The Edward Snowden Affair

by Michael Gurnow

  56 AP. “NSA leaker Snowden not welcome in U.K.” USA Today. June 14, 2013. http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2013/06/14/apnewsbreak-nsa-leaker-snowden-not-welcome-in-uk/2422385/.

  57 MacAskill, Ewen. “GCHQ taps fibre-optic cables for secret access to world’s communications.” The Guardian. June 21, 2013. http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2013/jun/21/gchq-cables-secret-worldcommunications-nsa.

  58 Hosenball, Mark. “Snowden downloaded NSA secrets while working for Dell, sources say.” Reuters. Aug. 15, 2013. http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/08/15/usa-security-snowden-dell-idUSL2N0GF11220130815.

  59 Poitras, Laura. “How the NSA Targets Germany and Europe.” Der Spiegel. July 1, 2013. http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/secret-documents-nsa-targeted-germany-and-eu-buildings-a908609.html.

  60 Cf. 4.51

  61 The Washington Post. “NSA report on privacy violations in the first quarter of 2012.” The Washington Post. Aug. 15, 2013. http://apps.washingtonpost.com/g/page/national/nsa-report-on-privacyviolations-in-the-first-quarter-of-2012/395/#document/p8/a115763.

  62 Hopkins, Nick, et al. “GCHQ: inside the top secret world of Britain’s biggest spy agency.” The Guardian. Aug. 1, 2013. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/aug/02/gchq-spy-agency-nsasnowden.

  63 Der Spiegel. “Leutheusser-Schnarrenberger: Justizministerin entsetzt über britisches Abhörprogramm.” Der Spiegel. June 22, 2013. http://www.spiegel.de/politik/deutschland/leutheusser-schnarrenbergerentsetzt-ueber-tempora-a-907314.html.

  64 Cáceres, Javier and Christian Zaschke. “Amerikanischer als die Amerikaner.” Sueddeutsche. June 23, 2013. http://jetzt.sueddeutsche.de/texte/anzeigen/573472/Amerikanischer-als-die-Amerikaner.

  65 Lam, Lana and Stephen Chen. “Snowden reveals more US cyberspying details.” South China Morning Post. June 22, 2013. http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/1266777/exclusive-snowdensafe-hong-kong-more-us-cyberspying-details-revealed?page=all.

  66 Lam, Lana and Stephen Chen. “US spies on Chinese mobile phone companies, steals SMS data: Edward Snowden.” South China Morning Post. June 22, 2013. http://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/1266821/us-hacks-chinese-mobile-phone-companies-steals-sms-dataedward-snowden?page=all.

  67 Slashdot. “China Telco Replaces Cisco Devices Over Security Concerns.” Slashdot. Oct. 26, 2012. http://hardware.slashdot.org/story/12/10/26/2336246/china-telco-replaces-cisco-devices-over-security-concerns.

  68 Zetter, Kim. “Router Flaw Is a Ticking Bomb.” Wired. Aug. 1, 2005. http://www.wired.com/politics/security/news/2005/08/68365?currentPage=all.

  69 Lam, Lana. “NSA targeted China’s Tsinghua University in extensive hacking attacks, says Snowden.” South China Morning Post. June 22, 2013. http://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/1266892/exclusive-nsatargeted-chinas-tsinghua-university-extensive-hacking?page=all.

  70 Global Times. “How big is World Washington Web?” Global Times. June 25, 2013. http://www.globaltimes.cn/content/791338.shtml.

  71 Bishop, Bill. The Sinocism China Newsletter 06.25.13. Sinocism. June 25, 2013. https://sinocism.com/?p=9635.

  72 Internet Monitor. “China’s Reactions to the Snowden Story.” Harvard.edu. Aug. 5, 2013. https://blogs.law.harvard.edu/internetmonitor/2013/08/05/chinas-reactions-to-the-snowden-story/.

  73 Cf. 4.31

  74 Whiteman, Hilary. “Scenarios for Snowden: Escape, arrest, asylum.” CNN. June 21, 2013. http://www.cnn.com/2013/06/20/world/asia/snowden-scenarios-hong-kong/.

