94 EC-Council. “Dept. of Defense Directive (DoD) 8570.” EC-Council. Dec. 16, 2013. http://www.eccouncil.org/Support/dod-8570.
95 Knowles, William. “Former National Security Agency / Booz Allen Contractor Edward Snowden is an (ISC)2 member.” InfoSec News. June 11, 2013. http://www.infosecnews.org/tag/ceh/.
96 Times Higher Education. “World University Rankings 2012-2013.” Times Higher Education. Dec. 16, 2013. http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/world-university-rankings/2012-13/world-ranking.
97 Hosenball, Mark. “NSA contractor hired Snowden despite concerns about resume discrepancies.” Reuters. June 20, 2013. http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/06/21/us-usa-security-snowden-idUSBRE95K01J20130621.
98 Cf. 1.60
99 Gellman, Barton and Greg Miller. “U.S. spy network’s successes, failures and objectives detailed in ‘black budget’ summary.” The Washington Post. Aug. 29, 2013. http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/black-budget-summary-details-us-spy-networks-successes-failures-and-objectives/2013/08/29/7e57bb78-10ab-11e3-8cdd-bcdc09410972_story.html.
100 USIS. “USIS Fact Sheet.” USIS. Dec. 16, 2013. http://www.usis.com/Fact-Sheet.aspx.
101 Lardner, Richard and Kimberly Kozier. “Watchdog faults background check of NSA leaker.” Yahoo. June 20, 2013. http://news.yahoo.com/watchdog-faults-background-check-nsa-leaker-235639806.html.
102 Cf. 1.35
103 Cf. 1.1
104 Zara, Christopher. “NSA Whistleblower Revealed: Edward Snowden Donated $500 To Ron Paul’s 2012 Presidential Campaign: Does NSA Whistleblower Have Libertarian Leanings?” International Business Times. June 9, 2013. http://www.ibtimes.com/nsa-whistleblower-revealed-edward-snowden-donated-500-ron-pauls-2012-presidential-campaign-does-nsa.
105 Walsh, Justin. “Edward Snowden Complete Press Conference - Moscow Airport - July 12th 2013.” YouTube. July 12, 2013. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dukqMkTGEzU.
106 Cf. 1.81
107 Risen, James. “Snowden Says He Took No Secret Files to Russia.” The New York Times. Oct. 17, 2013. http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/18/world/snowden-says-he-took-no-secret-files-to-russia.html?_r=1&hp=&adxnnl=1&pagewanted=2&adxnnlx=1382135062pbppFb/eYK3xlR8GQUumBg.
108 Booz Allen Hamilton. “Careers/Hawaii.” Booz Allen Hamilton. Dec. 16, 2013. http://www.boozallen.com/careers/location-careers/careers-hawaii.
109 Booz Allen Hamilton. “Improving Public Safety with Analytics.” Booz Allen Hamilton. Dec. 16, 2013. http://www.boozallen.com/consulting/view-our-work/48383297/improving-public-safety-with-analytics.
110 Esposito, Richard and Matthew Cole. “How Snowden did it.” NBC News. Aug. 26, 2013. http://investigations.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/08/26/20197183-how-snowden-did-it?lite.
111 Cf. 1.97
112 Wong, Alia and Eric Pape. “Paradise Lost: The Cost of Freedom for NSA Leaker Edward Snowden.” Civil Beat. June 9, 2013. http://www.civilbeat.com/articles/2013/06/09/19246-paradise-lost-the-cost-of-freedom-for-nsa-leaker-edward-snowden/.
113 Cf. 1.104
114 Linton, Caroline. “Lindsay Mills, Edward Snowden’s Girlfriend, Writes ‘All I Feel Is Alone.’” The Daily Beast. June 11, 2013. http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/06/11/lindsay-mills-edward-snowden-s-girlfriend-writes-all-i-feel-is-alone.html.
115 Greenberg, Andy. “NSA Implementing ‘Two-Person’ Rule To Stop The Next Edward Snowden.” Forbes. June 18, 2013. http://www.forbes.com/sites/andygreenberg/2013/06/18/nsa-director-says-agency-implementing-two-person-rule-to-stop-the-next-edward-snowden/.
