science of Culture. New York, 2000.

  ______. Anthropological Investigations in Amazonia: Selected Papers. Greeley, Colorado, 1985.

  ______. “Hunting and Hunting Magic Among the Amahuaca of the Peruvian Montaña.” Ethnology, vol. 9, no. 4 (October 1970): 331–41.

  ______. “On the Relationship Between Size of Population and Complexity of Social Organization.” Southwestern Journal of Anthropology, vol. 23, no. 3 (Autumn 1967): 234–43.

  ______. “The Amahuaca and the Spirit World.” Ethnology, vol. 3, no. 1 (January 1964): 6–11.

  Carneiro, Robert L., Bill Cohen, Robert A. Ibarra, Sven-Erik Isacsson, and Carl E. Batt. Anthropological Investigations in Amazonia: Selected Papers. Greeley, Colorado, 1985.

  Castro, Eduardo Viveiros de. From the Enemy’s Point of View: Humanity and Divinity in an Amazonian Society. Translated by Catherine V. Howard. Chicago and London, 1992.

  Chapman, Walker. The Golden Dream: Seekers of El Dorado. Indianapolis, Kansas City, and New York, 1967.

  Clark, Leonard. The Rivers Ran East. New York, 1953.

  Clayton, Lawrence A., Vernon James Knight, Jr., and Edward C. Moore. The De Soto Chronicles: The Expedition of Hernando de Soto to North America in 1539–1543. 2 vols. Tuscaloosa, Alabama, and London, 1993.

  Cleary, David. “Towards an Environmental History of the Amazon: From Prehistory to the Nineteenth Century.” Latin American Research Review, vol. 36, no. 2 (2001): 65–96.

  Cohen, J. M. Journeys Down the Amazon. London, 1975.

  Cook, Noble David. Demographic Collapse: Indian Peru, 1520–1620. Cambridge, London, and New York, 1981.

  Cortesão, Armando. “Antonio Pereira and His Map of Circa 1545: An Unknown Portuguese Cartographer and the Early Representation of Newfoundland, Lower California, the Amazon, and the Ladrones.” Geographical Review, vol. 29, no. 2 (April 1939): 205–25.

  Crosby, Alfred W. The Colombian Exchange: Biological Consequences of 1492. Westport, Connecticut, 1972.

  ______. “Conquistador y Pestilencia: The First New World Pandemic and the Fall of the Great Indian Empires.” Hispanic American Historical Review, vol. 47, no. 3 (August 1967): 321–37.

  Cutright, Paul Russell. The Great Naturalists Explore South America. New York, 1940.

  Dalby, Andrew. Dangerous Tastes: The Story of Spices. London, 2000.

  Davis, Dave D., and R. Christopher Goodwin. “Island Carib: Evidence and Nonevidence.” American Antiquity, vol. 55, no. 1 (January 1990): 37–48.

  De Bry, Theodor. The Discovery of the New World. Amsterdam, 1979.

  De Kalb, Courtney. “The Great Amazon: Personal Investigations on the River, and in Its Upper Valley.” Journal of the American Geographical Society of New York, vol. 23 (1891): 1–46.

  Derr, Mark. A Dog’s History of America: How Our Best Friend Explored, Conquered, and Settled a Continent. New York, 2004.

  Dickenson, John. “The Naturalist on the River Amazons and a Wider World: Reflections on the Centenary of Henry Walter Bates.” Geographical Journal, vol. 158, no. 2 (July 1992): 207–14.

  Duncan, David Ewing. Hernando de Soto: A Savage Quest in the Americas. New York, 1995.

  Dyott, G. M. On the Trail of the Unknown: In the Wilds of Ecuador and the Amazon. New York, 1926.

  Ewan, Joseph. “Who Conquered the New World? or Four Centuries of Exploration in an Indehiscent Capsule.” Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, vol. 78, no. 1 (1991): 57–64.

  Fausto, Carlos, and Michael Heckenberger. Time and Memory in Indigenous Amazonia: Anthropological Perspectives. Gainesville, Florida, 2007.

  Favier, Jean. Gold and Spices: The Rise of Commerce in the Middle Ages. New York and London, 1998.

