22 Bott, Ed. “The real story in the NSA scandal is the collapse of journalism.” ZDNet. June 8, 2013. http://www.zdnet.com/the-realstory-in-the-nsa-scandal-is-the-collapse-of-journalism-7000016570/.
23 Greenwald, Glenn and Ewen MacAskill. “NSA Prism program taps in to user data of Apple, Google and others.” The Guardian. June 6, 2013. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/06/us-tech-giants-nsadata.
24 RT. “NSA admits to spying on more people than previously thought.” RT. July 18, 2013. http://rt.com/usa/nsa-inglis-three-hops-272/.
25 Sutter, John. “On Facebook, it’s now 4.74 degrees of separation.” CNN. Nov. 22, 2011. http://edition.cnn.com/2011/11/22/tech/social-media/facebook-six-degrees/index.html?iref=allsearch.
26 Bakhshandeh, Reza, et al. “Degrees of Separation in Social Networks.” The Fourth International Symposium on Combinatorial Search. The Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence. 2011. http://www.aaai.org/ocs/index.php/SOCS/SOCS11/paper/viewFile/4031/4352.
27 Greenwald, Glenn and Spencer Ackerman. “NSA collected US email records in bulk for more than two years under Obama.” The Guardian. June 27, 2013. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/27/nsadata-mining-authorised-obama.
28 Davidson, Amy. “The N.S.A. and Its Targets: Lavabit Shuts Down.” The New Yorker. Aug. 8, 2013. http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/closeread/2013/08/the-nsa-and-its-targets-lavabit-shuts-down.html.
29 The Washington Post. “NSA slides explain the PRISM data-collection program.” The Washington Post. June 6, 2013. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/special/politics/prism-collectiondocuments/.
30 Gellman, Barton and Laura Poitras. “U.S., British intelligence mining data from nine U.S. Internet companies in broad secret program.” The Washington Post. June 6, 2013. http://articles.washingtonpost.com/201306-06/news/39784046_1_prism-nsa-u-s-servers.
31 Hopkins, Nick. “UK gathering secret intelligence via covert NSA operation.” The Guardian. June 7, 2013. http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2013/jun/07/uk-gathering-secret-intelligence-nsa-prism.
32 Reuters. “Apple: ‘We Have Never Heard Of PRISM.’” The Huffington Post. June 6, 2013. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/06/06/appleprism-nsa_n_3399739.html.
33 Gupta, Poornima and Gerry Shih. “Internet giants deny granting government ‘direct access’ to servers.” Reuters. June 6, 2013. http://mobile.reuters.com/article/idUSBRE9551EU20130607?irpc=932.
34 McCullough, Charles. Letter from Charles McCullough to Senators Ron Wyden and Mark Udall. Wired. June 15, 2012. http://www.wired.com/images_blogs/dangerroom/2012/06/IC-IG-Letter.pdf.
35 Meacham, T. “PRISM: The 8 Tech Companies Who Gave Your Data to the Government Have This to Say About the Scandal.” PolicyMic. June 8, 2013. http://www.policymic.com/articles/47231/prism-the-8-techcompanies-who-gave-your-data-to-the-government-have-this-to-sayabout-the-scandal.
36 Wired. “Whistle-Blower’s Evidence, Uncut.” Wired. May 22, 2006. http://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2006/05/70944.
37 Miller, Claire. “Tech Companies Concede to Surveillance Program.” The New York Times. June 7, 2013. http://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/08/technology/tech-companies-bristling-concede-to-governmentsurveillance-efforts.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0.
38 The White House. “Statement by the President.” The White House of the United States. June 7, 2013. http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-pressoffice/2013/06/07/statement-president.
39 Zetter, Kim. “Google sends Prism data to NSA by secure FTP or ‘by hand.’” Wired. June 12, 2013. http://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2013-06/12/google-prism-ftp.
