Lenin, Stalin, and Hitler
Page 75
10. Mihail Sebastian, Journal, 1935-1944 (Chicago, 2000), 369-70.
11. July 12, 1941, entry, in ibid., 378.
12. For a graphic account, see Michael Burleigh, The Third Reich: A New History (London, 2000), 620–29.
13. Ancel, “Antonescu and the Jews,” 470.
14. Ilya Ehrenburg and Vasily Grossman, eds., The Complete Black Book of Russian Jewry (London, 2002), 59.
15. No. 167, in DGFP, vol. 13, 266-67.
16. No. 661, in ibid., vol. 12, 1071.
17. No. 667, in ibid., vol. 13, 1077-78.
18. Cited in DRZW, vol. 4, 360.
19. Hillgruber, Staatsmänner und Diplomaten bei Hitler, vol. 1, 614-15.
20. The compelling story is told well by Michael Bar-Zohar, Beyond Hitler’s Grasp: The Heroic Rescue of Bulgaria’s Jews (Holbrook, Mass., 1998).
21. See Robert O. Paxton, Vichy France: Old Guard and New Order, 1940–1944 (New York, 1972), 95, 118.
22. No. 78, in DGFP, vol. 13, 94-95.
23. No. 114, in ibid., 149-50.
24. Paxton, Vichy France, 314, 320.
25. Barry Leach, German Strategy Against Russia, 1939-1941 (Oxford, 1973), 176-91.
26. See Michael R. Marrus and Robert O. Paxton, Vichy France and the Jews (New York, 1981), 368, 372.
27. No. 532, in DGFP, vol. 11, 899-902.
28. Jan. 9, 1941, entry, in KTB, vol. 1, 258.
29. March 3, 1941, entry, in ibid., 341.
30. Ibid.
31. Doc. 1, in Hans-Adolf Jacobson, “Kommissarbefehl und Massenexekutioen sowjetischer Kreigsgefangener,” in Hans Buchheim et al., Anatomie des SS-Staates(Frankfurt am Main, 1967) vol. 2, 167.
32. Doc. 2, in ibid., 170–71.
33. Jacobson, ed., Halder, Kriegstagebuch, vol. 2, 320.
34. Cited in DRZW, vol. 4, 416-17.
35. March 30, 1941, entry, in Jacobson, ed., Halder, Kriegstagebuch, vol. 2, 336-37.
36. DRZW, vol. 4, 428.
37. Doc. 2718-PS, in IMT, vol. 31, 84.
38. For an overview, see Robert Gellately, “The Third Reich, the Holocaust, and Visions of Serial Genocide,” in Robert Gellately and Ben Kiernan, eds., The Specter of Genocide: Mass Murder in Historical Perspective (Cambridge, U.K., 2003), 241–63.
39. The plan and its implications are discussed by the excellent Christian Gerlach, Kaluklierte Morde: Die deutsche Wirtschafts-und Vernichtungspolitik in Weißrußland, 1941 bis 1944 (Hamburg, 1999), 44-58.
40. See Czeslaw Madajczyk et al., eds., Vom Generalplan Ost zum Generalsiedlungsplan (Munich, 1994).
41. See the examples in Mechtild Rössler and Sabine Schleiermacher, eds., Der “Generalplan Ost”: Hauptlinien der nationalsozialistischen Planungs-und Vernichtungspolitik (Berlin, 1993).
42. Doc. 5a, in Jacobson, “Kommissarbefehl,” 176; DRZW, vol. 4, 429.
43. Doc. 8, in Jacobson, “Kommissarbefehl,” 182-83.
44. DRZW, vol. 4, 433-34.
45. Fedor von Bock, The War Diary, 1939-1945 (Atglen, Pa., 1996), 217-18.
46. Doc. 11, in Jacobsen, “Kommissarbefehl,” 187.
47. Doc. 12, in ibid., 189.
48. DRZW, vol. 4, 437.
49. May 6, 1941, entry, in Jacobson, ed., Halder, Kriegstagebuch, vol. 2, 399.
50. DRZW, vol. 4, 445-46.
51. Cited in ibid., 446.
CHAPTER 28: WAR AGAINST THE COMMUNISTS: OPERATION BARBAROSSA
1. Barry Leach, German Strategy Against Russia, 1939-1941 (Oxford, 1973), 192.
2. June 22, 1941, entry, in KTB, vol. 1, 417; June 24, 1941, entry, in Hans-Adolf Jacobson, ed., Generaloberst Halder, Kriegstagebuch; tägliche Aufzeichnungen des Chefs des Generalstabes des Heeres, 1939-1942 (Stuttgart, 1962-64), vol. 3, 11.
