Blanchard, Mary Warner. 1998. Oscar Wilde’s America: Counterculture in the Gilded Age. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.
Bode, Carl. 1986. “Introduction” to Ragged Dick and Struggling Upward by Horatio Alger. New York: Penguin.
Boyer, Paul. 1978. Urban Masses and Moral Order in America: 1820–1920. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
Brace, Charles Loring. 1868. Address on Industrial Schools Delivered to the Teachers of the Schools, November 13th, 1868. New York: Wynkoop & Hallenbeck.
——. 1859. The Best Method of Disposing of Our Pauper and Vagrant Children. New York: Wynkoop, Hallenbeck & Thomas.
——. 1853 (March). “Children’s Aid Society.” Publicity circular. N.p.
——. 1973. The Dangerous Classes of New York and Twenty Years’ Work Among Them. Facsimile ed., Silver Spring, Md.: National Association of Social Workers. (Originally published 1872, New York: Wynkoop & Hallenbeck).
——. 1864. Eleventh Annual Report of the Children’s Aid Society. New York: Wynkoop & Hallenbeck.
——. 1868. Fifteenth Annual Report of the Children’s Aid Society. New York: Wynkoop & Hallenbeck.
——. 1854. First Annual Report of the Children’s Aid Society. New York: C. W. Benedict.
——. 1885. Forty-second Annual Report of the Children’s Aid Society. New York: Wynkoop & Hallenbeck.
——. 1853. Home-Life in Germany. New York: Charles Scribner.
——. 1852. Hungary in 1851; With an Experience of the Austrian Police. New York: Charles Scribner.
——. 1863. The Races of the Old World: A Manual of Ethnology. New York: Charles Scribner.
——. 1855. Second Annual Report of the Children’s Aid Society. New York: M. B. Wynkoop.
——. 1869. Sixteenth Annual Report of the Children’s Aid Society. New York: Wynkoop & Hallenbeck.
——. 1859. Sixth Annual Report of the Children’s Aid Society. New York: Wynkoop, Hallenbeck & Thomas.
——. 1863. A Statement to the Public of a Portion of the Work of the Children’s AidSociety. N.p.
——. 1856. Third Annual Report of the Children’s Aid Society. New York: M. B. Wynkoop.
——. 1866. Thirteenth Annual Report of the Children’s Aid Society. New York: Wynkoop & Hallenbeck.
——. 1865. Twelfth Annual Report of the Children’s Aid Society. New York: Wynkoop & Hallenbeck.
——. 1879. Twenty-fifth Annual Report of the Children’s Aid Society. New York: Wynkoop & Hallenbeck.
Brace, 2nd, Charles Loring. 1923. The Children’s Aid Society of New York in Its Seventieth Year. New York: Children’s Aid Society.
——. 1903. Fiftieth Annual Report of the Children’s Aid Society for Year Ending October 1, 1902. New York: Wynkoop, Hallenbeck, Crawford.
Brace, Emma. 1894. The Life of Charles Loring Brace Told Chiefly in His Own Letters. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons.
Bremer, Francis J. 1995. The Puritan Experiment: New England Society from Bradford to Edwards. Hanover, N.H.: University Press of New England.
Bremner, Robert H., et al., eds. 1970–74. Children and Youth in America: A Documentary History. Vols. 1–3. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
Bushnell, Horace. 1847. Discourse on Christian Nurture. Boston: Massachusetts Sabbath School Society.
——. 1985. Sermons. New York: Paulist Press.
Child, Lydia Maria. 1843. Letters from New York. New York: C. S. Francis and Co.
——. 1832. The Mother’s Book. Boston: Carter and Hendee.
Children’s Mission. 1856. Light Dawning: Fruits of the Children’s Mission. Boston: John Wilson & Son.
Children’s Rights/Marisol Joint Case Review Team. 1997 (December). Marisol v. Giuliani Case Record Review: Services to Children in Foster Care and Their Families. Vols. 1–3.
Cook, Jeanne F. 1994. “Experiences of Orphan Train Riders: Implications for Child Welfare Policy.” Ph.D. diss., University of South Carolina.
Delbanco, Andrew. 1995. The Death of Satan: How Americans Have Lost the Sense of Evil. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
Dickens, Charles. 1985. American Notes for General Circulation. New York: Penguin. (Originally published in 1842)
——. 1984. Martin Chuzzlewit. New York: Penguin. (Originally published in 1843–44)
Dykstra, Robert R. 1968. The Cattle Towns. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
Ellington, George. 1869. Women of New York; or, The Underworld of the Great City. New York: New York Book Co.
