51. Raymond of Aguilers, pp. 152–5. Tr. Hill and Hill, pp. 129–32.
52. Raymond of Aguilers, p. 46. See Hill and Hill, Raymond IV, pp. 62–3.
53. WT, 11.2, p. 497.
54. Richard, Crusades, p. 77.
55. H.E. Mayer, ‘Études sur l'histoire de Baudouin Ier roi de Jérusalem’, in Mélanges sur l'histoire du royaume latin de Jérusalem, Paris, 1984, pp. 15–16, 21–31, 43–7.
56. AA, 6.37, pp. 450–1. This observation is supported by modern research. Jonathan Riley-Smith identified twenty-eight individuals who stayed with Godfrey, of whom twelve came from the duke's household. These included important lords like his relative Warner, count of Grez in Brabant: ‘The motives of the earliest crusaders and the settlement of Latin Palestine, 1095–1100’, English Historical Review, 98 (1983), 724–30.
57. WT, 10.1, p. 453.
58. Mayer, ‘Études’, pp. 13–15, 32–50.
59. Ralph of Caen, pp. 7–8. See E. Jamison, The Norman Administration of Apulia and Capua, ed. D. Clementi and T. Közler, Darmstadt, 1987 (originally 1913), p. 226; R.B. Yewdale, Bohemond I, Prince of Antioch, Princeton, NJ, 1924, pp. 26–33.
60. Richard of Poitiers, Chronica, MGHSS, vol. 26, Hanover, 1882, p. 79. See Yewdale, Bohemond I, pp. 10–24.
61. See G. Beech, ‘A Norman-Italian Adventurer in the East: Richard of Salerno, 1097–1112’, in Anglo-Norman Studies, 15, Proceedings of the XV Battle Conference and of the XI Colloquio Medievale of the Officina di Studi Medievali, ed. M. Chibnall, Woodbridge, 1992, pp. 25–9.
62. Ekkehard of Aura, Hierosolymitani, in RHCr, Occid., vol. 5, Paris, 1895, cap. VIII, p. 17.
63. For example, one of the villages in Godfrey's grant was al-Bira, called Magna Mahumeria by the Franks, a name that suggests a previous Muslim population; see Chapter 9, pp. 227–8.
64. See M. Nader, Burgesses and Burgess Law in the Latin Kingdoms of Jerusalem and Cyprus (1099–1325), Aldershot, 2006, pp. 2–3.
65. FC, 1.29, p. 304.
66. France, Victory in the East, pp. 122–42; Riley-Smith, First Crusade and the Idea of Crusading, pp. 63–5.
67. Le Cartulaire du Chapitre du Saint-Sépulcre de Jérusalem, ed. G. Bresc-Bautier, Documents relatifs à l'histoire des croisades publiés par l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, Paris, 1984, no. 26, pp. 86–8, which is the 1114 confirmation of King Baldwin. The greater part of this cartulary was compiled c.1165 and can be considered an organic whole. Further acts, which extend as far as 1244, are of a more fragmentary nature. See the editor's analysis, pp. 8–20. See D. Pringle, ‘Magna Mahumeria (al-Bra): The Archaeology of a Frankish New Town in Palestine’, in Crusade and Settlement, ed. P.W. Edbury, Cardiff, 1985, pp. 147–8.
68. FC, 1.14, pp. 203–15.
69. See France, Victory in the East, pp. 319–23.
70. Raymond of Aguilers, p. 143. Tr. Hill and Hill, p. 121.
71. Raymond of Aguilers, p. 152.
72. William of Malmesbury, pp. 702–3; Henry, archdeacon of Huntingdon, Historia Anglorum: The History of the English People, ed. and tr. D. Greenway, Oxford Medieval Texts, Oxford, 1996, 7.18, pp. 442–3. These chroniclers were evidently making a moral point, asserting that his later, blighted life was the consequence of his refusal, which had incurred God's displeasure. See C.W. David, Robert Curthose, Duke of Normandy, Cambridge, Mass., 1920, p. 114, who calls this story 'a later invention’, and Aird, Robert Curthose, pp. 185–6, who is less sceptical and thinks that he may have been seriously considered as a candidate. Unlike Raymond, Robert had no historian in his retinue; had there been such a writer, the respective parties might have been presented rather differently.