116 Hosenball, Mark. “Feds hunted for Snowden in days before NSA programs went public.” Reuters. June 12, 2013. http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/06/12/us-usa-security-snowden-hunt-idUSBRE95B1A220130612.
117 Cf. 1.7
118 Fox News Test. “NSA leaker’s father urges son to ‘come home and face this.’” YouTube. June 17, 2013. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qzVVZOVK3jA.
119 Lam, Lana. “Snowden sought Booz Allen job to gather evidence on NSA surveillance.” South Morning China Post. June 24, 2013. http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/1268209/snowden-sought-booz-allen-job-gather-evidence-nsa-surveillance?page=all.
120 MacAskill, Ewen. “Edward Snowden: how the spy story of the age leaked out.” The Guardian. June 11, 2013. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/11/edward-snowden-nsa-whistleblower-profile.
121 Waterman, Shaun. “NSA leaker Ed Snowden used banned thumb-drive, exceeded access.” The Washington Times. June 14, 2013. http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2013/jun/14/nsa-leaker-ed-snowden-used-banned-thumb-drive-exce/?page=all.
122 Hofschneider, Anita. “Hawaii real estate agent: Snowden left on May 1.” Yahoo. June 10, 2013. http://news.yahoo.com/hawaii-real-estate-agent-snowden-left-may-1-005951480.html.
123 Vultaggio, Maria. “Ed Snowden’s Girlfriend Lindsay Mills Devastated By His Disappearance Following NSA Leaks.” International Business Times. June 11, 2013. http://www.ibtimes.com/ed-snowdens-girlfriend-lindsay-mills-devastated-his-disappearance-following-nsa-leaks-1300331.
124 Cf. 1.116
125 Cf. 1.1
126 Cf. 1.120
127 Ars Technica Forum. “So your work tells you you’re going to be assigned overseas….” Ars Technica. July 28, 2006. http://arstechnica.com/civis/viewtopic.php?f=23&t=286968&p=6468078&hilit=Mandarin#p6468078.
128 Savage, Charlie. “Cryptic Overtures and a Clandestine Meeting Gave Birth to a Blockbuster Story.” The New York Times. June 10, 2013. http://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/11/us/how-edward-j-snowden-orchestrated-a-blockbuster-story.html?pagewanted=all.
CHAPTER 2
1 MacAskill, Ewen. “Edward Snowden: how the spy story of the age leaked out.” The Guardian. June 11, 2013. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/11/edward-snowden-nsawhistleblower-profile.
2 Snowden Edward. “Statement from Edward Snowden in Moscow.” WikiLeaks. July 1, 2013. http://WikiLeaks.org/Statement-from-EdwardSnowden-in.html?snow.
3 Bishop, Tricia. “NSA employee accused of leaking information sentenced to probation.” The Baltimore Sun. July 15, 2013. http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2011-07-15/news/bs-md-thomas-drakesentencing-20110715_1_jesselyn-radack-thomas-andrews-drake-nsaemployee.
4 Cf. 2. 3
5 Poitras, Laura, et al. “Ally and Target: US Intelligence Watches Germany Closely.” Der Spiegel. Aug. 12, 2013. http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/germany-is-a-both-a-partner-to-and-a-target-ofnsa-surveillance-a-916029.html.
6 Scott Pelley. “U.S. v. Whistleblower Tom Drake.” 60 Minutes. May 22, 2013. http://www.cbsnews.com/video/watch/?id=7366912n.
7 Nakashima, Ellen. “Former NSA executive Thomas A. Drake may pay high price for media leak.” The Washington Post. July 14, 2010. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/07/13/AR2010071305992.html.
8 Cf. 2.6
9 Government Accountability Project. “WHISTLEBLOWER WITCH HUNTS: The Smokescreen Syndrome.” Whistleblower.org. Nov. 2010. http://www.whistleblower.org/storage/documents/WWHfinal.pdf.
10 Shorrock, Tim. “Obama’s Crackdown on Whistleblowers.” The Nation. Mar. 26, 2013. http://www.thenation.com/article/173521/obamascrackdown-whistleblowers?page=full.