40 MacAskill, Ewen. “NSA paid millions to cover Prism compliance costs for tech companies.” The Guardian. Aug. 22, 2013. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/aug/23/nsa-prism-costs-techcompanies-paid.
41 Microsoft Corporation. “Law Enforcement Requests Report.” Microsoft Corporation. June 14, 2013. https://www.microsoft.com/about/corporatecitizenship/en-us/reporting/transparency/.
42 Facebook. “Global Government Requests Report.” Facebook. June 14, 2013. https://www.facebook.com/about/government_requests.
43 Yahoo. “Government Data Requests.” Yahoo. June 17, 2013. http://info.yahoo.com/transparency-report/us/.
44 Apple. “Apple’s Commitment to Customer Privacy” (Government Request Report). Apple. June 17, 2013. https://www.apple.com/applescommitment-to-customer-privacy/.
45 Electronic Privacy Information Center. “Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act Court Orders 1979-2012.” Electronic Privacy Information Center. Dec. 16, 2013. http://epic.org/privacy/wiretap/stats/fisa_stats.html.
46 Kadzik, Peter. Letter from Peter Kadzik to Senator Harry Reid. Federation of American Scientists. Apr. 30, 2013. https://www.fas.org/irp/agency/doj/fisa/2012rept.pdf.
47 Cf. 3.39
48 The Washington Post. PRISM slide. The Washington Post. Dec. 16, 2013. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/special/politics/prismcollection-documents/images/prism-slide-2.jpg.
49 Pingdom. Map of all Google data center locations. Pingdom. Dec. 16, 2013. http://royal.pingdom.com/2008/04/11/map-of-all-google-datacenter-locations/.
50 Greenwald, Glenn and Ewen MacAskill. “Obama orders US to draw up overseas target list for cyber-attacks.” The Guardian. June 7, 2013. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/07/obama-china-targetscyber-overseas.
51 The Guardian. Obama tells intelligence chiefs to draw up cyber target list – full document text. The Guardian. June 7, 2013. http://www.theguardian.com/world/interactive/2013/jun/07/obama-cyberdirective-full-text.
52 Jones, Terril. “China has ‘mountains of data’ about U.S. cyber attacks: official.” Reuters. June 5, 2013. http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/06/05/us-china-usa-hacking-idUSBRE95404L20130605.
53 Cf. 3.52
54 The White House. “Remarks by President Obama and President Xi Jinping of the People’s Republic of China After Bilateral Meeting.” The White House of the United States. June 8, 2013. http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2013/06/08/remarks-presidentobama-and-president-xi-jinping-peoples-republic-china-.
55 Greenwald, Glenn and Ewen MacAskill. “Boundless Informant: the NSA’s secret tool to track global surveillance data.” The Guardian. June (8) 11, 2013. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/08/nsaboundless-informant-global-datamining.
56 Office of the Director of National Intelligence. Transcript of Director James Clapper’s interview with Andrea Mitchell. Office of the Director of National Intelligence. June 10, 2013. http://www.dni.gov/index.php/newsroom/speeches-and-interviews/195-speeches-interviews-2013/874director-james-r-clapper-interview-with-andrea-mitchell.
57 Poitras, Laura and Glenn Greenwald. “NSA whistleblower Edward Snowden: ‘I don’t want to live in a society that does these sort of things.’” The Guardian. June 9, 2013. http://www.theguardian.com/world/video/2013/jun/09/nsa-whistleblower-edward-snowden-interviewvideo.
58 Greenwald, Glenn, et al. “Edward Snowden: the whistleblower behind the NSA surveillance revelations.” The Guardian. June 9, 2013. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/09/edward-snowden-nsawhistleblower-surveillance.
59 Clemons, Steve. Personal Twitter account. Twitter. June 8, 2013. https://twitter.com/SCClemons/status/343392529913356289.
60 MacAskill, Ewen. “Edward Snowden, NSA files source: ‘If they want to get you, in time they will.’” The Guardian. June 9, 2013. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/09/nsa-whistleblower-edwardsnowden-why.
