54 Walsh, Justin. “Edward Snowden Complete Press Conference - Moscow Airport - July 12th 2013.” YouTube. July 12, 2013. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dukqMkTGEzU.
55 AP, “Edward Snowden’s cautious approach to Post reporter Barton Gellman.” Politico. June 10, 2013. http://www.politico.com/story/2013/06/edward-snowden-barton-gellman-washington-post-92490.html.
56 Cf. 5.12
57 Lake, Eli. “Greenwald: Snowden’s Files Are Out There if ‘Anything Happens’ to Him.” The Daily Beast. June 25, 2013. http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/06/25/greenwald-snowden-sfiles-are-out-there-if-anything-happens-to-him.html.
58 Cf. 5.57
59 Barrett, Devlin and Te-Ping Chen. “Snowden on the Run.” The Wall Street Journal. June 24, 2013. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887323683504578562852310273818.html.
60 Maass, Peter. “How Laura Poitras Helped Snowden Spill His Secrets.” The New York Times. Aug. 13, 2013. https://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/18/magazine/laura-poitras-snowden.html?pagewanted=all.
61 RT. “UK spying on Germany’s major data cable to US triggers media storm.” RT. June 25, 2013. http://rt.com/news/uk-germanywiretapping-criticism-201/.
62 Goetz, Von, et al. “Briten schöpfen deutsches Internet ab.” Sueddeutsche. June 24, 2013. http://www.sueddeutsche.de/politik/nachrichtendienstgchq-briten-schoepfen-deutsches-internet-ab-1.1704670.
63 Cf. 5.61
64 Greenwald, Glenn and Spencer Ackerman. “How the NSA is still harvesting your online data.” The Guardian. June 27, 2013. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/27/nsa-online-metadatacollection.
65 Greenwald, Glenn and Spencer Ackerman. “NSA collected US email records in bulk for more than two years under Obama.” The Guardian. June 27, 2013. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/27/nsadata-mining-authorised-obama.
66 Poitras, Laura. “The Program.” The New York Times. Aug. 22, 2012. http://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/23/opinion/the-national-securityagencys-domestic-spying-program.html.
67 Sanchez, Julian. “What the Ashcroft ‘Hospital Showdown’ on NSA spying was all about.” Ars Technica. July 29, 2013. http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2013/07/what-the-ashcroft-hospitalshowdown-on-nsa-spying-was-all-about/.
68 The Guardian. NSA inspector general report on email and internet data collection under Stellar Wind – full document. The Guardian. June 27, 2013. http://www.theguardian.com/world/interactive/2013/jun/27/nsa-inspector-general-report-document-data-collection.
69 The Guardian. Justice Department and NSA memos proposing broader powers for NSA to collect data. The Guardian. June 27, 2013. http://www.theguardian.com/world/interactive/2013/jun/27/nsa-datacollection-justice-department.
70 Cf. 5.69
71 Gallagher, Sean. “You may already be a winner in NSA’s ‘three-degrees’ surveillance sweepstakes!.” Ars Technica. July 18, 2013. http://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2013/07/you-may-already-bea-winner-in-nsas-three-degrees-surveillance-sweepstakes/.
72 Nixon, Ron. “Postal Service Confirms Photographing All U.S. Mail.” The New York Times. Aug. 2, 2013. http://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/03/us/postal-service-confirms-photographing-all-us-mail.html?_r=0.
73 Gellman, Barton. “Is the FBI Up to the Job 10 Years After 9/11?” Time. May 12, 2011. http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,2068082,00.html.
74 Zetter, Kim. “New York Times’ NSA Whistleblower Reveals Himself.” Wired. Dec. 15, 2008. http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2008/12/nytimes-nsa-wh/.
75 Cf. 5.60
76 Boadle, Anthony. “Glenn Greenwald: Snowden Gave Me 15-20,000 Classified Documents.” The Huffington Post. Aug. 6, 2013. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/08/07/glenn-greenwald-edwardsnowden-documents_n_3716424.html.