Executive Committee of the Children’s Mission to the Children of the Destitute. 1850. First Annual Report of the Executive Committee of the Children’s Mission to the Children of the Destitute. Boston: Benjamin H. Greene.
Fry, Annette R. 1994. The Orphan Trains. New York: Macmillan.
Gilfoyle, Timothy J. 1992. City of Eros: New York City, Prostitution, and the Commercialization of Sex. New York: Norton.
Governors of the Alms House. 1856. Seventh Annual Report of the Governors of the Alms House, New York, for the Year 1855. New York: Hall, Clayton & Co.
Hedrick, Joan D. 1994. Harriet Beecher Stowe: A Life. New York: Oxford University Press.
Hinckley, Ted C. 1982. Alaskan John G. Brady: Missionary, Businessman, Judge, and Governor, 1878–1918. Columbus: Ohio State University Press.
Hoare, Mrs. Louisa Gurney. 1826. Hints for the Improvement of Early Education and Nursery Discipline. Dover: Samuel C. Stevens.
Holloran, Peter C. 1989. Boston’s Wayward Children: Social Services for Homeless Children, 1830–1930. Rutherford, N.J.: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press.
Holt, Marilyn Irvin. 1992. The Orphan Trains: Placing Out in America. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
Jackson, Kenneth T., ed. 1995. The Encyclopedia of New York City. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.
Johnson, Mary Ellen, ed. Orphan Train Riders: Their Own Stories. Vols. 1–4. Baltimore: Gateway Press, 1992–97.
Katz, Michael B. 1986. In the Shadow of the Poorhouse: A Social History of Welfare in America. New York: Basic Books.
Kett, Joseph F. 1971. “Adolescence and Youth in Nineteenth-Century America.” In The Family in History: Interdisciplinary Essays, edited by Theodore K. Rabb and Robert I. Rothberg, pp. 95–110. New York: Harper Torchbooks.
Knitzer, Jane, Mary Lee Allen, and Brenda McGowan. 1978. Children Without Homes: An Examination of Public Responsibility to Children in Out-of-Home Care. Washington, D.C.: Children’s Defense Fund.
Langsam, Miriam Z. 1964. Children West: A History of the Placing-Out System of the New York Children’s Aid Society, 1853–1890. Madison: State Historical Society for the Department of History, University of Wisconsin.
Larson, T. A. 1965. History of Wyoming. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
McCabe, James D. 1970. Lights and Shadows of New York Life; or, Sights and Sensations of the Great City. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
Morrow, John. 1860. A Voice Among the Newsboys. New York: privately published.
Nelson, Kristine Elisabeth. 1980. “The Best Asylum: Charles Loring Brace and Foster Family Care.” Ph.D. diss., University of California at Berkeley.
Olmsted, Frederick Law. 1977. The Papers of Frederick Law Olmsted (1822–1852). Vol. 1. Edited by Charles Caper McLaughlin. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Optic, Oliver. 1876. Going West; or, The Perils of a Poor Boy. Boston: Lee and Shepard.
Pollock, Linda A. 1983. Forgotten Children: Parent-Child Relations from 1500 to 1900. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Reynolds, David S. 1995. Walt Whitman’s America. New York: Vintage.
Sanger, M.D., William W. 1851. The History of Prostitution: Its Extent, Causes, and Effect Throughout the World. New York: Harper & Bros.
Shapiro, Michael. 1999. Solomon’s Sword. New York: Times Books.
Sigourney, Lydia H. 1842. Letters to Mothers. New York: Harper & Bros.
Smith Rosenberg, Carroll. 1971. The Rise of the American
City, 1812–1870. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.
Sobel, Robert, and John Raimo, eds. 1978. The Biographical Directory of the Governors of the United States, 1789–1978. Vol. 4. Westport, Conn.: Meckler Books.
Spann, Edward K. 1981. The New Metropolis: New York City, 1840–1857. New York: Columbia University Press.
Special Child Welfare Advisory Panel (NYC). 2000 (March 9). Advisory Report on Front Line and Supervisory Practice.
Stansell, Christine. 1986. City of Women: Sex and Class in New York, 1789–1860. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
Stevenson, Elizabeth. 1977. Park Maker: A Life of Frederick Law Olmsted. New York: Macmillan.