  Ferguson, Brian R. “Blood of the Leviathan: Western Contact and Warfare in Amazonia.” American Ethnologist, vol. 17, no. 2 (May 1990): 237–57.

  Fernandez-Armesto, Felipe. Pathfinders: A Global History of Exploration. New York and London, 2006.

  Fisher, William H. Rainforest Exchanges: Industry and Community on an Amazonian Frontier. Washington and London, 2000.

  Gabai, Rafael Varón. Francisco Pizarro and His Brothers: The Illusion of Power in Sixteenth-Century Peru. Norman, Oklahoma, and London, 1997.

  Galloway, Patricia. The Hernando de Soto Expedition: History, Historiography, and “Discovery” in the Southeast. Lincoln, Nebraska, and London, 1997.

  Gibbons, Ann. “New View of Early Amazonia.” Science, new series, vol. 248, no. 4962 (June 22, 1990): 1488–90.

  Goodman, Edward J. The Explorers of South America. New York, 1972.

  Goulding, Michael, and Efrem Ferreira. The Smithsonian Atlas of the Amazon. Washington and London, 2003.

  Graham, R. B. Cunninghame. The Conquest of New Granada: Being the Life of Gonzalo Jimenez de Quesada. Boston and New York, 1922.

  Graham, Stephen. In Quest of El Dorado. New York, 1923.

  Hardwick, Lorna. “Ancient Amazons: Heroes, Outsiders, or W
omen?” Greece and Rome, vol. 37, no. 1 (April 1990): 14–36.

  Haring, C. H. The Spanish Empire in America. New York, 1947.

  Heckenberger, Michael J. The Ecology of Power: Culture, Place, and Personhood in the Southern Amazon, A.D. 1000–2000. New York, 2005.

  Helferich, Gerard. Humboldt’s Cosmos: Alexander von Humboldt and the Latin American Journey That Changed the Way We See the World. New York, 2004.

  Helps, Arthur. The Life of Pizarro. London, 1896.

  Hemming, John. Tree of Rivers: The Story of the Amazon. New York, 2008.

  ______. Oxford Atlas of Exploration. New York, 1997.

  ______. Amazon Frontier: The Defeat of the Brazilian Indians. Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1987.

  ______. The Search for El Dorado. New York, 1978.

  ______. Red Gold: The Conquest of the Brazilian Indians. New York, 1978.

  ______. The Conquest of the Incas. San Diego, New York, and London, 1970.

  Herrmann, Paul. The Great Age of Discovery. Translated by Arnold J. Pomerans. New York, 1958.

  Heyerdahl, Thor. “The Balsa Raft in Aboriginal Navigation off Peru and Ecuador.” Southwestern Journal of Anthropology, vol. 11, no. 3 (Autumn 1955): 251–64.

  Hobhouse, Henry. Seeds of Change: Five Plants That Changed Mankind. New York, 1985.

  Holloway, H. L. “East of Ecuadorian Andes.” The Geographical Journal, vol. 80, no. 5 (November 1932): 410–19.

  Innes, Hammond. The Conquistadors. New York, 1969.

  Jones, Grant D., and Robert R. Kautz. The Transition to Statehood in the New World. New York, 1981.

  Kamen, Henry. Spain’s Road to Empire: The Making of a World Power, 1492–1763. New York and London, 2002.

  Kane, Joe. Savages. New York, 1995.

  Kirkpatrick, F. A. The Spanish Conquistadors. London, 1934.

  Kleinbaum, Abby Wettan. The War Against the Amazons. New York, 1983.

  Koch, Peter O. The Aztecs, the Conquistadors, and the Making of Mexican Culture. Jefferson, North Carolina, and London, 2006.

  Kubler, George. “A Peruvian Chief of State: Manco Inca (1515–1545).” Hispanic American Historical Review, vol. 24, no. 2 (May 1944): 253–76.

  Kunze, Albert F. “The Amazon—Has It Been Fully Discovered?” Scientific Monthly, vol. 58, no. 1 (January 1944): 16–23.

  Kurlansky, Mark. Salt: A World History. New York, 2002.

  Lathrap, Donald W. The Upper Amazon. New York, 1970.

  Lauer, Robert A. “The Iberian Encounter of America in the Spanish Theater of the Golden Age.” Pacific Coast Philology, vol. 28, no. 1 (September 1993): 32–42.

