The Wilderness Warrior
Page 123
44. Raymond Esthus, Theodore Roosevelt and Japan (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1967), pp. 132–135.
45. William C. Dennis Memorandum to President Roosevelt, September 10, 1907.
46. Duane A. Smith, Women to the Rescue (Durango, Colo.: Durango Herald Small Press, 2005), p. iv.
47. Char Miller, “Landmark Decision: The Antiquities Act, Big Stick Conservation, and the Modern State,” in David Harmon, Francis P. McManamon, and Dwight T. Pitcaithley (eds.), The Antiquities Act (Tucson: The University of Arizona Press, 2006), pp. 64–78.
48. Smith, Women to the Rescue, pp. 54–55.
49. Ibid., p. 56.
50. “Two Roosevelt Bears for the Bronx Zoo; Cubs Caught in Colorado Brought to the Park. Named Teddy B and Teddy G. Presented to the Society by an Admirer of Their Namesake in the Sunday Times,” New York Times (June 1, 1906), p. 9.
51. Ibid.
52. Phillips Verner Bradford and Harvey Blume, Ota Benga: The Pygmy in the Zoo (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1992), p. 177.
53. Jay Maeder, “The Little Man in the Zoo,” in Big Town, Big Time: A New York Epic, 1898–1998 (New York: New York Daily News, 1999), p. 23.
54. Ibid.
55. “Benga Tried to Kill; Pygmy Slashes at Keeper Who Objected to His Garb,” New York Times (September 25, 1906), p. 1.
56. Hornaday quoted in Maeder, “The Little Man in the Zoo.”
57. “Negro Ministers Act to Free the Pygmy,” New York Times (September 11, 1906), p. 2.
58. “African Pygmy’s Fate Is Still Undecided,” New York Times (September 18, 1906), p. 9.
59. Ibid.
60. Bradford and Blume, Ota Benga, p. 192.
61. Hornaday quoted ibid., p. 220.
62. Karl W. Gibson, Saving Darwin: How to Be a Christian and Believe in Evolution (New York: HarperOne, 2008), p. 73.
63. Mattison, “Devils Tower.”
64. Richard West Sellars, Preserving Nature in the National Parks: A History (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1997), p. 13.
65. Roy M. Robbins, Our Landed Heritage: The Public Domain 1776–1936 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1962), p. 333.
66. Ellensburg (Washington) Dawn (October 18, 1902), reprinted ibid.
67. T.R. to Gifford Pinchot (August 24, 1906).
68. Ibid.
69. Ibid.
70. Recommendations reported by W. A. Richards, F. H. Newell and Gifford Pinchot, Annual Reports of the Interior (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1905).
71. Deanne Stillman, Mustang: The Saga of the Wild Horse in the American West (Boston, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin, 2008), p. 239.
72. New York Times (November 5, 1906), and Washington Post (November 5, 1906).
73. T.R. to Kermit Roosevelt (November 4, 1906), and T.R. to William Sewall (January 2, 1907).
74. T.R., “Small Country Neighbors,” Scribner’s Magazine, Vol. 42, No. 4 (Ocober 1907).
75. T.R. to William S. Harvey (September 16, 1906).
76. Robbins, Our Landed Heritage, p. 336.
77. William T. Hornaday, “John F. Lacey,” Annals of Iowa, XI, No. 1 (Des Moines, Iowa, April 1913, 3D series), pp. 582–584.
78. T.R. to Kermit Roosevelt (November 20, 1906).
79. H. E. Anthony, “Panama Mammals Collected in 1914–1915,” Bulletin of American Museum of Natural History, Vol. 35 (New York: American Museum of Natural History, 1916), pp. 357–376.
80. T.R. to Kermit Roosevelt (November 23, 1906).
81. T.R. to Kermit Roosevelt (December 5, 1906).
82. Charles F. Lummis, “Strange Corners of our Country,” St. Nicholas (1891).
83. Josh Protas, A Past Preserved in Stone: A History of Montezuma Castle National Monument (Tucson, Ariz.: Western National Parks Association, 2002).