11 Government Accountability Project. “NSA Whistleblowers William (Bill) Binney and J. Kirk Wiebe.” Whistleblower.org. Dec. 16, 2013. http://www.whistleblower.org/program-areas/homeland-security-a-humanrights/surveillance/nsa-whistleblowers-bill-binney-a-j-kirk-wiebe.
12 Zetter, Kim. “NSA Whistleblower to Plead Guilty to Misdemeanor.” Wired. June 9, 2011. http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2011/06/drake-pleads-guilty/.
13 Cf. 2.12
14 AP, “Bush program extended beyond wiretapping.” USA Today. July 10, 2009. http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/washington/2009-07-10report-surveillance_N.htm.
15 Maass, Peter. “How Laura Poitras Helped Snowden Spill His Secrets.” The New York Times. Aug. 13, 2013. http://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/18/magazine/laura-poitras-snowden.html?pagewanted=all.
16 Poitras,
Laura. “The Program.” The New York Times. Aug. 22, 2012. http://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/23/opinion/the-national-securityagencys-domestic-spying-program.html.
17 Hermann, Peter. “NSA whistle-blowers want seized computers returned.” The Baltimore Sun. Nov. 16, 2011. http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2011-11-16/news/bs-md-drake-sues-fbi20111116-130_1_nsa-employee-thomas-andrews-drake-drake-case.
18 Radack, Jesselyn. “Judge Has Choice Words for Justice Department’s Prosecution of Drake.” Whistleblower.org. July 18, 2011. http://www.whistleblower.org/blog/31/1273.
19 Federation of American Scientists. “United States of America v. Thomas Andrews Drake” indictment. Federation of American Scientists. Dec. 16, 2013. http://www.fas.org/sgp/news/2010/04/drake-indict.pdf.
20 Cf. 2.6
21 Hosenball, Mark. “Laptops Snowden took to Hong Kong, Russia were a ‘diversion.’” Reuters. Oct. 11, 2013. http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/10/11/us-usa-security-snowden-idUSBRE99A0LK20131011.
22 Risen, James and Eric Lichtblau. “Bush Lets U.S. Spy on Callers Without Court.” The New York Times. Dec. 16, 2005. https://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/16/politics/16program.html?pagewanted=all.
23 Lichtblau, Eric. “The Education of a 9/11 Reporter.” Slate. Mar. 26, 2008. http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/politics/2008/03/the_education_of_a_911_reporter.html.
24 Maass, Peter. “Q. & A.: Edward Snowden Speaks to Peter Maass.” The New York Times. Aug. 13, 2013. https://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/18/magazine/snowden-maass-transcript.html.
25 Cf. 2.16
26 National Film Registry. “Registry Titles.” National Film Registry. Dec. 16, 2013. http://www.loc.gov/film/registry_titles.php.
27 Cf. 2.15
28 The Whitney Museum. Program Guide. The Whitney Museum. Dec. 16, 2013. http://whitney.org/file_columns/0003/0173/2012whitneybiennial_programguide.pdf.
29 Viewfinder (Duke University’s MFA Program blog). “Visiting Artist Laura Poitras Named MacArthur Fellow.” Viewfinder. Oct. 2, 2012. http://mfaeda.org/archives/1071.
30 Poitras, Laura. “Miranda Detention: ‘Blatant Attack on Press Freedom.’” Der Spiegel. Aug. 26, 2013. http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/laura-poitras-on-british-attacks-on-press-freedom-and-the-nsa-affair-a918592.html.
31 Cf. 2.15
32 Cf. 2.15
33 Cf. 2.30
34 Lennard, Natasha. “Laura Poitras, the NSA, Snowden and a Rubik’s Cube.” Salon. Aug. 13, 2013. http://www.salon.com/2013/08/13/laura_poitras_the_nsa_snowden_and_a_rubiks_cube/.
35 Cf. 2.15
36 Cf. 2.15
37 Cf. 2.34
38 Cf. 2.15
39 Gellman, Barton. “Code name ‘Verax’: Snowden, in exchanges with Post reporter, made clear he knew risks.” The Washington Post. June 9, 2013. http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2013-06-09/world/39856622_1_intelligence-powers-single-point.