  75 Bradsher, Keith. “Hasty Exit Started With Pizza Inside a Hong Kong Hideout.” The New York Times. June 24, 2013. http://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/25/world/asia/snowden-departure-fromhong-kong.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0.

  76 Lam, Lana. “Hong Kong lawyer Albert Ho says ‘middleman’ urged Snowden to leave.” South China Morning Post. June 23, 2013. http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/1267373/exclusive-humanrights-lawyers-hong-kong-reveal-they-worked-closely.

  77 Johnson, Kevin. “WikiLeaks lawyers helping Snowden in brokering asylum.” USA Today. June 19, 2013. http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/06/19/wikileaks-assange-snowden-nsa-leak-asylum/2438923/.

  78 Cf. 4.75

  79 International Criminal Defense Lawyers. “China (Hong Kong) International Extradition Treaty with the United States.” McNabb Associates. Dec. 16, 2013. http://www.mcnabbassociates.com/China%20Hong%20Kong%20International%20Extradition%20Treaty%20with%20the%20United%20States.pdf.

  80 Zetter, Kim. “UN Torture Chief: Bradley Manning Treatment Was Cruel, Inhuman.” Wired. Mar. 3, 2012. http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2012/03/manning-treatment-inhuman/.

  81 The Guardian. US request for extradition of Edward Snowden - full text. The Guardian. July 6, 2013. http://www.theguardian.com/world/interactive/2013/jul/06/us-request-extradition-edwardsnowden?CMP=twt_fd&CMP=SOCxx2I2.

  82 Department of Justice. Justice Department Statement on the Request to Hong Kong for Edward Snowden’s Provisional Arrest. The United States Department of Justice. June 26, 2013. http://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/2013/June/13-opa-761.html.

  83 The Guardian. “US got NSA leaker Edward Snowden’s middle name wrong, says Hong Kong.” The Guardian. June 26, 2013. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/26/edward-snowden-namewrong-hong-kong.

  84 Ying-kit, Lai. “Hong Kong minister rejects US accusations of deliberately delaying Snowden’s arrest.” South China Morning Post. June 25, 2013. http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/1268819/hong-kongminister-rejects-us-accusations-deliberately-delaying?page=all.

  85 MacAskill, Ewen. “Edward Snowden, NSA files source: ‘If they want to get you, in time they will.’” The Guardian. June 9, 2013. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/09/nsa-whistleblower-edwardsnowden-why.

  86 Schwartz, Matthew. “NSA Leaker Snowden On The Run.” InformationWeek. June 24, 2013. http://www.informationweek.com/security/privacy/nsa-leaker-snowden-on-the-run/240157172.

  87 Bruce, Mary. “Hong Kong’s ‘Deliberate Choice’ to Release Snowden Damages US-China Relationship, White House Says.” ABC News. June 24, 2013. http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2013/06/hong-kongsdeliberate-choice-to-release-snowden-damages-us-china-relationshipwhite-house-says/.

  88 Info.gov.hk. “HKSAR Government issues statement on Edward Snowden.” Info.gov.hk. June 23, 2013. http://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/201306/23/P201306230476.htm.

  89 Cf. 4.81

  90 Cf. 4.75

  91 Global Post. “Edward Snowden skips flight to Havana.” Global Post. June 24, 2013. http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/regions/americas/united-states/130624/edward-snowden-expected-leavemoscow-fly-havana.

  92 Global Times. “Extraditing Snowden an unwise decision.” Global Times. June 17, 2013. http://www.globaltimes.cn/content/789238.shtml.

  93 Richburg, Keith. “China confirms its official stayed one day at U.S. consulate.” The Washington Post. Feb. 9, 2012. http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2012-02-09/world/35445973_1_bo-xilaiwang-lijun-political-asylum.

  94 Osnos, Evan. “Why China Let Snowden Go.” The New Yorker. June 24, 2013. http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/evanosnos/2013/06/why-china-let-snowden-go.html.

  95 Cf. 4.66

  96 Lam, Lana. “Snowden’s last few days in Hong Kong: dramatic events prompted flight.” South China Morning Post. June 24, 2013. http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/1268168/snowdens-last-72hours-hong-kong-dramatic-events-prompted?page=all.