73. R. Hiestand, ‘Some Reflections on the Impact of the Papacy on the Crusader States and the Military Orders in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries’, in The Crusades and the Military Orders: Expanding the Frontiers of Medieval Latin Christianity, ed. Z. Hunyadi and J. Laszovsky, Budapest, 2001, pp. 10–11.
74. See A.V. Murray, The Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: A Dynastic History, 1099–1125, Oxford, 2000, pp. 63–77, for a full discussion of the issues raised by Godfrey's titles and the literature on the subject. Jonathan Riley-Smith has pointed out that the title advocatus is used only once in contemporary sources and that this is in a letter composed when Godfrey was not present, even though he is presented as a party to it: ‘The Title of Godfrey of Bouillon’, Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research, 52 (1979), 83–6.
75. Raymond of Aguilers, p. 58. Indeed, it appears that later in the twelfth century it was said in Zengid circles that the Egyptians had actually invited the Franks to invade Syria so that they could serve as a buffer against the Seljuks; Ibn al-Athir, The Chronicle of Ibn al-Athr for the Crusading Period from al-Kmil fi'l-ta'rkh, Part 1, tr. D.S. Richards, Crusade Texts in Translation, 13, Aldershot, 2006, p. 14. Ibn al-Athir (1160–1233) was born into a family notable for its administrative and scholarly achievements. The family was centred on Mosul and especially associated with the Zengids, although Ibn al-Athir does not seem to have held any official position under the dynasty.
76. Raymond of Aguilers, pp. 109–10; WT, 7.19, pp. 367–8. See Gibb, in A History of the Crusades vol. 1, The First Hundred Years, ed. M. W. Baldwin, Madison, 1969, vol. 1, p. 95.
77. FC, 1.31, pp. 311–12.
78. Gesta Francorum, p. 95. See Aird, Robert Curthose, pp. 187–8.
79. Hagenmeyer, Kreuzuggsbriefe, no. XVIII, p. 170; AA, 6.49, pp. 466–7.
80. Gesta Francorum, pp. 96–7.
81. Ibn al-Qalanisi, p. 54.
82. See C. Hillenbrand, The Crusades: Islamic Perspectives, Edinburgh, 1999, pp. 19–20.
83. See Chapter 3, pp. 52, 60–1, Chapter 4, p. 65.
84. Raymond of Aguilers, pp. 153–4; Gesta Francorum, p. 93.
85. B. Hamilton, The Latin Church in the Crusader States: The Secular Church, London, 1980, pp. 13–14.
86. See J. Richard, ‘Quelques textes sur les premiers temps de l'église latine de Jérusalem’, in Recueil Clovis Brunel, vol. 2, Paris, 1955, pp. 420–3, on the question of Arnulf's authority.
87. Ralph of Caen, pp. 81–2.
88. See J.G. Rowe, ‘Paschal II and the Relation between the Spiritual and the Temporal Powers in the Kingdom of Jerusalem’, Speculum, 32 (1957), 472.
89. Riley-Smith, Crusades, p. 54.
90. See H.E. Mayer, ‘The Origins of the Lordships of Ramla and Lydda in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem’, Speculum, 60 (1985), 537–41.
91. Raymond of Aguilers, p. 154. A bull of Paschal II in 1117 named two women with whom he was alleged to have had sexual relations, one a Christian, the wife of a certain Girard, the other a Muslim, by whom he had a son; Cartulaire du Saint-Sépulcre, no. 91, p. 208.
92. Guibert de Nogent, Dei Gesta per Francos, ed. R.B.C. Huygens, Corpus Christianorum, Continuatio Mediaevalis, 127A, Turnhout, 1996, 7.15, p. 291. Gesta Dei per Francos, tr. R. Levine, Woodbridge, 1997, pp. 135–6.
93. Ralph of Caen, p. 93. Tr. Bachrach and Bachrach, p. 127. The bishop came from a poor see in Calabria where he was a suffragan of the archbishopric of Cosenza, and he may have joined the expedition with the Italian Normans in the hope of improving his status and wealth. See A.V. Murray, ‘Norman Settlement in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem, 1099–1131’, Archivio Normanno-Svevo, 1 for 2008 (2009), 68–9.
94. Hamilton, Latin Church, p. 12. Symeon died at about this time, but the crusaders would not have known this. He may have left Cyprus for Constantinople before his death; after him a succession of Greek patriarchs in exile was elected.