40 Carmon, Irin. “How we broke the NSA story.” Salon. June 10, 2013. http://www.salon.com/2013/06/10/qa_with_laura_poitras_the_woman_behind_the_nsa_scoops/.
41 Auletta, Ken. “Freedom of Information.” The New Yorker. Oct. 7, 2013. http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2013/10/07/131007fa_fact_auletta?currentPage=all.
42 Cf. 2.40
43 Gorman, Siobhan. “Brennan Is Out of Running for CIA Post.” The Wall Street Journal. Nov. 26, 2008. http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB122764804462557485.
44 Cf. 2.41
45 Cf. 2.15
46 Mierjeski, Alex. “Snoop Snoop Song: A Conversation with Glenn Greenwald.” Harpers. July 17, 2013.http://harpers.org/blog/2013/07/snoop-snoop-song/.
47 Philanthropy New York. “Transitions, April 2013.” Philanthropy New York. Dec. 16, 2013. http://www.philanthropynewyork.org/s_nyrag/doc.asp?CID=6886&DID=61778.
48 Time. Contributor Profile – Bart Gellman. Time. Dec. 16, 2013. http://techland.time.com/author/gellmanb/?iid=redirect-counterspy/.
49 Greenwald, Glenn, et al. “Edward Snowden: the whistleblower behind the NSA surveillance revelations.” The Guardian. June 9, 2013. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/09/edward-snowden-nsawhistleblower-surveillance.
50 Cf. 2.39
51 Cf. 2.39
52 Cf. 2.39
53 Cf. 2.39
54 Cf. 2.39
55 Cf. 2.49
56 Cf. 2.39
57 Greenwald, Glenn. “Edward Snowden: NSA whistleblower answers reader questions.” The Guardian. June 17, 2013. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/17/edward-snowden-nsa-fileswhistleblower.
58 Freedom of the Press. “Board of Directors.” Press Freedom Foundation. Dec. 16, 2013. https://pressfreedomfoundation.org/about/staff.
59 Greenwald, Glenn. Personal Twitter account. Twitter. June 10, 2013. https://twitter.com/ggreenwald/status/344040301972815872.
60 Cf. 2.15
61 Cf. 2.15
62 Cf. 2.40
63 Sargent, Greg. “Glenn Greenwald pushes back hard on latest Edward Snowden ‘revelations.’” The Washington Post. June 24, 2013. http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/plum-line/wp/2013/06/24/glenngreenwald-pushes-back-hard-on-latest-edward-snowden-revelations/.
64 Cf. 2.15
65 Calderone, Michael. “How Glenn Greenwald Began Communicating With NSA Whistleblower Edward Snowden.” The Huffington Post. June 10, 2013. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/06/10/edwardsnowden-glenn-greenwald_n_3416978.html.
66 Cf. 2.63
67 Cf. 2.65
68 Der Spiegel. “Edward Snowden Interview: The NSA and Its Willing Helpers.” Der Spiegel. July 8, 2013. http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/interview-with-whistleblower-edward-snowdenon-global-spying-a-910006.html.
69 Cf. 2.15
70 Cf. 2.40
71 Cf. 2.15
72 Cf. 2.24
73 Cf. 2.15
74 Davidson, Amy. “Edward Snowden, The N.S.A. Leaker, Comes Forward.” The New Yorker. June 9, 2013. http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/closeread/2013/06/edward-snowden-the-nsa-leakercomes-forward.html.
75 Cf. 2.24
76 Lake, Eli. “Inside the ‘Q Group,’ the Directorate Hunting Down Edward Snowden.” The Daily Beast. June 10, 2013. http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/06/10/inside-the-q-group-thedirectorate-hunting-down-andrew-snowden.html.
77 Hosenball, Mark. “Feds hunted for Snowden in days before NSA programs went public.” Reuters. June 12, 2013. http://mobile.reuters.com/article/idUSBRE95B1A220130612?irpc=932.
78 Cf. 2.24
79 Cf. 2.15
CHAPTER 3
1 Greenwald, Glenn. “Edward Snowden: NSA whistleblower answers reader questions.” The Guardian. June 17, 2013. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/17/edward-snowden-nsa-fileswhistleblower.