61 NBS Nightly News. “DNI’s Clapper: Leaker chose to ‘violate a sacred trust.’” NBS News. June 10, 2013. http://www.nbcnews.com/video/nightly-news/52158136#52158136.
CHAPTER 4
1 Greenwald, Glenn. “Edward Snowden: NSA whistleblower answers reader questions.” The Guardian. June 17, 2013. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/17/edward-snowden-nsa-fileswhistleblower.
2 Moore, Michael. Personal Twitter account. Twitter. June 9, 2013. http://mmflint.me/11P4jva.
3 Beck, Glenn. Personal Twitt
er account. Twitter. June 9, 2013. https://twitter.com/glennbeck/status/343816286234632192.
4 Stiles, Megan. “Ron Paul: We need to know more about what the government is doing.” Campaign for Liberty. June 10, 2013. http://www.campaignforliberty.org/national-blog/ron-paul-we-need-toknow-more-about-what-the-government-is-doing/.
5 Limbaugh, Rush. “Edward Snowden: Hero or Traitor?” RushLimbaugh.com. June 10, 2013. http://www.rushlimbaugh.com/daily/2013/06/10/edward_snowden_hero_or_traitor.
6 Perez, Evan. “FBI Scrutinized on Petraeus.” The Wall Street Journal. Nov. 12, 2012. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887324073504578113460852395852.html.
7 O’Reilly, Bill. “Data Mining and You.” BillOReilly.com. June 10, 2013. http://www.billoreilly.com/show?action=viewTVShow&showID=3410.
8 Wing, Nick. “Jimmy Carter Defends Edward Snowden, Says NSA Spying Has Compromised Nation’s Democracy.” The Huffington Post. July 18, 2013. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/07/18/jimmy-carteredward-snowden_n_3616930.html.
9 Gore, Al. Personal Twitter account. Twitter. June 5, 2013. https://twitter.com/algore/status/342455655057211393.
10 Goldenberg, Suzanne. “Al Gore: NSA’s secret surveillance program ‘not really the American way.’” The Guardian. June 14, 2013. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/14/al-gore-nsa-surveillanceunamerican.
11 Chumley, Cheryl. “GOP’s Peter King: NSA leaker Edward Snowden must be extradited, prosecuted.” The Washington Times. June 10, 2013. http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2013/jun/10/gops-peterking-nsa-leaker-edward-snowden-must-be-/.
12 ABC News. “Boehner on NSA Whistleblower: ‘He’s a Traitor.’” ABC News. June 11, 2013. http://abcnews.go.com/GMA/video/edwardsnowden-nsa-leaker-boehner-hes-traitor-19371699.
13 Fox News. “Cheney defends NSA programs, says Snowden a ‘traitor,’ Obama ‘lacks credibility.’” Fox News. June 16, 2013. http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2013/06/16/cheney-defends-ussurveillance-programs-says-snowden-traitor-obama-lacks/.
14 Welsh, Teresa. “The NSA Leaker: Traitor or Hero?” U.S. News. June 11, 2013. http://www.usnews.com/opinion/articles/2013/06/11/is-nsaleaker-edward-snowden-a-traitor-or-a-hero-whistleblower.
15 Stein, Sam. “Rand Paul Warns Edward Snowden: Don’t Cozy Up To The Russians.” The Huffington Post. June 23, 2013. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/06/23/rand-paulsnowden_n_3486455.html.
16 Newport, Frank. “Americans Disapprove of Government Surveillance Programs.” Gallup. June 12, 2013. http://www.gallup.com/poll/163043/americans-disapprove-government-surveillance-programs.aspx.
17 The White House. “Pardon Edward Snowden” petition. The White House of the United States. June 9, 2013. https://petitions.whitehouse.gov/petition/pardon-edward-snowden/Dp03vGYD.