84. John B. Jackson, A Sense of Place, A Sense of Time (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1994), pp. 24–25.
85. John F. Lacey, “The Petrified Forest National Park of Arizona.”
23: THE PREHISTORIC SITES OF 1907
1. “James Rudolph Garfield,” Washington Post (April 1, 1907), p. E4 from the Saturday Evening Post.
2. Ibid.
3. George Bird Grinnell, Blackfoot Lodge Tales: The Story of a Prairie People (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1892); By Cheyenne Campfires (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1926); Pawnee Hero Stories and Folk Tales: With Notes on the Origin, Customs, and Character of the Pawnee People (New York: Forest and Stream, 1889).
4. T.R. to James Garfield (February 1, 1908).
5. Roy M. Robbins, Our Landed Heritage: The Public Domain, 1776–1970 (second edition) (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1976), pp. 346–347.
6. Ibid., p. 347.
7. T.R. Memorandum (March 2, 1907).
8. Terry Richard, “Teddy Roosevelt and North Dakota,” The Oregonian, August 10, 2003 (put online March 11, 2008).
9. William H. Harbaugh, “The Theodore Roosevelts’ Retreat in Southern Albemarle: Pine Knot, 1905–1908,” Magazine of Albemarle County History, Vol. 51 (1933), p. 29.
10. Charles F. Clarke, Theodore Roosevelt and the Great Adventure (Des Moines: Garner Publishing Co., 1959), p. 109.
11. T.R., An Autobiography (New York: Macmillan, 1913), pp. 419–420.
12. T.R. to John Burroughs (March 12, 1907).
13. Congressional Record (March 10, 1914), pp. 4, 633.
14. T.R., “The People of the Pacific Coast,” Outlook Vol. 99, No. 4 (September 23, 1911).
15. T.R. to James Wilson (June 7, 1907).
16. Centennial (Wyoming) Post (March 30, 1908).
17. T.R. to Kermit Roosevelt (March 31, 1907).
18. Ellen Glasgow, The Woman Within (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1954), pp. 208–209.
19. Ron Chernow, The Titan (Random House: New York, 1998), p. 435.
20. David Nasaw, The Chief: The Life of William Randolph Hearst (Boston, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin, 2000), pp. 104–149.
21. “The History of Arbor Day,” Arbor Day Foundation, www.arborday.org/arbor day/history.cfm (Archive in Nebraska City, Nebraska).
22. “President for Trees,” Washington Post (April 15, 1907), p. 1.
23. Ibid.
24. “Roosevelt to Children,” New York Times (April 15, 1907), p. 5.
25. T.R. to James Wilson (June 7, 1907).
26. T.R. quoted in Edmund Morris, Theodore Rex (New York: Random House, 2001), p. 507.
27. T.R. to Kermit Roosevelt (June 5, 1907) and T.R., “Small Country Neighbors,” Scribner’s Magazine, Vol. 42, No. 4 (October 1907).
28. Andrew D. Blechman, Pigeons: The Fascinating Saga of the World’s Most Revered and Reviled Bird (New York: Grove, 2006), pp. 52–53.
29. Morris, Theodore Rex, pp. 490–491.
30. Harbaugh, “The Theodore Roosevelts’ Retreat in Southern Albemarle,” pp. 31–32.
31. W. B. Mershon, The Passenger Pigeon (New York: Outing, 1907).
32. Gary Scharnhorst, “Introduction,” in Frederic Remington, John Ermine of the Yellowstone (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2008), pp. v–xii.
33. Independent (February 26, 1903), p. 506.
34. T.R. to Frederic Remington (July 17, 1907).
35. David Starr Jordan, “Personal Glimpses of Theodore Roosevelt,” Natural History, Vol. 19 (January 19, 1919), p. 16.
36. T.R., A Book-Lover’s Holidays in the Open (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1916), p. 42.
37. “How Old Is Cinder Cone?—Solving a Mystery in Lassen Volcanic National Park” (Washington D.C.: National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, 2009).
