Spring 1153 Reynald of Châtillon marries Constance of Antioch
22 August 1153 Latins capture Ascalon
25 April 1154 Nur al-Din takes over Damascus
1155 Reynald of Châtillon attacks Byzantine Cyprus
19 June 1157 Defeat of Baldwin III at Jacob's Ford by Nur al-Din
Autumn 1157 Third expedition of Thierry of Flanders
September 1158 Marriage of Baldwin III and Theodora, niece of Manuel Comnenus
December 1158 Submission of Reynald of Châtillon to Manuel Comnenus at Mamistra
12 April 1159 Ceremonial entry of Manuel Comnenus into Antioch
Early 1161 Campaign of Baldwin III to al-Arish
11 September 1161 Death of Queen Melisende
November 1161 Capture of Reynald of Châtillon by Majd al-Din of Aleppo
10 February 1163 Death of Baldwin III
18 February 1163 Coronation of King Amalric
1163 Bohemond III gains power in Antioch
c.1163 Issue of the assise sur la ligece by King Amalric
September 1163 First campaign of King Amalric to Egypt
August–October 1164 Amalric's second Egyptian campaign
10 August 1164 Battle of Artah
12 August 1164 Capture of Harim by Nur al-Din
18 October 1164 Capture of Banyas by Nur al-Din
1165 Athanasius Manasses installed as Orthodox patriarch of Antioch
January–August 1167 Amalric's third Egyptian campaign
1167 Beginning of Franco-Byzantine redecoration of the church of the Nativity at Bethlehem
August 1167 Frankish occupation of Alexandria
29 August 1167 Marriage of Amalric and Maria Comnena
October 1168–January 1169 Amalric's fourth Egyptian campaign
23 March 1169 Death of Shirkuh
October–December 1169 Amalric's fifth Egyptian campaign
29 June 1170 Major earthquake in Syria
From 1170 Hospitaller rebuilding of Crac des Chevaliers
Spring 1171 Amalric's visit to Constantinople
10 September 1171 Saladin proclaims Egyptian allegiance to the Abbasid caliphate
1173 Murder of the Assassin envoy by the Templars
Early 1174 Raymond III of Tripoli released from Muslim captivity
15 May 1174 Death of Nur al-Din
11 July 1174 Death of Amalric
15 July 1174 Coronation of Baldwin IV
28 July–2 August 1174 Unsuccessful Sicilian attack on Alexandria
October 1174 Murder of Miles of Plancy, seneschal of Jerusalem. Raymond of Tripoli chosen as bailli of Jerusalem
28 October 1174 Saladin enters Damascus
Summer 1176 Release of Reynald of Châtillon and Joscelin of Courtenay from Muslim captivity
17 September 1176 Battle of Myriocephalon
November 1176 Marriage of Sibylla of Jerusalem and William Longsword
August 1177–April 1178 Crusade of Philip of Alsace, count of Flanders
25 November 1177 Battle of Mont Gisard
10 June 1179 Victory of Saladin over Latin forces at Marj Ayun
24–29 August 1179 Destruction of the castle at Jacob's Ford by Saladin
April 1180 Marriage of Sibylla of Jerusalem and Guy of Lusignan
May 1180 Truce between Saladin and Baldwin IV
24 September 1180 Death of Manuel Comnenus
February 1183 Council agrees levy of an extraordinary general tax in the kingdom of Jerusalem
February 1183 Reynald of Châtillon's ships attack Aqaba and Aydhab on the Red Sea
11 June 1183 Saladin gains control of Aleppo
29 September–8 October 1183 Stand-off between the armies of Saladin and Guy of Lusignan in Galilee
20 November 1183 Guy of Lusignan removed as bailli
November 1183 Baldwin V crowned co-ruler
July 1184–July 1185 Embassy of the patriarch and the masters of the military orders to the West
Early April 1185 Raymond of Tripoli reappointed bailli
Spring 1185 Raymond of Tripoli makes four-year truce with Saladin
15 April 1185 Probable date of the death of Baldwin IV
Late summer 1186 Death of Baldwin V and coronation of Sibylla and Guy
Early 1187 Attack by Reynald of Châtillon on a Muslim caravan, breaking the truce