  97 Faiola, Anthony. “WikiLeaks aids Snowden on the run.” The Washington Post. June 23, 2013. http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2013-06-23/news/40152230_1_julian-assange-wikileaks-spokesman-kristinnhrafnsson.

  98 Interfax. “Snowden’s flight from Hong Kong lands at Sheremetyevo Airport.” Russia Beyond the Headlines. June 23, 2013. http://rbth.ru/international/2013/06/23/snowdens_flight_from_hong_kong_lands_at_sheremetyevo_airport_27393.html.

  99 Lake, Eli and Miranda Green. “WikiLeaks Foots the Bill For Snowden’s Global Escapades.” The Daily Beast. June 24, 2013. http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/06/24/wikileaks-foots-
the-billfor-snowden-s-global-escapades.html.

  CHAPTER 5

  1 Esposito, Richard, et al. “Snowden impersonated NSA officials, sources say.” NBC News. Aug. 29, 2013. http://investigations.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/08/29/20234171-snowden-impersonated-nsa-officialssources-say.

  2 Gellman, Barton. “Code name ‘Verax’: Snowden, in exchanges with Post reporter, made clear he knew risks.” The Washington Post. June 9, 2013. http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2013-06-09/world/39856622_1_intelligence-powers-single-point.

  3 Bump, Philip. “The Six Tricky Steps to Edward Snowden’s Extradition, Explained.” The Wire. June 20, 2013. http://www.theatlanticwire.com/global/2013/06/edward-snowden-extradition-explained/66433/.

  4 Nelson, Steve. “Iceland-Bound Jet for Edward Snowden ‘Could Take Off Tomorrow.’” U.S. News. June 21, 2013. http://www.usnews.com/news/newsgram/articles/2013/06/21/iceland-bound-jet-for-edwardsnowden-could-take-off-tomorrow.

  5 RT. “NSA leaker Snowden may leave Hong Kong for Iceland on private jet.” RT. June 21, 2013. http://rt.com/news/snowden-iceland-privatejet-071/.

  6 Shane, Scott. “Ex-Contractor Is Charged in Leaks on N.S.A. Surveillance.” The New York Times. June 21, 2013. http://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/22/us/snowden-espionageact.html?pagewanted=all.

  7 Bloomfield, Aubrey. “Edward Snowden Iceland Asylum: Applying For Icelandic Citizenship May Be His Best Option.” PolicyMic. June 21, 2013. http://www.policymic.com/articles/50275/edward-snowden-icelandasylum-applying-for-icelandic-citizenship-may-be-his-best-option.

  8 Robertsson, Robert. “Iceland parliament declines Snowden’s citizenship bid.” Reuters. July 5, 2013. http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/07/05/us-usa-security-snowden-iceland-idUSBRE9640PS20130705.

  9 Pilkington, Ed. “Edward Snowden’s digital ‘misuse’ has created problems, says Ban Ki-moon.” The Guardian. July 3, 2013. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/03/edward-snowden-digitalmisuse-ban-ki-moon.

  10 McCann, Jaymi. “Running out of places to hide: Iceland Rejects Edward Snowden’s bid for citizenship.” Mail Online. July 5, 2013. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2356995/Iceland-REJECTS-EdwardSnowdens-bid-citizenship.html.

  11 Reuters. “Iceland received informal approach over Snowden seeking asylum.” Reuters. June 18, 2013. http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/06/18/us-usa-security-iceland-snowden-idUSBRE95H0OQ20130618.

  12 Greenwald, Glenn. “Edward Snowden: NSA whistleblower answers reader questions.” The Guardian. June 17, 2013. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/17/edward-snowden-nsa-fileswhistleblower.

  13 Elder, Miriam. “Edward Snowden: Russia offers to consider asylum request.” The Guardian. June 11, 2013. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/11/edward-snowden-russia-asylum-request.

  14 Lam, Lana. “Edward Snowden: US government has been hacking Hong Kong and China for years.” South China Morning Post. June 13, 2013. http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/1259508/edwardsnowden-us-government-has-been-hacking-hong-kong-andchina?page=all.