2 Halperin, Carrie. “The Note’s Must-Reads for Wednesday June 5, 2013.” ABC News. June 5, 2013. http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2013/06/the-notes-must-reads-for-wednesday-june-5-2013/.
3 Schmidt, Michael, et al. “U.S. Preparing Charges Against Leaker of Data.” The New York Times. June 10, 2013. https://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/11/us/snowden-facing-charges-leaves-hong-konghotel.html?pagewanted=all.
4 Calderone, Michael. “Washington Post Began PRISM Story Three Weeks Ago, Heard Guardian’s ‘Footsteps.’” The Huffington Post. June 7, 2013. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/06/07/washington-post-prismguardian_n_3402883.html.
5 Greenwald, Glenn. “NSA collecting phone records of millions of Verizon customers daily.” The Guardian. June 5, 2013. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/06/nsa-phone-recordsverizon-court-order.
6 Cf. 3.5
7 Gorman, Siobhan. “U.S. Collects Vast Data Trove.” The Wall Street Journal. June 7, 2013. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887324299104578529112289298922.html.
8 Cf. 3.5
9 Cauley, Leslie. “NSA has massive database of Americans’ phone call.” USA Today. May 11, 2006. http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/washington/2006-05-10-nsa_x.htm.
10 Snider, L. “Recollections from the Church Committee’s Investigation
of NSA.” CIA.gov. Apr. 14, 2007. https://www.cia.gov/library/center-forthe-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/winter9900/art4.html.
11 Epsley-Jones, Katelyn and Christina Frenzel. “The Church Committee Hearings & the FISA Court.” PBS. May 15, 2007. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/homefront/preemption/churchfisa.html.
12 Roberts, Dan, et al. “NSA surveillance: anger mounts in Congress at ‘spying on Americans.’” The Guardian. June 11, 2013. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/12/anger-mounts-congresstelephone-surveillance-programmes.
13 O’Keefe, Ed. “Dianne Feinstein, Saxby Chambliss explain, defend NSA phone records program.” The Washington Post. June 6, 2013. http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/post-politics/wp/2013/06/06/transcript-dianne-feinstein-saxby-chambliss-explain-defend-nsa-phonerecords-program/.
14 Electronic Frontier Foundation. “Hepting v. AT&T.” Electronic Frontier Foundation. Dec. 16, 2013. https://www.eff.org/cases/hepting.
15 Criminalgovernment.com. “Communications Act of 1934.” Criminalgovernment.com. Dec. 16, 2013. http://www.criminalgovernment.com/docs/61StatL101/ComAct34.html.
16 U.S. Government Printing Office. “Telecommunications Act of 1996.” U.S. Government Printing Office. Dec. 16, 2013. http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-104publ104/pdf/PLAW-104publ104.pdf.
17 Greenfield, Rebecca. “Verizon Wants You to Blame the Government — and It’s Working.” The Wire. June 6, 2013. http://www.theatlanticwire.com/technology/2013/06/verizon-nsa-response/65978/.
18 Flaherty, Anne. “U.S. Government Pays Hundreds Of Dollars To AT&T And Verizon For Every Wiretap.” The Huffington Post. July 10, 2013. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/07/10/governmentwiretap_n_3571422.html.
19 Risen, James and Laura Poitras. “N.S.A. Gathers Data on Social Connections of U.S. Citizens.” The New York Times. Sept. 28, 2013. http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/29/us/nsa-examines-social-networks-ofus-citizens.html?_r=1&pagewanted=all&.
20 Lake, Eli. “FBI Looks for Leaks at Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court.” The Daily Beast. June 18, 2013. http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/06/18/fbi-looks-for-leaks-at-foreign-intelligencesurveillance-court.html.
21 Lake, Eli. “Greenwald: Snowden’s Files Are Out There if ‘Anything Happens’ to Him.” The Daily Beast. June 25, 2013. http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/06/25/greenwald-snowden-sfiles-are-out-there-if-anything-happens-to-him.html.
The Edward Snowden Affair Page 34