February 1187 Hospitallers purchase the castle of Marqab
1 May 1187 Battle of the Springs of the Cresson
4 July 1187 Battle of Hattin
10 July 1187 Capture of Acre by Saladin
14 July 1187 Arrival of Conrad of Montferrat at Tyre
2 October 1187 Fall of the city of Jerusalem to Saladin
29 October 1187 Issue of Audita tremendi
November–December 1187 Unsuccessful siege of Tyre by Saladin
Summer 1188 Arrival of Sicilian fleet under Margaritus of Brindisi off Syrian coast
October 1188 Saladin agrees to eight-month truce with Bohemond III of Antioch
28 August 1189 Beginning of the siege of Acre by Guy of Lusignan
4 October 1189 Defeat of Christian forces outside Acre by Saladin
22 April 1190 Surrender of Beaufort to Saladin
7 October 1190 Arrival of Frederick of Swabia at Acre
Before 21 October 1190 Death of Queen Sibylla and her daughters
24 November 1190 Marriage of Conrad of Montferrat and Isabella of Jerusalem
May 1191 Richard I seizes Cyprus from Isaac Comnenus
12 July 1191 Fall of Acre to the combined crusader forces
20 August 1191 Massacre of the Muslim prisoners by Richard
7 September 1191 Battle of Arsuf
21 October 1191 Richard proposes that al-Adil marry his sister, Joanna
After 6 January 1192 Richard abandons march on Jerusalem
28 April 1192 Murder of Conrad of Montferrat by the Assassins
c.2 May 1192 Henry of Champagne elected king of Jerusalem
5 May 1192 Marriage of Henry of Champagne and Isabella of Jerusalem
After 5 May 1192 Guy of Lusignan takes over government of Cyprus
3 July 1192 Richard abandons march on Jerusalem a second time
1 August 1192 Richard retakes Jaffa from Saladin
2 September 1192 Treaty of Jaffa
9 October 1192 Richard leaves the Holy Land
4 March 1193 Death of Saladin
Abbreviations
AA Albert of Aachen, Historia Ierosolimitana, ed. and tr. S.B. Edgington, Oxford, 2007
Cart. Cartulaire général de l'Ordre des Hospitaliers de Saint-Jean de Jérusalem, 1100–1310, 4 vols, ed. J. Delaville Le Roulx, Paris, 1894–1905
Cont. WT La Continuation de Guillaume de Tyr (1184–1197), ed. M. R. Morgan, Documents relatifs à l'histoire des croisades publiés par l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, Paris, 1982
Eracles L'Estoire d'Eracles empereur et la conqueste de la Terre d'Outremer, in RHCr, Occidentaux, vols 1 and 2, Paris, 1859
Ernoul-Bernard Chronique d'Ernoul et de Bernard le Trésorier, ed. L. de Mas Latrie, Société de l'Histoire de France, Paris, 1871
FC Fulcheri Carnotensis Historia Hierosolymitana, ed. H. Hagenmeyer, Heidelberg, 1913
JP Jerusalem Pilgrimage, 1099–1185, ed. J. Wilkinson, Hakluyt Society, series II, 167, London, 1988
MGHSS Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Scriptores
ODCC The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, ed. F.L. Cross; 3rd edn, ed. E.A. Livingstone, Oxford, 1997
PL Patrologiae cursus completus: Series Latina, ed. J.P. Migne
RHCr Recueil des historiens des croisades
RHG Recueil des historiens des Gaules et de la France
ROL Revue de l'Orient Latin
RRH Regesta Regni Hierosolymitani, ed. R. Röhricht, 2 vols, Innsbruck, 1893–1904
RS Rolls Series
ULKJ Die Urkunden der Lateinischen Könige von Jerusalem, 4 vols, ed. H.E. Mayer, Altfranzösische Texte erstellt von Jean Richard, Monument
a Germaniae Historica, Hanover, 2010
WC Galterii Cancellarii Bella Antiochena, ed. H. Hagenmeyer, Innsbruck, 1896
WT Guillaume de Tyr, Chronique, ed. R.B.C. Huygens, 2 vols, Corpus Christianorum, Continuatio Mediaevalis, 63 and 63A, Turnhout, 1986
Notes
Introduction
1. Baha’ al-Din Ibn Shaddad, The Rare and Excellent History of Saladin, tr. D.S. Richards, Crusade Texts in Translation, 7, Aldershot, 2001, pp. 185–6.