  Lentz, David L. Imperfect Balance: Landscape Transformations in the Pre-Columbian Americas. New York, 2000.

  Levy, Buddy. Conquistador: Hernán Cortés, King Montezuma, and the Last Stand of the Aztecs. New York, 2008.

  Lockhart, James. The Men of Cajamarca: A Social and Biographical Study of the First Conquerors of Peru. Austin, 1972.

  ______. Spanish Peru, 1532–1560: A Colonial Society. Madison, 1968.

  ______. Spanish Peru, 1532–1560: A Social History. Madison, 1968.

  Loriot, James. “A Selected Bibliography of Comparative American Indian Linguistics.” International Journal of American Linguistics, vol. 30, no. 1 (January 1964): 62–80.

  MacQuarrie, Kim. The Last Days of the Incas. New York, 2007.

  Mann, Charles C. 1491: New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus. New York, 2005.

  Markham, Clements R. A History of Peru. New York, 1968.

  ______. Expeditions into the Valley of the Amazons, 1539, 1540, 1639. New York, 1963.

  ______. “A List of the Tribes in the Valley of the Amazon, Including Those on the Banks of the Main Stream, and of All Its Tributaries.” Transactions of the Ethnological Society of London, vol. 3 (1865): 140–96.

  Maynard, Theodore. De Soto and the Conquistadors. London, New York, and Toronto, 1930.

  McEwan, Gordon. The Incas: New Perspectives. Santa Barbara, 2006.

  McMahon, Dorothy. “Sidelights on the Spanish Conquest of America.” The Americas, vol. 18, no. 1 (July 1961): 19–31.

  Means, Philip Ainsworth. “Gonzalo Pizarro and Francisco Orellana.” Hispanic American Historical Review, vol. XIV, no. 3 (August 1934): 275–95.

  ______. Fall of the Inca Empire and the Spanish Rule in Peru: 1530–1780. New York and London, 1932.

  ______. Ancient Civilizations of the Andes. New York and London, 1931.

  Medina, José Toribio. The Discovery of the Amazon. Cited and translated by Bertram T. Lee and edited by H. C. Heaton. New York, 1988.

  ______. The Discovery of the Amazon. American Geographical Society Special Publication no. 17, translated from the Spanish by Bertram T. Lee and edited by H. C. Heaton. New York, 1934.

  Meggers, Betty J. “The Continuing Quest for El Dorado: Round Two.” Latin American Antiquity, vol. 12, no. 3 (September 2001): 304–25.

  ______. Amazonia: Man and Culture in a Counterfeit Paradise. Washington and London, 1996.

  ______. Ecuador. New York, 1966.

  Meggers, Betty, and Clifford Evans. Archaeological Investigations at the Mouth of the Amazon. Washington, 1957.

  Merchant, Frank. “Legend and Fact About Gold in Early America.” Western Folklore, vol. 13, no. 2/3 (1954): 170–83.

  Métraux, Alfred. “Twin Heroes in South American Mythology.” Journal of American Folklore, vol. 59, no. 232 (April–June 1946): 114–23.

  Millar, George. A Crossbowman’s Story. New York, 1955.

  Millard, Candice. The River of Doubt: Theodore Roosevelt’s Darkest Journey. New York, 2005.

  Minta, Stephen. Aguirre: The Re-Creation of a Sixteenth-Century Journey Across South America. London, 1993.

  Moore, Robert T. “Gonzalo Pizarro’s Trail to the Land of Cinnamon and Its Denizens.” The Condor, vol. 36, no. 3 (May–June 1934): 97–104.

  Moran, Emilio F. Through Amazonian Eyes: The Human Ecology of Amazonian Populations. Iowa City, 1993.

  Morison, Samuel Eliot. The European Discovery of America: The Southern Voyages, A.D. 1492–1616. New York, 1974.

  ———. The European Discovery of America: The Northern Voyages, A.D. 500–600. New York, 1971.

  Mowat, Linda. Cassava and Chicha: Bread and Beer of the Amazonian Indians. Aylesbury, UK, 1989.

  Muller, Richard. Orellana’s Discovery of the Amazon River. Guayaquil, Ecuador, 1937.