3. June 26 and July 7, 1941; Meldungen aus dem Reich, vol. 7, 2443, 2470.
4. David M. Glantz, Colossus Reborn: The Red Army at War, 1941–1943 (Lawrence, Kans., 2005), 5-24.
5. Geoffrey P. Megargee, Inside Hitler’s High Command (Lawrence, Kans., 2000), 143.
6. DRZW, vol. 4, 183.
7. Jacobson, ed., Halder, Kriegstagebuch, vol. 3, 38, also for what follows.
8. Elke Fröhlich et al., eds., Die Tagebücher von Joseph Goebbels (Munich, 2005ff.), part 2, vol. 1, 30–32.
9. Doc. 221–L, in IMT, vol. 38, 86-94.
10. See Leach, German Strategy Against Russia, 213.
11. Ibid., 219.
12. For the background and enforcement of stringent regulations, see Robert Gellately, Backing Hitler: Consent and Coercion in Nazi Germany (Oxford, 2001), 151–82.
13. No. 265, in DGFP, vol. 13, 431.
14. KTB, vol. 1, 1061–68; Aug. 22, 1941, entry, in Jacobson, ed., Halder, Kriegstagebuch, vol. 3, 192-93.
15. Aug. 21, 1941, entry, in KTB, vol. 1, 1061–68; DRZW, vol. 4, 552.
16. Cited in David M. Glantz, The Battle for Leningrad, 1941–1944 (Lawrence, Kans., 2002), 81.
17. No. 327, in DGFP, vol. 13, 518-20.
18. Cited in Glantz, Battle for Leningrad, 86.
19. DRZW, vol. 4, 553.
20. Hitler: Reden und Proklamationen, vol. 4, 1756-57.
21. For example, it was finally published in Romania more than a week later. See Oct. 10, 1941, entry, in Mihail Sebastian, Journal, 1935-1944 (Chicago, 2000), 415.
22. No. 388, in DGFP, vol. 13, 623-24.
23. Ian Kershaw, Hitler, 1936-45: Nemesis (New York, 2000), 465.
24. Cited in Megargee, Inside Hitler’s High Command, 135.
25. Oct. 10 and 19, 1941, entries, in Fedor von Bock, The War Diary, 1939-1945 (Atglen, Pa., 1996), 329, 336.
26. Oct. 20, 1941, entry, in ibid., 337.
27. Oct. 12, 1941, entry, in ibid., 331.
28. See Nov. 7, 1941, entry, in Jacobsen, ed., Halder, Kriegstagebuch, vol. 3, 282-83.
29. DRZW, vol. 4, 589.
30. Bock, War Diary, 366.
31. Ibid., 373.
32. Jacobson, ed., Halder, Kriegstagebuch, vol. 3, 321–22. On the distance and dates, see 1. C. B. Dear and M. R. D. Foot, eds., The Oxford Companion to World War II (Oxford, 1995), 112-13.
33. See Klaus Latzel, Deutsche Soldaten—nationalsozialistischer Krieg? Kriegserlebnis—Kriegserfahrung, 1939-1945 (Paderborn, 1998), 52.
34. Tagebücher von Goebbels, Nov. 30, 1941, entry, in part 2, vol. 1, 398-99.
35. Hitler: Reden und Proklamationen, vol. 4, 1793-1811.
36. Tagebücher von Goebbels, Dec. 10, 1941, entry, in part 2, vol. 1, 459-69; on the Dec. 12, 1941, letters, see ibid., 483.
37. Gerd R. Ueberschär, in Dear and Foot, Oxford Companion to World War II, 113.
CHAPTER 29: WAR AGAINST THE JEWS: DEATH SQUADS IN THE EAST
1. “Der Bolschewismus enthüllt sein jüdisches Gesicht,” in VB, July 10, 1941.
2. See, for example, Helmut Krausnick and Hans-Heinrich Wilhelm, Die Truppe des Weltanschauungskrieges: Die Einsatzgruppen der Sicherheitspolizei und des SD, 1938-1942 (Stuttgart, 1981), 637-46.
3. The document, also for what follows, is cited in Peter Longerich, Politik der Vernichtung: Eine Gesamtdarstellung der nationalsozialistischen Judenverfolgung (Munich, 1998), 315-16.