77 Harress, Christopher. “U.S Army Blocks Guardian Articles On Snowden N.S.A Leak.” International Business Times. June 28, 2013. http://www.ibtimes.com/us-army-blocks-guardian-articles-snowden-nsa-leak1327925.
78 Poitras, Laura, et al. “Attacks from America: NSA Spied on European Union Offices.” Der Spiegel. June 29, 2013. http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/nsa-spied-on-european-union-offices-a908590.html.
79 Poitras, Laura, et al. “Codename ‘Apalachee’: How America Spies on Europe and the UN.” Der Spiegel. Aug. 26, 2013. http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/secret-nsa-documents-show-howthe-us-spies-on-europe-and-the-un-a-918625.html.
80 MacAskill, Ewen and Julian Borger. “New NSA leaks show how US is bugging its European allies.” The Guardian. June 30, 2013. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/30/nsa-leaks-us-buggingeuropean-allies.
81 Poitras, Laura, et al. “Partner and Target: NSA Snoops on 500 Million German Data Connections.” Der Spiegel. June 30, 2013. http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/nsa-spies-on-500-milliongerman-data-connections-a-908648.html.
82 Traynor, Ian, et al. “Key US-EU trade pact under threat after more NSA spying allegations.” The Guardian. June 30, 2013. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/30/nsa-spying-europe-claimsus-eu-trade.
83 The Guardian. “G20 surveillance: why was Turkey targeted?” The Guardian. June 16, 2013. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/16/g20-surveillance-turkey-targeted-gchq.
84 Freedman, Richard. “Schulz on alleged bugging of EU office by the US authorities.” ABC. June 29, 2013. http://abclocal.go.com/kgo/story?section=news/national_world&id=9157195.
85 Traynor, Ian. “Berlin accuses Washington of cold war tactics over snooping.” The Guardian. June 30, 2013. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/30/berlin-washington-coldwar.
86 Tschampa, Dorothee. “Europe ‘Shocked’ by Spiegel Report of NSA Wiretappings.” Bloomberg. June 30, 2013. http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-06-30/europe-shocked-by-spiegel-report-of-nsawiretappings.html.
87 Lucas, Fred. “Obama on European Spying: ‘That’s How Intelligence Services Operate.’” CNS News. July 1, 2013. http://cnsnews.com/news/article/obama-european-spying-s-how-intelligence-services-operate.
88 Wittrock, Phillip. “NSA Spying in Germany: How Much Did the Chancellor Know?” Der Spiegel. July 3, 2013. http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/how-much-did-merkel-know-about-nsa-spyingin-germany-a-909174.html.
89 Snowden, Edward. “Statement from Edward Snowden in Moscow.” WikiLeaks. July 1, 2013. http://wikileaks.org/Statement-from-EdwardSnowden-in.html?snow.
90 The United Nations. “Universal Declaration of Human Rights.” The United Nations. Dec. 16, 2013. http://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/index.shtml#a14.
91 Elder, Miriam. “Edward Snowden withdraws Russian asylum request.” The Guardian. July 2, 2013. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/02/edward-snowden-nsa-withdraws-asylum-russia-putin.
92 Roberts, Dan. “Edward Snowden given possible lifeline as Bolivia hints it would grant asylum.” The Guardian. July 2, 2013. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/02/edward-snowden-bolivialifeline-asylum.
93 Emol. “Evo Morales se abre a ceder asilo a Edward Snowden si lo solicita.” Emol. July 1, 2013. http://www.emol.com/noticias/internacional/2013/07/01/606824/evo-morales-se-abre-a-ceder-asilo-aedward-snowden-si-lo-solicita.html.
94 Fisher, Max. “Audio purportedly from inside the cockpit of Bolivian President Evo Morales’s flight.” The Washington Post. July 3, 2013. http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2013/07/03/audiopurportedly-from-inside-the-cockpit-of-bolivian-president-evo-moralessflight/.