  Murphy, Robert Cushman. “The Earliest Spanish Advances Southward from Panama Along the West Coast of South America.” Hispanic American Historical Review, vol. 21, no. 1 (February 1941): 3–28.

  Myers, Thomas P. Sarayacu: Ethnohistorical and Archaeological Investigations of a Nineteenth-Century Franciscan Mission in the Peruvian Montaña. Lincoln, Nebraska, 1990.

  Naipaul, V. S. The Loss of El Dorado: A History. New York, 1970.

  Newson, Linda. “The Population of the Amazon Basin in 1492: A View from the Ecuadorian Headwaters.” Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, new series, vol. 21, no. 1 (1996): 5–26.

  O’Leary, Timothy J. Ethnographic Bibliography of South America. New Haven, 1963.

  Overing, Joanna, and Alan Passes. The Anthropology of Love and Anger: The Aesthetics of Conviviality in Native Amazonia. London and New York, 2000.

  Pagden, Anthony. The Fall of Natural Man: The American Indian and the Origins of Comparative Ethnology. Cambridge, New York, and London, 1982.

  Palmatary, Helen Constance. “The Archaeology of the Lower Tapajós Valley, Brazil.” Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, new series, vol. 50, no. 3 (1960): 1–243.

  ———. “The Pottery of Marajó Island, Brazil.” Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, new series, vol. 39, no. 3 (1949): 261–470.

  Parry, J. H. The Spanish Seaborne Empire. New York, 1974.

  Pearson, David L., and Les Beletsky. Travellers’ Wildlife Guides: Ecuador and the Galápagos Islands. Northampton, Massachusetts, 2005.

  ______. Travellers’ Wildlife Guide
s: Brazil—Amazon and Pantanal. Northampton, Massachusetts, 2005.

  Philbrick, Nathaniel. In the Heart of the Sea: The Tragedy of the Whaleship Essex. New York, 2000.

  Pohl, John, and Charles M. Robinson III. Aztecs and Conquistadors: The Spanish Invasion and the Collapse of the Aztec Empire. New York, 2005.

  Prescott, William H. History of the Conquest of Peru. New York, 2005.

  ______. History of the Conquest of Mexico. New York, 2001.

  Raffles, Hugh. In Amazonia: A Natural History. Princeton, 2002.

  Reed, Robert. Amazon Dream: Escape to the Unknown. London, 1977.

  Reeve, Mary-Elizabeth. “Regional Interaction in the Western Amazon: The Early Colonial Encounter and the Jesuit Years, 1538–1767.” Ethnohistory, vol. 41, no. 1. (Winter 1993): 106–38.

  Reichel-Dolmatoff, Gerard. “Cosmology as Ecological Analysis: A View from the Rain Forest.” Ritual and Belief: Readings in the Anthropology of Religion, edited by David Hicks. New York, 2001.

  ______. Rainforest Shamans: Essays on the Tukano Indians of the Northwest Amazon. Devon, UK, 1997.

  ———. The Forest Within: The World-View of the Tukano Amazonian Indians. Devon, UK, 1996.

  ———. Beyond the Milky Way: Hallucinatory Imagery of the Tukano Indians. Los Angeles, 1978.

  ———. The Shaman and the Jaguar: A Study of Narcotic Drugs Among the Indians of Colombia. Philadelphia, 1975.

  ———. Amazonian Cosmos: The Sexual and Religious Symbolism of the Tukano Indians. Chicago and London, 1971.

  Reséndez, Andrés. A Land So Strange: The Epic Journey of Cabeza de Vaca. New York, 2007.

  Restall, Matthew. Seven Myths of the Spanish Conquest. Oxford, 2003.

  Roosevelt, Anna Curtenius. Amazonian Indians from Prehistory to the Present: Anthropological Perspectives. Tucson and London, 1994.

  ______. Moundbuilders of the Amazon: Geophysical Archaeology on Marajo Island, Brazil. San Diego, 1991.

  ———. Parmana: Prehistoric Maize and Manioc Subsistence Along the Amazon and Orinoco. New York, 1980.

  Rouse, Irving. The Tainos: Rise and Decline of the People Who Greeted Columbus. New Haven and London, 1992.

  ———. Migrations in Prehistory: Inferring Population Movement from Cultural Remains. New Haven and London, 1986.