18 Nelson, Steve. “White House Remains Silent on ‘Pardon Edward Snowden’ Petition.” U.S. News. Aug. 23, 2013. http://www.usnews.com/news/blogs/washington-whispers/2013/08/23/white-house-remains-silent-on-pardon-edward-snowden-petition.
19 Greenwald, Glenn, et al. “Edward Snowden: the whistleblower behind the NSA surveillance revelations.” The Guardian. June 9, 2013. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/09/edward-snowden-nsawhistleblower-surveillance.
20 Crow, Dwight. “Reward Edward Snowden for courageously leaking NSA docs” fundraising page. Crowdtilt. June 11, 2013. https://www.crowdtilt.com/campaigns/reward-edward-snowden-forcourageously-leaking-nsa-docs.
21 Itkowitz, Colby and Daniel Patrick Sheehan. “FBI visits family of NSA leaker in Upper Macungie.” The Morning Call. June 10, 2013. http://articles.mcall.com/2013-06-10/news/mc-pa-ed-snowden-nsa-leak20130610_1_fbi-agents-upper-macungie-township-public-records.
22 Booz Allen Hamilton. “Booz Allen Statement on Reports of Leaked Information.” Booz Allen Hamilton. June 11, 2013. http://www.boozallen.com/media-center/press-releases/48399320/statementreports-leaked-information-060913.
23 Wemple, Erik. “Did Snowden really earn a $200,000 salary?” The Washington Post. June 11, 2013. http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/erik-wemple/wp/2013/06/11/did-snowden-really-earn-a-200000salary/.
24 Cf. 4.1
25 Philips, Tom. “Edward Snowden: Hong Kong hotel hideaway of the NSA whistleblower.” The Telegraph. June 10, 2013. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/hongkong/10110927/Edward-Snowden-Hong-Kong-hotel-hideaway-of-the-NSAwhistleblower.html.
26 Mullany, Gerry and Scott Shane. “U.S. Petitions for Extradition in N.S.A. Case.” The New York Times. June 22, 2013. http://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/23/world/asia/arrest-of-nsa-leaker-seen-as-easier-thantransfer-to-us.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0.
27 Cf. 4.1
28 Lam, Lana. “Whistle-blower Edward Snowden tells SCMP: ‘Let Hong Kong people decide my fate.’” South China Morning Post. June 12, 2013. http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/1259422/edwardsnowden-let-hong-kong-people-decide-my-fate?page=all.
29 Poitras, Laura and Glenn Greenwald. “Edward Snowden: ‘The US government will say I aided our enemies’ – video interview.” The Guardian. July 8, 2013. http://www.theguardian.com/world/video/2013/jul/08/edward-snowden-video-interview.
30 Pomfret, James and Yimou Lee. “China’s ‘mini-Hong Kong’ eyes Internet access, shrugs off Shanghai threat.” Reuters. Sept. 26, 2013. http://in.reuters.com/article/2013/09/26/china-qianhaiidINDEE98P08O20130926.
31 Lai, Alexis. “Hong Kong rallies in the rain for Edward Snowden.” CNN. June 16, 2013. http://www.cnn.com/2013/06/15/world/asia/hongkong-snowden-protest/.
32 Duke East Asian Nexus. “Hong Kong’s Economic and Political Development in the Post-1997 Period.” Duke.edu. Dec. 16, 2013. http://sites.duke.edu/dean/2010/11/23/hong-kongs-economic-and-politicaldevelopment-in-the-post-1997-period/.
33 Cf. 4.31
34 Lam, Lana. “Whistle-blower Edward Snowden talks to South China Morning Post.” South China Morning Post. June 12, 2013. http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/1259335/exclusive-whistleblower-edward-snowden-talks-south-china-morning?page=all.
35 Lam, Lana. “Edward Snowden: US government has been hacking Hong Kong and China for years.” South China Morning Post. June 13, 2013. http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/1259508/edwardsnowden-us-government-has-been-hacking-hong-kong-andchina?page=all.