4. See Christopher R. Browning, The Origins of the Final Solution: The Evolution of Nazi Jewish Policy, September 1939-March 1942 (Lincoln, Neb., 2004), 274.
5. See Christopher R. Browning, Ordinary Men: Reserve Police Battalion 101 and the Final Solution in Poland (New York, 1992).
6. Jan T. Gross, Neighbors: The Destruction of the Jewish Community in Jed-wabne, Poland (Princeton, N. J., 2001), 155.
7. Ibid., 46.
8. Ibid., 78.
9. Doc. 180–L, in IMT, vol. 37, 670–717.
10. See Peter Klein, ed., Die Einsatzgruppen in der besetzten Sowjetunion, 1941–42: Die Tätigkeits-und Lageberichte des Chefs der Sicherheitspolizei und des SD (Berlin, 1997).
11. Krausnick and Wilhelm, Truppe des Weltanschauungskrieges, 540–41.
12. Longerich, Politik der Vernichtung, 336.
13. Mar
tin Dean, Collaboration in the Holocaust: Crimes of the Local Police in Belorussia and Ukraine, 1941–1944 (New York, 2000), 43.
14. See table 1 in Christian Gerlach, “Die Einsatzgruppe B 1941–42,” in Klein, Einsatzgruppen in der besetzten Sowjetunion, 62.
15. Cited in Ian Kershaw, Hitler, 1936-45: Nemesis (New York, 2000), 465.
16. Cited in Omer Bartov, Hitler’s Army: Soldiers, Nazis, and War in the Third Reich (Oxford, 1992), 129-30; see also Wolfram Wette, Die Wehrmacht: Feindbilder, Vernichtungskrieg, Legenden (Frankfurt am Main, 2002), 100–2; Longerich, Politik der Vernichtung, 405-6.
17. Bartov, Hitler’s Army, 130–31.
18. Christian Gerlach, “Verbrechen deutscher Fronttruppen in Weißrußland, 1941–1944: Eine Annäherung,” in Karl Heinrich Pohl, ed., Wehrmacht und Vernichtungspolitik: Militär im nationalsozialistischen System (Göttingen, 1999), 101.
19. Ben Shepherd, War in the Wild East: The German Army and Soviet Partisans (Cambridge, Mass., 2004), 63.
20. Cited in ibid., 65.
21. Letter 352 from a corporal, July 22, 1942, in Ortwin Buchbender and Reinhold Sterz, eds., Das andere Gesicht des Krieges: Deutsche Feldpostbriefe, 1939-1945 (Munich, 1982), 172.
22. Letter 351 from a noncommissioned officer, July 18, 1942, in ibid., 171.
23. Cited in Bartov, Hitler’s Army, 163.
24. Walter Manoschek, ed., “Es gibt nur eines für das Judentum: Vernichtung”: Das Judenbild in deutschen Soldentenbriefen, 1939-1944 (Hamburg, 1995), 51.
25. Ibid., 59.
26. Bartov, Hitler’s Army, 153-55.
27. See letters from the front cited in Stephen G. Fritz, Frontsoldaten: The German Soldier in World War II(Lexington, Ky., 1995), 195-206.
28. Cited in Shepherd, War in the Wild East, 71.
29. Bartov, Hitler’s Army, 83-84.
30. DRZW, vol. 4, 1040–41.
31. Ibid., 1040, 1044.
32. Wette, Wehrmacht, 118, also for what follows.
33. Dieter Pohl, Nationalsozialistische Judenverfolgung in Ostgalizien, 1941–1944 (Munich, 1996), 61; Longerich, Politik der Vernichtung, 337, cites a report of seven thousand killed in Lvov.
34. Pohl, Nationalsozialistische Judenverfolgung in Ostgalizien, 62-63.
35. Wette, Wehrmacht, 119.
36. Karel C. Berkhoff, Harvest of Despair: Life and Death in Ukraine Under Nazi Rule (Cambridge, Mass., 2004), 32-33.
37. Kate Brown, A Biography of No Place: From Ethnic Borderland to Soviet Heartland (Cambridge, Mass., 2004), 213, 218.
38. Wendy Lower, Nazi Empire-Building and the Holocaust in Ukraine (Chapel Hill, N.C., 2005), 70.
39. Peter Witte et al., eds., Der Dienstkalender Heinrich Himmlers, 1941–42 (Hamburg, 1999), 201–49, 195.
CHAPTER 30: THE “FINAL SOLUTION” AND DEATH CAMPS
1. Henrik Eberle and Matthias Uhl, eds., The Hitler Book: The Secret Dossier Prepared for Stalin from the Interrogations of Hitler’s Personal Aides (New York, 2005), 105.