1 The Expedition to Jerusalem
1. Die Kreuzzugsbriefe aus Jahren 1088–1100, ed. H. Hagenmeyer, Innsbruck, 1901, no. II, pp. 136–7. Tr. L. and J. Riley-Smith, The Crusades: Idea and Reality 1095–1274, Documents of Medieval History, 4, London, 1981, p. 38. Accounts of the treatment of Christian pilgrims are inadequate and contradictory, but the belief in the persecution of the eastern Church seems to have been a fixed element of papal rhetoric since the time of Gregory VII.
2. M. Bull, ‘The Roots of Lay Enthusiasm for the First Crusade’, History, 78 (1993), 360–1.
3. FC, 1.6, pp. 153–63, 1.10, pp. 183–5. Fulcher of Chartres (1059–1127) was probably a canon in the cathedral chapter. He set out on the crusade in the army of Stephen of Blois, but in October 1097 became chaplain to Baldwin of Boulogne, accompanying him on his expedition to Edessa. He seems to have written his chronicle in three phases, from 1100–1 to 1105, from 1109 onwards, and then a revision after 1124. See V. Epp, Fulcher von Chartres: Studien zur Geschichtsschreibung des ersten Kreuzzuges, Düsseldorf, 1990, pp. 24–35.
4. See J. France, Victory in the East: A military history of the First Crusade, Cambridge, 1994, pp. 2–3, 122–42.
5. FC, 1.6, p. 161.
6. See J.H. Pryor, ‘A View From a Masthead: the First Crusade From the Sea’, Crusades, 7 (2008), 148.
7. Ibn al-Qalanisi, The Damascus Chronicle of the Crusades, tr. H.A.R. Gibb, London, 1932, p. 41.
8. France, Victory in the East, p. 95. On ‘arms-bearers’, see M. Bull, Knightly Piety and the Lay Response to the First Crusade: The Limousin and Gascony, c.970–c.1130, Oxford, 1993, p. 16. This term is intended to cover a wide range of warriors from great territorial princes to ordinary mounted soldiers. It avoids the connotations of the word ‘knight’.
9. France, Victory in the East, p. 102.
10. See T. Asbridge, The First Crusade: A New History, London, 2004, for a detailed and balanced account of the expedition.
11. Hagenmeyer, Kreuzzugsbriefe, no. IV, p. 139. Letters from the East: Crusaders, Pilgrims and Settlers in the 12th–13th Centuries, tr. M. Barber and K. Bate, Crusade Texts in Translation, 18, Farnham, 2010, no. 1, p. 16.
12. France, Victory in the East, p. 116.
13. AA, 2.18, pp. 88–91.
14. AA, 2.16, pp. 84–7.
15. Le ‘Liber’ de Raymond d'Aguilers, ed. J.H. and L.L. Hill, Documents relatifs à l'histoire des croisades publiés par l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, Paris, 1969, p. 41. Raymond d'Aguilers, Historia Francorum Qui Ceperunt Iherusalem, tr. J.H. and L.L. Hill, Philadelphia, 1968, pp. 23–4. See J.H. and L. Hill, Raymond IV, Count of Toulouse, New York, 1962, p. 51.
16. Anna Comnena, The Alexiad of the Princess Anna Comnena, tr. E.A.S. Dawes, London, 1928, 10.5, p. 250, 11.4, p. 258.
17. See P. Magdalino, ‘The Pen of the Aunt: Echoes of the Mid-Twelfth Century in the Alexiad’, in Anna Komnene and her Times, ed. T. Gouma-Peterson, New York, 2000, pp. 15–43.
18. See B.Z. Kedar, ‘The Jerusalem Massacre of July 1099 in the Western Historiography of the Crusades’, Crusades, 3 (2004), 15–75. He concludes that the killings that took place between 15 and 17 July were on a considerably greater scale than massacres in other towns taken by storm, but that near-contemporaries who were not present and post-medieval writers have been more strongly influenced by ‘basic values and attitudes’ than by the eyewitnesses.