95. Raymond of Aguilers, p. 154. The bishop of Martirano was still with the Christians in early August, when he was sent by Godfrey from Ramla to Jerusalem to report on the position of the Egyptian army to the counts waiting there. Raymond of Aguilers, p. 156. According to the Gesta Francorum, p. 94, he was taken by the Saracens while on the return journey from Jerusalem.
96. Ralph of Caen, pp. 107–8, 111–16. Tr. Bachrach and Bachrach, pp. 144–5
, 148–54. See Raymond of Aguilers, p. 154, who says that Arnulf despoiled other clerics by taking away their benefices.
97. AA, 8.1–48, pp. 586–637; FC, 2.16, pp. 428–33. See J.L. Cate, ‘The Crusade of 1101’, in A History of the Crusades, vol. 1, The First Hundred Years, ed. M.W. Baldwin, pp. 343–67.
98. FC, 2.6, pp. 388–9. Tr. F.R. Ryan, A History of the Expedition to Jerusalem, 1095–1127, ed. H. Fink, Knoxville, Tenn., 1969, pp. 149–50.
99. France, Victory in the East, pp. 117–18.
100. C. J. Tyerman, God's War: A New History of the Crusades, London, 2006, pp. 33–5.
101. Stephen's motives for leaving the crusade, ranging from illness to cowardice, are not agreed among contemporaries but the end result was the same. See J.A. Brundage, ‘An Errant Crusader: Stephen of Blois’, Traditio, 16 (1960), 388–90.
102. J. France, ‘Byzantium in Western Chronicles before the First Crusade’, in Knighthoods of Christ: Essays on the History of the Crusades and the Knights Templar Presented to Malcolm Barber, ed. N. Housley, Aldershot, 2007, pp. 3–16.
103. Gesta Francorum, p. 72; AA, 5.3, pp. 340–3. Albert's version seems to have been written in the knowledge that Alexius had turned back, accusing him of failing to provide promised aid and informing him that, as a consequence, they considered their oaths to him invalid. However, the Gesta says the legation was sent immediately after the defeat of Kerbogha on 28 June, at which time the crusaders could not have known about the meeting at Philomelium, and that its purpose was to ask Alexius ‘to come to take over the city and fulfil the obligations which he had undertaken towards them’.
104. Hagenmeyer, Kreuzzugsbriefe, no. XVI, pp. 164–5. Tr. Barber and Bate, Letters from the East, no. 8, p. 33.
105. France, ‘Byzantium in Western Chronicles’, p. 5.
106. See Pahlitzsch, Graeci und Suriani, pp. 73–7.
107. Anna Comnena, Alexiad, 11.6, pp. 282–3.
108. Hagenmeyer, Kreuzzugsbriefe, no. XX, p. 176. Tr. A.C. Krey, The First Crusade: The Accounts of Eyewitnesses and Participants, Princeton, NJ, 1921, pp. 264–5.
2 Syria and Palestine
1. Gesta Francorum, p. 27.
2. Ralph of Caen, p. 57. Tr. Bachrach and Bachrach, p. 85.
3. Ibn Butlan, in Palestine under the Moslems: A Description of Syria and the Holy Land from A.D. 650 to 1500, tr. G. Le Strange, introd. W. Khalidy, Khayats Oriental Reprints, 14, Beirut, 1965 (originally 1890), p. 370.
4. Ibn Butlan, p. 370. See R. Rogers, Latin Siege Warfare in the Twelfth Century, Oxford, 1992, pp. 26–8, and Asbridge, First Crusade, pp. 160–2.
5. Ralph of Caen, p. 47.
6. Raymond of Aguilers, p. 48. Tr. Hill and Hill, p. 31.
7. FC, 1.33, pp. 326–30. See G. Downey, A History of Antioch in Syria from Seleucus to the Arab Conquest, Princeton, NJ, 1961, pp. 17–18, and J.M. Wagstaff, The Evolution of Middle Eastern Landscapes: An Outline to A.D. 1840, London, 1985, p. 12.
8. Michael the Syrian, 19.9, pp. 348–9.
9. Ralph of Caen, p. 54. Tr. Bachrach and Bachrach, p. 81.
10. Hagenmeyer, Kreuzzugsbriefe, no. X, p. 150. Tr. Barber and Bate, Letters from the East, no. 5, p. 23.
11. AA, 5.13, pp. 354–5.
12. Ralph of Caen, p. 100. Tr. Bachrach and Bachrach, p. 136; Ibn al-Qalanisi, p. 295. See P.D. Mitchell, Medicine in the Crusades: Warfare, Wounds and the Medieval Surgeon, Cambridge, 2004, pp. 1–4.