2. For an excellent account of the scholarly literature and convincing analysis, see Ian Kershaw, “Hitler’s Role in the ‘Final Solution,’” Yad Vashem Studies (2006), 7-43.
3. Werner Jochmann, ed., Monologue im Führerhauptquartier, 1941–1944 (Hamburg, 1980), 82.
4. Hitler: Reden und Proklamationen, vol. 3, 1058.
5. Ibid., vol. 4, 1663-64.
6. David Bankier, The Germans and the Final Solution: Public Opinion Under Nazism (Oxford, 1992), 139-40.
7. For an examination, see Robert Gellately, Backing Hitler: Consent and Coercion in Nazi Germany (Oxford, 2001), 121–50.
8. Cited in Richard Breitman, The Architect of Genocide: Himmler and the Final Solution (London, 1991), 192-93.
9. Christopher R. Browning, The Origins of the Final Solution: The Evolution of Nazi Jewish Policy, September 1939-March 1942 (Lincoln, Neb., 2004), 371.
10. Christian Gerlach, Kaluklierte Morde: Die deutsche Wirtschafts-und Vernichtungspolitik in Weißrußland, 1941 bis 1944 (Hamburg, 1999), 628-46; for a similar argument about the importance of decisions on the periphery, but also holding open the possibility that Berlin might have been involved, see Dieter Pohl, Nationalsozialistische Judenverfolgung in Ostgalizien, 1941–1944 (Munich, 1996), 139-43; for an August date, see also Ralf Orgorreck, Die Einsatzgruppen und die “Genesis der Endlösung” (Berlin, 1996), 210; for a seamless transition to a “drastic sharpening” of measures against the Jews in Galicia, without a recognizable order from Himmler, see Thomas Sandkühler, “Endlösung” in Galizien: Der Judenmord in Ostpolen und die Rettungsinitiativen von Berthold Beitz, 1941–1944 (Bonn, 1996), 137.
11. Peter Witte et al., eds., Der Dienstkalender Heinrich Himmlers, 1941–42 (Hamburg, 1999), 201–49.
12. See Gerald Fleming, Hitler and the Final Solution (Berkeley, Calif., 1984), 50ff., esp. 51–52.
13. Reichsführer-SS to Gottlob Berger, July 28, 1942, Berlin Document Center, cited in Kershaw, “Hitler’s Role,” 37.
14. Elke Fröhlich et al., eds., Die Tagebücher von Joseph Goebbels (Munich, 2005ff.), part 2, vol. 1, 476-87.
15. Jochmann, Monologue im Führerhauptquartier, 90.
16. Ibid., 99.
17. Oct. 24, 1941, entry, in Witte et al., Dienstkalender Himmlers, 246.
18. Jochmann, Monologue im Führerhauptquartier, 106.
19. Peter Longerich, Politik der Vernichtung: Eine Gesamtdarstellung der nationalsozialistischen Judenverfolgung (Munich, 1998), 440, nevertheless insists there were still no specific plans to kill all the Jews.
20. Hitler: Reden und Proklamationen, vol. 4, 1771–81.
21. VB, Nov. 12, 1941.
22. “Die Juden sind Schuld!” Das Reich, Nov. 16, 1941, 1–2. For public reaction, see Nov. 20, 1941, Meldungen aus dem Reich, vol. 8, 3007.
23. VB, Dec. 3, 1941.
24. Browning, Origins of the Final Solution, 372.
25. Longerich, Politik der Vernichtung, 456-57.
26. Dec. 13, 1941, entry, for the previous day, in Tagebücher von Goebbels, part 2, vol. 1, 498-99.
27. Witte et al., Dienstkalender Himmlers, 294.
28. Jan. 25 and 27, 1942, in Jochmann, Monologe im Führerhauptquartier, 228-29, 241.
29. In 1942 the prophecy was mentioned in speeches he gave on January 30, September 30, and November 8. All were published in the press and are reprinted in Hitler: Reden und Proklamationen, vol. 4. For an analysis, see Ian Kershaw, The “Hitler Myth”: Image and Reality in the Third Reich (Oxford, 1987), 241 ff.