38. Ibid.
39. “Nature and Science” (Lassen Volcanic National Park, National Park Service).
40. “Theodore Roosevelt before National Editorial Association, Jamestown, Virginia (June 10, 1907),” Presidential Addresses and State Papers, Vol. 6 (New York: The Review of Reviews Company, 1910), pp. 1310–1311.
41. T.R. to Archie Roosevelt (September 21, 1907).
43. T.R. to John Parker (March 5, 1913).
44. T.R., “In the Louisiana Canebrakes,” Scribner’s Magazine, Vol. 43 (January—June 1908).
45. Stephen E. Ambrose and Douglas G. Brinkley, The Mississippi and the Making of a Nation (Washington D.C.: National Geographic Books, 2003), pp. 132–149.
46. Louisiana Federal Writers’ Project (Louisiana State University, 1941), p. 593.
47. T.R., “Our Vanishing Wild Life,” Outlook (January 25, 1913).
48. Minor Ferris Buchanan, Holt Collier (Jackson, Mississippi: Centennial Press, 2002), p. 189.
49. Buchanan, Holt Collier, p. 189.
50. T.R., “In the Louisiana Canebrakes.”
51. Dutch Salmon, “Mountain Men of the Gila,” www.southernnewmexico.com (January 11, 2003).
52. T.R., “In the Louisiana Canebrakes.”
53. Ibid.
54. Ibid.
55. Harris Dickson, “When the President Hunts,” Saturday Evening Post (August 8, 1908), p. 24.
56. T.R., “In the Louisiana Canebrakes.”
57. Ibid.
58. Ibid.
59. Ibid.
60. R. L. Wilson, Theodore Roosevelt, Outdoorsman rev. ed. (Agoura, Calif.: Trophy Room, 1994), p. 210.
61. William M. Gibson, Theodore Roosevelt among the Humorists: W. D. Howells, Mark Twain, and Mr. Dooley (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1980), p. 24.
62. Bernard DeVoto (ed.), Mark Twain in Eruption (New York: Harper, 1940), pp. 10–18.
63. T.R. to George Otto Trevelyan (January 22, 1906).
64. Chris Darimont quoted in Anne Minard, “Hunters Speeding Up Evolution of Trophy Prey,” National Geographic News (January 12, 2009).
65. Karyl Whitman, Anthony M. Star-field, Henley S. Quadling and Craig Parker, “Sustainable Trophy Hunting of African Lions,” Nature, 428 (March 11, 2004), pp. 175–178. Also see Lily Huang, “It’s Survival of the Weak and Scrawny,” Newsweek (January 12, 2009).
66. Cornelia Dean, “Research Ties Human Acts to Harmful Rates of Species Evolution,” New York Times (January 13, 2009), p. D3.
67. Interview with Chris Darimont (January 15, 2009).
68. DeVoto (ed.), Mark Twain in Eruption, p. 49.
69. “Gila Cliff Dwellings: An Administrative History” (Washington, D.C.: Gila Cliff Dwellings National Monument, National Park Service, Department of the Interior, 2009).
70. Salmon, “Mountain Men of the Gila.”
71. Aldo Leopold, A Sand County Almanac (New York: Oxford University Press, 1949), p. 130.
24: MIGHTY BIRDS
1. Herbert Keightley Job Collection, Watkinson Library, Trinity College, Hartford, Connecticut. The collection includes more than 400 letters, 326 glass plate slides, and fourteen notebooks.
2. Herbert K. Job, Wild Wings: Adventures of a Camera Hunter among the Larger Wild Birds of North America on Sea and Land (Boston, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin, 1905), p. 44.
3. “Mr. H. K. Job on Bird Photography,” Harvard Crimson (April 27, 1906).
4. Herbert K. Job, “Bird Castles in the Rocks,” Outing Magazine (June 1909), Vol. 54, No. 3.
5. T.R. to Herbert K. Job, quoted in “The Viewpoint: A Humane Sportsman and a Gentle Naturalist,” Outing Magazine, Vol. 54, No. 3 (June 1909).