36 Lam, Lana. “Edward Snowden: Classified US data shows Hong Kong hacking targets.” South China Morning Post. June 14, 2013. http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/1260306/edward-snowden classified-us-data-shows-hong-kong-hacking-targets.
37 West, Angus. “14 disturbing things Snowden has taught us (so far).” Global Post. July 9, 2013. http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/politics/130703/edward-snowden-leaks.
38 Morning News (Hong Kong). “Hong Kong Media: Two More Weeks of Exposure to U.S. Government’s ‘Secrets.’” Morning News (Hong Kong). June 20, 2013. http://war.163.com/13/0620/08/91Q337HN00014OMD.html.
39 MacAskill, Ewen. “GCHQ intercepted foreign politicians’ communications at G20 summits.” The Guardian. June 16, 2013. http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2013/jun/16/gchq-interceptedcommunications-g20-summits.
40 The Guardian. “How GCHQ stepped up spying on South African foreign ministry.” The Guardian. June 16, 2013. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/16/gchq-south-african-foreign-ministry.
41 Legislation.gov.uk. “Intelligence Services Act 1994.” Legislation.gov.uk. Dec. 16, 2013. http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1994/13/section/3#text%3D%22in%20the%20interests%20of%20the%20economic%20wellbeing%20of%20the%20United%20Kingdom%20in%20relation%20to%20the%20actions%20or%20intentions%20of%20persons%20outside%20the%20British%20Island%22.
42 Pike, John. “Menwith Hill Station, UK.” Federation of American Scientists. Nov. 17, 2003. http://www.fas.org/irp/facility/menwith.htm.
43 Norton-Taylor, Richard. “Menwith Hill eavesdropping base undergoes massive expansion.” The Guardian. Mar. 1, 2012. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/mar/01/menwith-hilleavesdropping-base-expansion.
44 Cf. 4.42
45 Borger, Julian. “G20 summits: Russia an
d Turkey react with fury to spying revelations.” The Guardian. June 17, 2013. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/17/turkey-russia-g20-spyinggchq.
46 BBC News UK. “Spying claims: Countries demand explanation from UK.” BBC. June 17, 2013. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-22938073.
47 Fraser, Suzan. “Turkey probes social network ‘insults.’” The Big Story. June 27, 2013. http://bigstory.ap.org/article/turkey-probes-socialnetwork-postings.
48 Dominiczak, Peter. “Cameron refuses to comment on G20 spying claims.” The Telegraph. June 17, 2013. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/g8/10124795/Cameron-refuses-to-comment-on-G20spying-claims.html.
49 The White House. “Remarks by the President at the new Economic School Graduation.” The White House of the United States. July 7, 2009. http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/remarks-president-neweconomic-school-graduation.
50 Cf. 4.1
51 Office of the Director of National Intelligence. Transcript of Director James Clapper’s interview with Andrea Mitchell. Office of the Director of National Intelligence. June 10, 2013. http://www.dni.gov/index.php/newsroom/speeches-and-interviews/195-speeches-interviews-2013/874director-james-r-clapper-interview-with-andrea-mitchell.
52 Royal Air Force. “RAF Menwith Hill - Personnel and Administration.” Royal Air Force. Dec. 16, 2013. http://www.raf.mod.uk/organisation/rafmenwithhilladministration.cfm.
53 Greenwald, Glenn and James Ball. “The top secret rules that allow NSA to use US data without a warrant.” The Guardian. June 20, 2013. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/20/fisa-court-nsa-withoutwarrant.
54 Halliday, Josh. “MoD serves news outlets with D notice over surveillance leaks.” The Guardian. June 17, 2013. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/17/defence-d-bbc-media-censor-surveillance-security.
55 Staines, Paul and Harry Cole. “D-Notice, June 7, 2013.” Guido Fawke’s Blog. June 8, 2013. http://order-order.com/2013/06/08/d-notice-june-72013/.
The Edward Snowden Affair Page 35