30. Hitler: Reden und Proklamationen, vol. 4, 1828-29.
31. See Feb. 2, 1942, Meldungen aus dem Reich, vol. 9, 3235.
32. VB, Feb. 27, 1942.
33. VB, March 27 and July 13, 1942.
34. VB, Oct. 9, 1941.
35. March 16, 1942, entry, in Victor Klemperer, Ich will Zeugnis ablegen bis zum letzten: Tagebücher, 1942-1945 (Berlin, 1995), 47.
36. April 19, 1942, entry, in ibid., 68.
37. Inge Scholl, Die weisse Rose (Frankfurt am Main, 1955), 102.
38. Christopher R. Browning, Ordinary Men: Reserve Police Battalion 101 and the Final Solution in Poland (New York, 1992), xv.
39. See KP, Oct. 28, 1992, 2.
40. Omer Bartov, “Ordinary Monsters,” New Republic, April 29, 1996, 38.
41. Raul Hilberg, The Destruction of the European Jews, rev. ed. (New York, 1985), vol. 3, 893; Browning, Origins of the Final Solution, 365-66, 418; Yitzhak Arad, Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka: The Operation Reinhard Death Camps (Bloomington, Ind., 1987), 11; Henry Friedlander, The Origins of Nazi Genocide: From Euthanasia to the Final Solution (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1995), 287.
42. See Alan Adelson, ed., The Diary of Dawid Sierakowiak: Five Notebooks from the Lódz Ghetto (New York, 1998); Abraham 1. Katsh, ed., Scroll of Agony: The Warsaw Diary of Chaim A. Kaplan (Bloomington, Ind., 1973).
43. This is the sensible conclusion of Longerich, Politik der Vernichtung, 455.
44. Arad, Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka, 23-29.
&n
bsp; 45. Ibid., 30–33.
46. Ibid., 43.
47. Hilberg, Destruction of the European Jews, vol. 3, 893; Karin Orth, Das System der nationalsozialistischen Konzentrationslager (Hamburg, 1999), 343.
48. Cited in Arad, Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka, 117-18.
49. Cited in ibid., 128.
50. Witte et al., Dienstkalander Himmlers, 186.
51. Hilberg, Destruction of the European Jews, vol. 3, 893, puts it at 50,000; Franciszek Piper, “Auschwitz Concentration Camp,” in Michael Berenbaum and Abraham J. Peck, eds., The Holocaust and History: The Known, the Unknown, the Disputed, and the Reexamined (Bloomington, Ind., 1998), 374; Thomas Kranz, “Das KL Lublin—zwischen Planung und Realisierung,” in Ulrich Herbert et al., eds., Die nationalsozialistischen Konzen-trationslager—Entwickling und Struktur (Göttingen, 1998), vol. 1, 362-89.
52. Cited in Arad, Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka, 101; for the orders, 170.
53. Sybille Steinbacher, Auschwitz: Geschichte und Nachgeschichte (Munich, 2004), 9-27.
54. Ibid., 37-42.
55. Gellately, Backing Hitler, 214-15.
56. Steinbacher, Auschwitz, 71–72; Danuta Czech, Auschwitz Chronicle, 1939-1945 (New York, 1990), 218.
57. Czech, Auschwitz Chronicle, 112, 120, 139.
58. Steinbacher, Auschwitz, 70; Longerich, Politik der Vernichtung, 444, gives the date in December.
59. Józef Garlinski, Fighting Auschwitz: The Resistance Movement in the Concentration Camp (London, 1975), 85-86; for the earlier date, see Czech, Auschwitz Chronicle, 135.
60. Czech, Auschwitz Chronicle, 146, 176, 189.
61. Ibid., 194, 638.
62. Ibid., 198, 255.
63. Ibid., 356, 399.
64. Ibid., 199; also Witte et al., Dienstkalender Himmlers, 493-94.
65. Sept. 23, 1943, entry, in Tagebücher von Goebbels, part 2, vol. 9, 567.
66. For an introduction, see Gellately, Backing Hitler, 239-40.
67. Meir Michaelis, Mussolini and the Jews (Oxford, 1978), 354-68; also Meir Michaelis, “The Holocaust in Italy,” in Berenbaum and Peck, Holocaust and History, 439-62.
68. Michaelis, Mussolini and the Jews, 389.
69. See Peter Hayes, Industry and Ideology: IG Farben in the Nazi Era (Cambridge, U.K., 1987), 350–61.
70. Andreas Hillgruber, ed., Staatsmänner und Diplomaten bei Hitler: Vertrauliche Aufzeichnungen über Unterredungen mit Vertretern des Auslandes, 1939-1941 (Frankfurt am Main, 1967), vol. 2, 256-59.