95 Shoichet, Catherine. “Bolivia: Presidential plane forced to land after false rumors of Snowden onboard.” CNN. July 3, 2013. http://edition.cnn.com/2013/07/02/world/americas/bolivia-presidential-plane.
96 Laughland, Oliver. “US admits contact with other countries over potential Snowden flights – as it happened.” The Guardian. July 3, 2013. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/03/edward-snowden-asylum-live.
97 Taylor, Michael. World Aircraft & Systems Directory. 2nd ed. Sterling: Brassey’s, 1999.
98 RT. “‘Free from imperial persecution’: Three Latin American countr
ies offer shelter to Edward Snowden.” RT. July 6, 2013. http://rt.com/news/maduro-snowden-asylum-venezuela-723/.
99 AP. “European states were told Snowden was on Morales plane, says Spain.” The Guardian. July 5, 2013. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/05/european-states-snowden-morales-plane-nsa.
100 BBC News Latin America & Caribbean. “Snowden case: France apologises in Bolivia plane row.” BBC. July 3, 2013. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-23174874.
101 Payne, Ed and Catherine Shoichet. “Morales challenges U.S. after Snowden rumor holds up plane in Europe.” CNN. July 5, 2013. http://www.cnn.com/2013/07/04/world/americas/bolivia-morales-snowden/.
102 Weissenstain, Michael and Angela Charlton. “Evo Morales’ Snowden Plane Incident Infuriates Latin America.” The Huffington Post. July 4, 2013. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/07/04/bolivianpresidential-plane_n_3546460.html.
103 Davis, Carlo. “Bolivia Protest Descends On French Embassy To Express Anger Over Evo Morales Plane Diversion.” The Huffington Post. July 3, 2013. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/07/03/bolivia-protestersdescend-french-embassy_n_3541920.html.
104 Cf. 5.95
105 The Guardian. “Evo Morales threatens to close US embassy in Bolivia as leaders weigh in.” The Guardian. July 4, 2013. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/05/bolivia-morales-close-usembassy.
106 Mallett-Outtrim, Ryan. “Venezuela’s Maduro Condemns ‘Violation of International Law’ Against Morales, Reiterates Support for Snowden at UNASUR Summit.” Venezuelanalysis.com. July 5, 2013. http://venezuelanalysis.com/news/9811.
107 Ramos, Daniel. “Morales back in Bolivia after Plane drama over Snowden.” Reuters. July 4, 2013. http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/07/04/us-usa-security-snowden-idUSBRE9610C520130704.
108 Cf. 5.105
109 Reuters. “Latin American countries call summit over diversion of Evo Morales’s plane.” Reuters. July 4, 2013. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/southamerica/bolivia/10158924/Latin-Americancountries-call-summit-over-diversion-of-Evo-Moraless-plane.html.
110 Cf. 5.106
111 Cf. 5.106
112 Macedonian International News Agency. “Bolivia considering closing US Embassy after plane incident.” Macedonian International News Agency. July 5, 2013. http://macedoniaonline.eu/content/view/23624/53/.
113 Cf. 5.106
114 Cf. 5.105
115 Kraul, Chris, et al. “Venezuela, Nicaragua open their doors to NSA leaker Snowden.” Los Angeles Times. July 5, 2013. http://articles.latimes.com/2013/jul/05/world/la-fg-wn-venezuela-nicaraguasnowden-20130705.
116 Watts, Jonathan. “Venezuela, Nicaragua and Bolivia offer asylum to Edward Snowden.” The Guardian. July 6, 2013. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/06/venezuela-nicaragua-offerasylum-edward-snowden.
117 Cf. 5.115
118 Galeno, Luis. “Venezuela, Nicaragua offer asylum to NSA leaker Snowden.” NBC News. July 5, 2013. http://worldnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/07/05/19309635-venezuela-nicaragua-offer-asylum-to-nsaleaker-snowden?lite.