19. France, Victory in the East, pp. 2–3. The distance from Paris or Cologne via Constantinople.
20. An atabeg was in origin a guardian of a young Seljuk prince, but often became a ruler in his own right, as was the case with Kerbogha. He had brought together his own coalition of Muslim forces. See Asbridge, First Crusade, pp. 202–4. For the fleets, see Pryor, ‘A View from a Masthead’, 143–7.
21. See N. Jaspert, ‘Ein Polymythos: Die Kreuzzüge’, in Mythen in der Geschichte, ed. H. Altrichter, K. Herbers and H. Neuhaus, Freiburg im Breisgau, 2004, pp. 205–8.
22. S. Runciman, A History of the Crusades, vol. 1, Cambridge, 1951, pp. 104–5.
23. Imperial representatives had travelled as far as southern England for this purpose: see C.J. Tyerman, England and the Crusades 1095–1588, Chicago, 1988, p. 14.
24. Anna Comnena does not mention any request by Alexius, since if he had initiated the expedition he could have been blamed for the problems that the Latins caused the empire: see Magdalino, ‘Pen of the Aunt’, pp. 25–6.
25. E.O. Blake and C. Morris, ‘A Hermit Goes to War: Peter and the Origins of the First Crusade’, in Studies in Church History, 22 (1985), pp. 79–108. See also A. Jotischky, ‘The Christians of Jerusalem, the Holy Sepulchre and the Origins of the First Crusade’, Crusades, 7 (2008), 35–57. For Symeon II, see J. Pahlitzsch, Graeci und Suriani im Palästina der Kreuzfahrerzeit, Berliner Historische Studien, 33, Berlin, 2001, pp. 46–60.
26. AA, 1.2–5, pp. 1–9.
27. Michael the Syrian, Chronique de Michel le Syrien, Patriarche Jacobite d'Antioche, ed. and tr. J.-B. Chabot, vol. 3, Paris, 1905, 15.7, p. 182.
28. Hagenmeyer, Kreuzzugsbriefe, no. XVI, p. 164.
29. See P.E. Chevedden, ‘"A Crusade from the First”: The Norman Conquest of Islamic Sicily, 1060–1091’, Al-Masq, 22 (2010), 191–225.
30. See I.S. Robinson, ‘Gregory VII and the Soldiers of Christ’, History, 58 (1973), 169–92.
31. Gregory VII, The Correspondence of Gregory VII, ed. and tr. E. Emerton, New York, 1959, pp. 60–1.
32. See F.H. Russell, The Just War in the Middle Ages, Cambridge, 1975, 16–39, and C. Erdmann, The Origin of the Idea of the Crusade, tr. M.W. Baldwin and W. Goffart, Princeton, NJ, 1977 (originally 1935), pp. 229–68.
33. See A.C. Krey, ‘Urban's Crusade – Success or Failure’, American Historical Review, 53 (1948), 235–50; J.A. Brundage, ‘Adhemar of Le Puy: The Bishop and his Critics’, Speculum, 34 (1959), 201–12.
34. AA, 1, 2–5, pp. 4–7, 6.39, pp. 452–3; Hagenmeyer, Kreuzzugsbriefe, no. VI, pp. 141–2; no. IX, pp. 146–9. France, Victory in the East, p. 210, thinks that Adhémar actually sailed to Cyprus to meet the patriarch and helped compose Symeon's letter of January 1098.
35. See Bull, Knightly Piety, pp. 115–54, and J. Riley-Smith, The First Crusaders, 1095–1131, Cambridge, 1997, pp. 23–39.