13. Mukaddasi, Description of Syria, including Palestine, tr. G. Le Strange, Palestine Pilgrims’ Text Society, 3, London, 1896, p. 85.
14. J. Richard, Le Comté de Tripoli sous la dynastie toulousaine (1102–1187), Paris, 1945, pp. 1–2.
15. WT, 13.3, pp. 588–9. Tr. Babcock and Krey, A History of Deeds Done beyond the Sea, Records of Civilization, Sources and Studies, 35, New York, 1943, vol. 2, p. 5.
16. Richard, Comté, p. 3.
17. Ralph of Caen, pp. 100–1.
18. Peregrinationes Tres: Saewulf, John of Würzburg, Theodericus, ed. R.B.C. Huygens, Corpus Christianorum. Continuatio Mediaevalis, 139, Turnhout, 1994, p. 146; JP, p. 277. Huygens, pp. 27–9, dates Theoderic's pilgrimage to 1169.
19. B. Z. Kedar, ‘The Tractatus de locis et statu sancte terre ierosolimitane’, in The Crusades and their Sources: Essays Presented to Bernard Hamilton, ed. J. France and W.G. Zajac, Aldershot, 1998, p. 128. See M. Lombard, ‘Une carte du bois dans la Méditerranée musulmane (VIIe–XIe siècles)’, Annales ESC, 14 (1959), 236–40.
20. Ibn Butlan, p. 370.
21. FC, 1.14, p. 209. Tr. Ryan, p. 90. See Wagstaff, Evolution of Middle Eastern Landscapes, p. 16, and M. Amouroux-Mourad, Le Comté d'Édesse, 1098–1150, Bibliothèque Archéologique et Historique de l'Institut Français d'Archéologie du Proche-Orient, 128, Paris, 1988, pp. 19–20.
22. Matthew of Edessa, Armenia and the Crusades, Tenth to the Twelfth Centuries: The Chronicle of Matthew of Edessa, tr. A.E. Dostourian, Lanham, 1993, 2.130–1, p. 175.
23. Daniel the Abbot, ‘The Life and Journey of Daniel, Abbot of the Russian Land’, in JP, p. 161.
24. FC, 2.5, pp. 376–7. Tr. Ryan, p. 145. If Fulcher is following Roman practice, then a stade was 125 paces, equivalent to a little under an eighth of an English mile. The figures, however, are taken from Josephus, The Jewish War, 4.482.
25. Daniel, in JP, p. 141.
26. FC, 2.5, pp. 380–4.
27. FC, 2.56, pp. 594–5. It is possible that Baldwin built a fort here: see D. Pringle, Secular Buildings in the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: An Archaeological Gazetteer, Cambridge, 1997, P5, p. 113.
28. Downey, History of Antioch, p. 20; Wagstaff, Evolution of Middle Eastern Landscapes, p. 13.
29. John Phocas, ‘A General Description of the Settlements and Places Belonging to Syria and Phoenicia on the Way from Antioch to Jerusalem, and the Holy Places of Palestine’, in JP, p. 328.
30. Mukaddasi, pp. 39–41.
31. WT, 8.4, p. 388. A History of Deeds Done beyond the Sea, tr. E.A. Babcock and A.C. Krey, vol. 1, Records of Civilization, Sources and Studies, 35, New York, 1943, p. 346. See A.J. Boas, Jerusalem in the Time of the Crusades: Society, Landscape and Art in the Holy City under Frankish Rule, London, 2001, pp. 171–7, for the problems in supplying Jerusalem with water.
32. Mukaddasi, p. 85.
33. Raymond of Aguilers, p. 54.
34. M.-L. Bulst-Thiele, Sacrae Domus Templi Hierosolymitani Magistri, Göttingen, 1974, Anhang 1, no. 2, pp. 360–1. Tr. M. Barber and K. Bate, The Templars, Manchester Medieval Sources, Manchester, 2002, p. 100.
35. FC, 1.15, p. 224, 2.34, p. 505, 2.51, pp. 574–5, 2.52, pp. 578–9, 2.54, p. 590, 2.61, p. 605. Cf. the accounts of Walter the Chancellor and Matthew of Edessa of the great earthquake in Antioch in 1114: WC, 1.1, pp. 63–5, and Matthew of Edessa, 3.67, pp. 216–17. See also Ibn al-Qalanisi, pp. 326, 338, on the earthquakes of 1156 and 1157, which particularly affected Aleppo and Hama.