119 Castillo, Mariano. “Bolivia latest country to offer asylum to Snowden.” CNN. July 6, 2013. http://www.cnn.com/2013/07/06/world/americas/nsa-snowden-asylum.
120 Kurmanaev, Anatoly and Nathan Crooks. “Venezuela Leads Latin American Shelter Offers to Snowden.” Bloomberg. July 6, 2013. http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-07-06/venezuela-offers-asylum-to-us-fugitive-edward-snowden.html.
121 Vyas, Kejal and Jose de Cordoba. “Snowden Is Offered Asylum by Venezuela.” The Wall Street Journal. July 6, 2013. http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424127887323899704578588351612234478.
122 RT. “Kerry vows to put the screws to Venezuela over Snowden – report.” RT. July 19, 2013. http://rt.com/news/kerry-threatensvenezuela-snowden-308/.
123 Cf. 5.120
124 A Customs Brokerage. “The Generalized System of Preferences Has Expired as of July 31, 2013.” A Customs Brokerage. Aug. 19, 2013. http://www.acustomsbrokerage.com/uncategorized/the-generalized-systemof-preferences-has-expired-as-of-july-31-2013/.
125 Ecuador Times. “Alvarado announces Ecuador’s resignation of the ATPDEA with the U.S.” Ecuador Times. June 27, 2013. http://www.ecuadortimes.net/2013/06/27/alvarado-announces-ecuadors-resignation-of-the-atpdea-with-the-u-s/.
126 Kumar, Nikhil. “NSA whistleblower Edward Snowden offered asylum by Venezuela, Nicaragua and now Bolivia.” The Independent. July 6, 2013. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/nsawhistleblower-edward-snowden-offered-asylum-by-venezuelanicaragua-and-now-bolivia-8691647.html.
127 Cf. 5.121
128 The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. “The 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and its 1967 Protocol.” The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. Dec. 16, 2013. http://www.unhcr.org/4ec262df9.html.
129 Heritage, Timothy. “Analysis: Experts advise Snowden: fly commercial.” Reuters. July 12, 2013. http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/07/12/ususa-security-flights-options-analysis-idUSBRE96B0A820130712.
130 Robertson, Geoffrey. “Edward Snowden’s fear of flying is justified.” The Guardian. July 23, 2013. http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/jul/23/snowden-asylum-america-international-law.
131 Wittmeyer, Alicia. “PassportMoscow to Caracas — the Scenic Route.” Foreign Policy. July 7, 2013. http://blog.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2013/07/06/moscow_to_caracas_the_scenic_route.
132 Cf. 5.60
133 Greenwald, Glenn and Roberto Casado. “EUA espionaram milhões de e-mails e ligações de brasileiros.” OGlobo. July 6, 2013. http://oglobo.globo.com/mundo/eua-espionaram-milhoes-de-mails-ligacoesde-brasileiros-8940934.
134 Greenwald, Glenn and Roberto Casado. “EUA expandem o aparato de vigilância continuamente.” OGlobo. July 6, 2013. http://oglobo.globo.com/mundo/eua-expandem-aparato-de-vigilanciacontinuamente-8941149.
135 Guttman, Boaz. “La CIA y la NSA espiaron mediante satélites desde Brasil & Slides.” YouTube. July 8, 2013. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kOAv7zbJkCk&hd=1.
136 Internet archive. X-Keyscore slides. DocumentCloud. Dec. 16, 2013. http://s3.documentcloud.org/documents/743252/nsa-pdfs-redacteded.pdf.
137 Ofuxico. “Rede Globo se torna a 2ª maior emissora do mundo.” DocumentCloud. May, 11, 2012. http://www.ofuxico.com.br/noticiassobre-famosos/rede-globo-se-torna-a-2-maior-emissora-do-mundo/2012/05/11-139187.html.
138 Cf. 5.135
139 Kloc, Joe. “Unpublished NSA slides air on Brazilian television.” Daily Dot. July 25, 2013. http://www.dailydot.com/news/nsa-fairview-slidesbrazil-spying/.