  15 Englund, Will. “Snowden stayed at Russian consulate while in Hong Kong.” The Washington Post. Aug. 26, 2013. http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2013-08-26/world/41446952_1_edwardsnowden-snowden-s-russian-consulate.

  16 Bradsher, Keith. “Hasty Exit Started With Pizza Inside a Hong Kong Hideout.” The New York Times. June 24, 2013. http://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/25/world/asia/snowden-departure-fromhong-kong.html?pagewanted=all.

  17 Farivar, Cyrus. “Ecuador: Snowden travel doc issued from London embassy ‘has no validity.’” Ars Technica. June 28, 2013. http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2013/06/ecuador-snowden-travel-docissued-from-london-embassy-has-no-validity/.

  18 Ruck, Joanna. Personal Twitter account. Twitter. June 23, 2013. https://twitter.com/joannaruck/status/348819065202151424/photo/1.

  19 French, Anya. “Why Edward Snowden Didn’t Go To Havana, Cuba.” The Havana Note. June 24, 2013. http://thehavananote.com/2013/06/why_edward_snowden_didnt_go_havana_cuba.

  20 Pearson, Michael, et al. “Snowden’s asylum options dwindle.” CNN. July 2, 2013. http://www.cnn.com/2013/07/02/politics/nsa-leak/.

  21 Dewey, Caitlin. “As many as 24 journalists trailed Snowden on Havana flight, but he’s not on it.” The Washington Post. June 24, 2013. http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2013/06/24/as-many-as-24-journalists-trailed-snowden-on-havana-flight-but-hes-not-on-it/.

  22 Shemetov, Maxim. “Destination Cuba: Alongside empty seat 17A.” Reuters. June 25, 2013. http://blogs.reuters.com/photographers-blog/2013/06/25/destination-cuba-alongside-empty-seat-17a/.

  23 Davidson, Amy. “Edward Snowden’s Flight to Moscow.” The New Yorker. June 23, 2013. http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/closeread/2013/06/edward-snowdens-flight-to-moscow.html.

  24 Cf. 5.17

  25 Biography. Julian Assange biography. Biography. Dec. 16, 2013. http://www.biography.com/people/julian-assange-20688499.

  26 AP. “WikiLeaks’ Assange faces arrest if he leaves Ecuador Embassy.” USA Today. June 20, 2012. http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/story/2012-06-20/wikileaks-assange-embassy/55714222/1.

  27 Caselli, Irene. “Ecuador and UK impasse over Julian Assange’s asylum.” BBC. June 17, 2013. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-22928276.

  28 Carroll, Rory and Amanda Holpuch. “Ecuador cools on Edward Snowden asylum as Assange frustration grows.” The Guardian. June 28, 2013. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/28/edwardsnowden-ecuador-julian-assange.

  29 Info.gov.hk. “HKSAR Government issues statement on Edward Snowden.” Info.gov.hk. June 23, 2013. http://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/201306/23/P201306230476.htm.

  30 Kaufman, Alexander. “Whistleblower Edward Snowden’s Extradition Papers From Hong Kong Denied Over Middle Name Error.” International Business Times. June 26, 2013. http://www.ibtimes.com/whistleblower-edward-snowdens-extradition-papers-hong-kong-deniedover-middle-name-error-1323733.

  31 Noble, Josh and Katherin Hille. “Legal experts back Hong Kong role in Snowden case.” Financial Times. June 24, 2013. http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/cfbe6a36-dca6-11e2-970000144feab7de,Authorised=false.html?_i_location=http%3A%2F%2F www.ft.com%2Fcms%2Fs%2F0%2Fcfbe6a36-dca6-11e2-970000144feab7de.html%3Fsiteedition%3Dintl&siteedition=intl&_i_referer=.

  32 Weinstein, Adam. “Ecuador Spinning Over Snowden ‘Safe Pass.’” ABC News. Oct. 25, 2013. http://abcnews.go.com/ABC_Univision/ecuadorissues-denials-snowdens-safe-pass-linked-nations/story?id=19526121.