36. WT, 20.18, pp. 934–6. See H.E. Mayer, ‘Das syrische Erdbeben von 1170: Ein unedierter Brief König Amalrichs von Jerusalem’, Deutches Archiv für Erforschung des Mittelalters, 45 (1989), 474–7.
37. WC, Prologus, pp. 61–2. Tr. T.S. Asbridge and S.B. Edgington, The Antiochene Wars, Crusade Texts in Translation, 4, Aldershot, 1999, p. 78. Cf. FC, 2.52, p. 578, 2.60, pp. 602–3 (locusts, worms and mice), 3.62, pp. 822–3 (rats).
38. Ambroise, The History of the Holy War, ed. and tr. M. Ailes and M. Barber, 2 vols, Woodbridge, 2003, vol. 1, p. 95, vol. 2, p. 113.
39. WT, 19.16, pp. 885–6. Tr. Babcock and Krey, vol. 2, p. 317.
40. Raymond of Aguilers, p. 54.
41. See R. Dussaud, Topographie historique de la Syrie antique et médiévale, Haut-Commissariat de la République Française en Syrie et Liban, Service des Antiquités et des Beaux-Arts, Bibliothèque Archéologique et Historique, Paris, 1927, map XIV.
42. Much of it had survived because of falling population in the past, especially between the fifth and seventh centuries.
43. Ralph of Caen, p. 12
0. Tr. Bachrach and Bachrach, p. 159. See Dussaud, Topographie, pp. 413–15.
44. FC, 3.10, pp. 644–5. Even today, Jerash retains much of its splendour. It must have been awe-inspiring in the twelfth century, when so much more of it survived.
45. See Dussaud, Topographie, pp. 37–8, for Sidon, pp. 64–73, for Byblos. Sidon still had rich remains in the 1920s, including Greek sarcophagi and several layers of buildings. The description of the building of ‘Atlit (or Pilgrims’ Castle) is by Oliver of Paderborn, master of the cathedral school at Cologne: Historia Damiatina, ed. O. Hoogeweg, Die Schriften des Kölner Domscholasters, in Bibliothek des Litterarischen Vereins in Stuttgart, 202, Tübingen, 1894, pp. 169–72.
46. WT, 17.12, p. 776. Tr. Babcock and Krey, vol. 2, p. 202.
47. WT, 13.1, pp. 584–7. Tr. Babcock and Krey, vol. 2, pp. 1–4.
48. Mukaddasi, p. 4.
49. Downey, History of Antioch, pp. 5–13.
50. Gesta Francorum, p. 27.
51. Downey, History of Antioch, p. 272.
52. WT, 4.9, pp. 244–5. Tr. Babcock and Krey, vol. 1, p. 200.
53. WT, 8.1–2, pp. 381–4. Tr. Babcock and Krey, vol. 1, pp. 339–41. David actually captured a pre-existing settlement and Hadrian's rebuilding only partially coincided with that of the earlier city.
54. S. Schein, Gateway to the Heavenly City: Crusader Jerusalem and the Catholic West (1099–1187), Aldershot, 2005, pp. 1, 18–20.
55. ODCC, pp. 868–9.
56. Baldric of Dol, Historia Jerosolimitani, in RHCr, Occid., vol. 4, p. 12. Tr. L. and J. Riley-Smith, Crusades: Idea and Reality, p. 49.
57. WC, 1.1, p. 63. Tr. Asbridge and Edgington, p. 81.
58. Peregrinationes Tres, p.137. See A. Grabois, ‘Le pèlerin occidental en Terre Sainte à l'époque des croisades et ses réalités: La relation de pèlerinage de Jean de Wurtzbourg’, in Études de civilisation médiévale (IXe–XIIe siècles): Mélanges offerts à Edmond-René Labande, Poitiers, 1974, pp. 367–76.
59. Hamilton, Latin Church, pp. 159–60. See, however, the inadequacies of conventional nomenclature, as well as the confusion this caused the Latins: A. Jotischky, ‘Ethnographic Attitudes in the Crusader States: The Franks and the Indigenous Orthodox People’, in East and West in the Crusader States: Context – Contacts – Confrontations, III, Acta of the Congress Held at Hernen Castle in September 2000, ed. K. Ciggaar and H. Teule, Leuven, 2003, pp. 3–4.
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