6. Job, Wild Wings, pp. 54–55.
7. “In and Around Boston,” Congregationalist and Christian World, Vol. 90, No. 39 (September 30, 1905).
8. Ibid. Also “Wild Wings at the Minister’s Meeting,” Congregationalist and Christian World, Vol. 90, No. 30 (September 30, 1905), p. 442.
9. T.R. to Herbert K. Job (introductory letter to Wild Wings). Also see Herbert K. Job, Among the Water-Fowl (New York: Doubleday, Page, 1905).
10. T.R., “The People of the Pacific Coast,” Outlook, Vol. 99, No. 4 (September 23, 1911).
11. “Where Birds Are Safe from Guns,” Friends’ Intelligencer, Vol. 66, No. 27 (July 3, 1909).
12. John Muir, Steep Trails (Boston, Mass., and New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1918), p. 146.
13. W. C. Henderson, “1885—Fiftieth Anniversary Notes—1935,” Vol. 16, Nos. 4–6, Survey (April–June 1935), p. 65.
14. Ernest Harold Baynes, Wild Bird Guests: How to Entertain Them (New York: Dutton, 1915), pp. 40–41.
15. Ira N. Gabrielson, Wildlife Refuges (New York: Macmillan, 1943), pp. 3–8.
16. Aldo Leopold, Game Management (New York: Scribner, 1933), p. 17.
17. “Annual Report for 1907,” quoted in Ira N. Gabrielson, Wildlife Refuges, p. 10.
18. United States Coast Pilot: Pacific Coast: California, Oregon, and Washington (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1917), p. 145.
19. T.R., A Book-Lover’s Holidays in the Open (New York: Scribner, 1916), pp. 365—368.
20. Roger Tory Peterson, “Foreword,” in Worth Mathewson, William L. Finley: Pioneer Wildlife Photographer (Corvallis: Oregon State University Press, 1986), pp. 1–2.
21. “Three Arch Rocks Refuge Celebrates Centennial,” Oregon Coast National Wildlife Refuge, Complex Archive news release (September 27, 2007).
22. Robin W. Doughty, Feather Fashions and Bird Preservation, pp. 19–20.
23. Robert L. Fischman, The National Wildlife Refuges: Coordinating a Conservation System through Law (Washington, D.C.: Island, 2003), p. 212.
24. Dallas Lore Sharp, Sanctuary! Sanctuary! (New York: Harper, 1971), pp. 19–20. (Originally printed by Dallas Lore Sharp in 1926.)
25. “Flattery Rocks National Wildlife Refuge,” U.S. Fish and Wildlife Information Sheet.
26. Berthold Seemann, F.L.S., “Narrative of the Voyage of H.M.S. Herald: During the Years 1845–1851, under the Command of Captain Henry Kellett, in Two Volumes, Vol. 1 (London: Beeve, Henrietta Street, Covent Garden, 1853).
27. Author interview, Kevin Ryan, Clallam County, Washington (September 30, 2009).
28. Roy Crandall, “To Give the Birds a Refuge,” Technical World Magazine, Vol. 11 (April 1909).
29. “What’s in a Refuge Name?” Fish and Wildlife News, Special Edition (December 1978–January 1979), p. 8.
30. William Burt, The Disappearing Eden (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001), pp. 102–107.
31. William L. Finley, “Federal Bird Reservations,” Nature Magazine (May 1926).
32. E.W.S., “Save the Birds,” Outlook (February 27, 1909).
33. C. Hart Merriam, Report of the Chief of the Bureau of Biological Survey 1909 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1909), p. 16.
34. Warren Zeiller, Introducing the Manatee (Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1992), p. 116.
35. T.R., “The Conservation of Wild-life,” Outlook (January 20, 1915).
36. Clara Barrus, The Life and Letters of John Burroughs, Vol. 2 (Boston: Mass.: Houghton Mifflin, 1925), p. 42.
37. Alfred Henry Garrod, “Notes on the Manatee (Manatus Americanous) Recently Living in Society’s Gardens,” in The Collected Scientific Papers of the Late Alfred Henry Garrod, W. A. Forbes (ed.) (London: R. H. Porter, 1881) pp. 303–313. Outram Bangs, “The Present Standing of the Florida Manatee, Trichechus Latirostris (Harlan) in the Indian River Waters,” American Naturalist, Vol. 29 (September 1895), p. 345.