140 Barnes, Taylor. “America spies on Brazil too, Snowden leaks.” Global Post. July 8, 2013. http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/regions/americas/brazil/130709/us-spying-brazil-snowden-leaks.
141 Reuters. “Brazil seeks U.S. response to alleged spying on citizens.” Reuters. July 7, 2013. http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/07/07/usbrazil-espionage-snowden-idUSBRE9660ER20130707.
142 Greenwald, Glenn and Ewen MacAskill. “Boundless Informant: the NSA’s secret tool to track global surveillance data.” The Guardian. June (8) 11, 2013. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/08/nsaboundless-informant-global-datamining.
143 Watts, Jonathan. “Brazil demands explanation from US over NSA spying.” The Guardian. July 8, 2013. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/08/brazil-demands-explanation-nsa-spying.
144 BBC News Brazil. “EUA não responderão publicamente a Brasil sobre espionage.” BBC. July 8, 2013. http://www.bbc.co.uk/portuguese/noticias/2013/07/130708_brasil_snowden_dg.shtml?ocid=socialflow_twitter_brasil.
145 Cf. 5.60
146 McCullagh, Declan. “Wikileaks editor skips NYC hacker event.” CNet. July 17, 2010. http://news.cnet.com/8301-1009_3-20010866-83.html.
147 McCullagh, Declan. “DOJ sends order to Twitter for WikiLeaks-related account info.” CNet. Jan. 7, 2011. http://news.cnet.com/8301-31921_320027893-281.html.
148 Rich, Nathaniel. “The American Wikileaks
Hacker.” Rolling Stone. Dec. 1, 2010. http://www.rollingstone.com/culture/news/meet-theamerican-hacker-behind-wikileaks-20101201.
149 Cf. 5.12
150 Poitras, Laura and Jacob Appelbaum. “Edward Snowden Interview: The NSA and Its Willing Helpers.” Der Spiegel. July 8, 2013. http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/interview-with-whistlebloweredward-snowden-on-global-spying-a-910006.html.
151 Symantec. W32.Stuxnet profile. Symantec. July 13, 2010. http://www.symantec.com/security_response/writeup.jsp?docid=2010-0714003123-99.
152 Kiley, Sam. “Super Virus A Target For Cyber Terrorists.” Sky News. Nov. 25, 2010. http://news.sky.com/story/820902/super-virus-a-targetfor-cyber-terrorists.
153 Pop, Valentina. “Germany defends intelligence co-operation with US.” EUObserver. July 8, 2013. http://euobserver.com/foreign/120795.
154 Cf. 5.153
155 Poitras, Laura and Glenn Greenwald. “Edward Snowden: ‘The US government will say I aided our enemies’ – video interview.” The Guardian. July 8, 2013. http://www.theguardian.com/world/video/2013/jul/08/edward-snowden-video-interview.
156 Kaz, Roverto and Jose Casado. “NSA e CIA mantiveram em Brasília equipe para coleta de dados filtrados de satélite.” OGlobo. July 8, 2013. http://oglobo.globo.com/mundo/nsa-cia-mantiveram-em-brasiliaequipe-para-coleta-de-dados-filtrados-de-satelite-8949723.
157 Cf. 5.79
158 Cf. 5.79
159 Greenwald, Glenn and Roberto Casado. “Espionagem dos EUA se espalhou pela América Latina.” OGlobo. July 9, 2013. http://oglobo.globo.com/mundo/espionagem-dos-eua-se-espalhou-pelaamerica-latina-8966619.
160 RT. “NSA spied on Latin America for energy and military intel.” RT. July 10, 2013. http://rt.com/news/nsa-latin-america-spying-867/.
161 Forero, Juan. “Paper reveals NSA ops in Latin America.” The Washington Post. July 9, 2013. http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/paper-reveals-nsa-ops-in-latin-america/2013/07/09/eff0cc7e-e8e3-11e2-818e-aa29e855f3ab_print.html.
The Edward Snowden Affair Page 37