  33 Valencia, Alexandra and Brian Ellsworth. “Ecuador offers U.S. rights aid, waives trade benefits.” Reuters. June 27, 2013. http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/06/27/us-usa-security-ecuadoridUSBRE95Q0L820130627.

  34 Pro-Ecuador. “Correa Thumbs Nose at U.S.–Offers $23 Million Foreign Aid For Human Rights Training.” ProEcuador. June 27, 2013. http://blog.pro-ecuador.com/correa-thumbs-nose-at-u-s-offers-23-millionforeign-aid-for-human-rights-training/.

  35 The Kremlin. “News conference with President of Finland Sauli Niinistö.” President of Russia. June 25, 2013. http://eng.kremlin.ru/transcripts/5646.

  36 The Kremlin. “News conference following the working meeting of the Gas Exporting Countries Forum (GECF) summit.” President of Russia. July 1, 2013. http://eng.kremlin.ru/transcripts/5666.

  37 Fyodorov, Boris. “Who is Putin?” PBS. Dec. 16, 2013. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/yeltsin/putin/putin.html.

  38 The White House. “Daily Briefing by Press Secretary Jay Carney, 6/24/2013.” The White House of the United States. June 24, 2013. http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2013/06/24/daily-briefing-presssecretary-jay-carney-6242013.

  39 Mason, Jeff and Mark Felsenthal. “Obama jabs Russia, China on failure to extradite Snowden.” Reuters. June 27, 2013. http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/06/27/us-usa-security-snowdenidUSBRE95Q0SW20130627.

  40 Cf. 5.36

  41 Elder, Miriam. “Snowden applies for political asylum in Russia – and 20 other countries.” The Guardian. July 1, 2013. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/01/pu
tin-snowden-remainrussia-offer.

  42 The Guardian. “Ecuador’s Correa says Biden asked him to deny Edward Snowden asylum.” The Guardian. June 29, 2013. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/29/edward-snowden-bidencorrea-talks.

  43 Carroll, Rory. “Ecuador says it blundered over Snowden travel document.” The Guardian. July 2, 2013. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/02/ecuador-rafael-correa-snowden-mistake.

  44 Ningzhu, Zhu. “Brazil denies Snowden asylum.” XinhuaNet. July 10, 2013. http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/world/2013-07/10/c_132526937.htm.

  45 Elder, Miriam. “Edward Snowden’s options dwindle after political asylum rejections.” The Guardian. July 2, 2013. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/02/edward-snowden-asylumrejections.

  46 CNN. “Tracking Snowden’s asylum options.” CNN. July 7, 2013. http://www.cnn.com/2013/07/06/world/snowden-asylum-options.

  47 WikiLeaks. Organization’s Twitter account. WikiLeaks. July 5, 2013. https://twitter.com/wikileaks/status/353183588700798977.

  48 Herszenhorn, David and Randal Archibold. “Russian Official Says Venezuela Is the ‘Best Solution’ for Snowden.” The New York Times. July 6, 2013. http://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/07/world/europe/russianofficial-says-venezuela-is-the-best-solution-for-snowden.html?_r=0.

  49 Lam, Lana. “Snowden sought Booz Allen job to gather evidence on NSA surveillance.” South China Morning Post. June 24, 2013. http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/1268209/snowden-soughtbooz-allen-job-gather-evidence-nsa-surveillance?page=all.

  50 Pincus, Walter. “Questions for Snowden.” The Washington Post. July 8, 2013. http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/questions-for-snowden/2013/07/08/d06ee0f8-e428-11e2-80eb3145e2994a55_story.html.

  51 Carmon, Irin. “How we broke the NSA story.” Salon. June 10, 2013. http://www.salon.com/2013/06/10/qa_with_laura_poitras_the_woman_behind_the_nsa_scoops/.

  52 Greenwald, Glenn. Letter from Glenn Greenwald to Walter Pincus. Economic Policy Journal. July 9, 2013. http://www.economicpolicyjournal.com/2013/07/greenwald-goes-off-onwapos-walter.html.

  53 Hosenball, Mark. “Snowden downloaded NSA secrets while working for Dell, sources say.” Reuters. Aug. 15, 2013. http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/08/15/usa-security-snowden-dell-idUSL2N0GF11220130815.