38. Robert Barnwell Roosevelt, Florida and the Game Water-Birds of the Atlantic Coast and the Lakes of the United States (New York: Orange Judd, 1884), p. 10.
39. Zeiller, Introducing the Manatee, p. 98; and “Along the Florida Reef,” Harper’s New Monthly Magazine (1876).
40. Marston Bates, The Forest and the Sea (New York: Knopf, 1960), p. 31.
41. Carl Safina, Voyage of the Turtle: In Pursuit of the Earth’s Last Dinosaur (New York: Holt, 2006), p. 61.
42. Kathryn Hall Proby, Audubon in Florida (Coral Gables: University of Miami Press, 1974), p. 75.
43. “Dry Tortugas National Park: Superintendent Annual Narrative Report (fiscal year 2004)” and “Park Vision” (Archives)
2007 Timeline, Dry Tortugas, Fla.
44. Rachel Carson, The Edge of the Sea (Boston, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin, 1955), p. 204.
45. Mark H. Lytle, The Gentle Subversive (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007), p. 79.
46. Job, Wild Wings, p. 87.
47. Alexander Sprunt, Jr., “The Tern Colonies of the Dry Tortugas Keys,” Auk, Vol. 65, No. 1 (January 1948), pp. 5–6.
48. James W. Porter and Karen G. Porter, The Everglades, Florida Bay, and Coral Reefs of the Florida Keys (Boca Raton: CRC, 2002), pp. 829–830. See also Florida Department of Environmental Protection Report (2007).
49. Elizabeth Weise, “Scientists: Global Warming Could Kill Off Reefs by 2050,” USA Today (December 13, 2007), p. A1.
50. Bird-Lore, October 1, 1907, Vol. IX, No. 5.
51. Pine Island Files, Mission Statements, Pine Island National Wildlife Refuge, Sanibel, Fla. Today Pine Island is part of the J. N. “Ding” Darling National Wildlife Refuge Complex, named after a famous political cartoonist who had a penchant for conservation.
52. Dr. William Wilbanks, Forgotten Heroes: Police Officers Killed in Early Florida, 1840–1925 (Paducah, Ky.: Turner, 1998), p. 98.
53. Michael Wisenbaker, “The Hermit Warden of Cayo Pelau,” Florida Monthly (April 2005), pp. 26–27.
54. B. S. Bowdish, “Ornithological Miscellany from Audubon Wardens,” Auk, Vol. 26, No. 1 (January 9, 1909).
55. Columbus McLeod, “White Pelicans,” Auk, Vol. 26 (January 1909).
56. “Public Opinion,” E.W.S., “Save the Birds,” Outlook (February 27, 1909).
57. Frank M. Chapman, “A Case in Point,” Bird-Lore, Vol. 18 (1916).
58. Wisenbaker, “The Hermit Warden of Cayo Pelau,” p. 26.
59. Lindsey Williams, “Audubon Warden McLeod Murdered for Feathers on Ladies Hats,” Charlotte Sun Herald, April 26, 1992 and Joe Crankshaw, “Warden’s Valor Saved Egrets From Extinction,” Miami Herald Tropic Magazine, June 8, 1992.
60. St. Augustine Record, quoted in Lindsey Williams and U. S. Cleveland, Our Fascinating Past (Punta Gorda, Fla.: Charlotte Harbor Area Historical Society, 1993), p. 211.
61. E.W.S., “Save the Birds,” Outlook (February 27, 1909).
62. Raymond Ditmars, The Reptile Book (New York: Doubleday Page, 1908).
63. L. N. Wood, Raymond L. Ditmars: His Exciting Career with Reptiles, Animals, and Insects (New York: Julian Messner, 1944), p. 132.