36. Bull, ‘Roots’, 369.
37. Ralph of Caen, Radulphi Cadomensis Tancredus, ed. E. D'Angelo, Corpus Christianorum Continuatio Mediaevalis, 231, Turnhout, 2011, pp. 6–7. Tr. B.S. Bachrach and D.S. Bachrach, Crusade Texts in Translation, 12, Aldershot, 2005, p. 22. This passage is convincing because the expiatory pilgrimage to Jerusalem was a marked feature of Norman aristocratic life throughout the twelfth century: see, for example, Orderic Vitalis, Ecclesiastical History, vol. 2, ed. and tr. M. Chibnall, Oxford, 1969, pp. 10–11, 14–15, 68–9. Orderic was a monk at St Evroul, south of La Ferté in Normandy, who, among many other subjects, wrote about the Normans and their participation in the crusades during the first four decades of the twelfth century.
38. For example, as described by the anonymous Norman participant and chronicler, Gesta Francorum, ed. and tr. R. Hill, London, 1982, p. 40.
39. Hagenmeyer, Kreuzzugsbriefe, no. VI, p. 142. Tr. Barber and Bate, Letters from the East, no. 2, p. 18.
40. J. Richard, ‘Départs de pèlerins et de croisés bourguignons au XIe s.: à propos d'une charte de Cluny’, Annales de Bourgogne, 60 (1988), 140–2.
41. On the attraction of the religious sites in the Holy Land, see N. Jaspert, ‘Das Heilige Grab, das Wahre Kreuz, J
erusalem und das Heilige Land. Wirkung, Wandel und Vermittler hochmittel-alterlicher Attraktoren’, in Konflikt und Bewältigung. Die Zerstörung der Grabeskirche zu Jerusalem im Jahre 1009, ed. T. Pratsch, Berlin, 2011, pp. 69–74. See Riley-Smith, First Crusaders, pp. 15–22, for a review of modern explanations of the motives of the crusaders, and J. Richard, The Crusades, c.1071–c.1291, tr. J. Birrell, Cambridge, 1999 (originally 1996), p. 7, for the issues raised by the idea of a ‘land crisis’ in the late eleventh century.
42. J. Riley-Smith, The First Crusade and the Idea of Crusading, London, 1986, pp. 43–6.
43. G. Duby, La société aux XIe et XIIe siècles dans la région maconnaise, Paris, 1971, p. 239.
44. G. Constable,’The Financing of the Crusades in the Twelfth Century’, in Outremer: Studies in the Crusading Kingdom of Jerusalem Presented to Joshua Prawer, ed. B.Z. Kedar, H.E. Mayer and R.C. Smail, Jerusalem, 1982, pp. 64–88. See, too, the value of wills as a means of understanding motivation, Jaspert, ‘Das Heilige Grab, das Wahre Kreuz, Jerusalem und das Heilige Land’, pp. 74–83.
45. FC, 1.32, pp. 318–22. For example, Robert of Normandy, who is presented by Orderic Vitalis as motivated by a desire to escape the problems of governing Normandy, but at the same time driven by a powerful need to visit the holy places and to expiate his sins; see W.M. Aird, Robert Curthose, Duke of Normandy (c.1050–1134), Woodbridge, 2008, pp. 158–9.
46. AA, 6.36, pp. 448–9; FC, 2.6, p. 388.
47. Robert the Monk, Historia Iherosolimitana, in RHCr, Occid., vol. 3, Paris, 1866, 1.1, p. 728. Tr. C. Sweetenham, History of the First Crusade, Crusade Texts in Translation, 11, Aldershot, 2005, p. 80.
48. Bull, Knightly Piety, p. 169.
49. Raymond of Aguilers, p. 141. Tr. Hill and Hill, p. 119: Histoire Anonyme de la Première Croisade, ed. L. Bréhier, Paris, 1924, p. 14.
50. Raymond of Aguilers, p. 88. Moreover, Raymond had not made extensive alienations and sales before his departure; Hill and Hill, Raymond IV, p. 37. William of Malmesbury, Gesta Regum Anglorum: The History of the English Kings, vol. 1, ed. and tr. R.A.B. Mynors, completed by R.M. Thomson and M. Winterbottom, Oxford, 1998, pp. 696–7, says that he had resolved never to return to Provence, but he was writing in the knowledge of Raymond's endeavours in Asia Minor and Syria between 1100 and 1105. William (c.1095–c.1143) had entered the Benedictine house of Malmesbury as an oblate. His view of Raymond of Toulouse probably dates from the mid-1120s.
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