Stowe, Harriet Beecher. 1911. Oldtown Folks. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
Thurston, Henry W. 1974. The Dependent Child. New York: Arno Press.
Trattner, Walter I.1989. From Poor Law to Welfare State: A History of Social Welfare in America. New York: Free Press.
——. 1968. Homer Folks: Pioneer in Social Welfare. New York: Columbia University Press.
Vogt, Martha Nelson, and Christina Vogt. 1979. Searching for Home: Three Families from the Orphan Trains. Privately published.
Youcha, Geraldine. 1995. Minding the Children: Child Care in America from Colonial Times to the Present. New York: Scribner.
Young, Patricia J., and Frances E. Marks, eds. 1990. Tears on Paper: Orphan Train History. Privately published.
Zelizer, Viviana A. 1985. Pricing the Priceless Child: The Changing Social Value of Children. New York: Basic Books.
Articles
Bernstein, Nina. 1999 (June 22). “Pattern Cited in Missed Signs of Child Abuse.” New York Times.
——. 2000 (September 13). “Family Needs Far Exceed the Official Poverty Line.” New York Times.
Brace, Charles Loring. 1977 (August). “The Little Theologue.” The Independent (date unavailable). Reproduced in Newsboy (Horatio Alger Society newsletter, Jacksonville, III.) 16, no. 1, 22–23.
Bushnell, Horace. 1848. “Unconscious Influence.” The American Pulpit (Worcester, Mass.) 2, no. 10.
City Law. 1998 (September-October). “Sewage Disposal and Foster Care Lead in the Top 100 for Fiscal Year 1998.” City Law 4, no. 5, 97–104.
Dykstra, Robert. 1996 (Winter). “Field Notes: Overdosing on Dodge City.” Western Historical Quarterly, 505–14.
Gopnik, Adam. 1997 (March 31). “Olmsted’s Trip.” The New Yorker, 96–104.
Herbert, Bob. 1998 (February 26). “An Unending Tragedy.” New York Times.
Hoaglund, Kenneth G. 1982 (Spring). “’The Least of These’: Visions of the Mid-Nineteenth-Century City Missions Movement in New York.” Imprint 7, no. 1, 26–32.
Hope, Anna. 1977 (August). “The Boy Who Confessed His Sin.” The Independent (late 1854 or 1855). Reproduced in Newsboy (Horatio Alger Society newsletter, Jacksonville, 111., edited by Jack Bales) 16, no. 1, 21–22.
Kilborn, Peter T. 1997 (April 21). “Priority on Safety Is Keeping More Children in Foster Care.” New York Times.
Pear, Robert. 1997 (May 1). “House Passes Bill to Encourage Adoption of Abused Children.” New York Times.
Russakoff, Dale. 1997 (April 21). “The Protector.” The New Yorker, 58–71.
Swarns, Rachel L. 1999 (January 21). “Foster Agencies Called Lax, and Faulted in a Girl’s Death.” New York Times.
Index
Abolitionism, [>], [>], [>]
See also Slavery
ACS. See Administration for Children Services
“Act to Prevent Evils and Abuses in Connection with the Placing Out of Children, An,” [>]
Adam (first man), [>], [>]
Addams, Jane, [>]–[>]
Administration for Children’s Services (ACS), [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]
Adoption, [>]–[>], [>], [>]
desirability of, [>]–[>]
AFDC. See Aid to Families with Dependent Children
African Americans, [>], [>]
children, [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]
immigrants, [>]–[>]
Africans, [>]–[>]
Aid to Dependent Children, [>]
Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC), [>]
Alaska
Aleuts in, [>]
Athapascans in, [>], [>]–[>]
“Civilization Fund” in, [>]
Creoles in, [>], [>], [>]
crime in, [>]
education in, [>]
Eskimos in, [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]
frontier of, [>]
gold rush, [>]–[>]
Indians in, [>], [>]–[>], [>]
missionaries in, [>]
Native Americans in, [>]–[>]
natives in, [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]
Northwest Coast Indians in, [>]
purchased from Russia, [>]–[>]
Russians in, [>]
shady operations in, [>]–[>]
Tlingits in, [>], [>]
whites in, [>]–[>], [>], [>]
Alcoholics Anonymous, [>]
Alden, Lyman P., [>], [>], [>], [>]
Alfred, Mr. (superintendent), [>]
Alger, Horatio, [>]–[>]
Allen, Ethan, [>]
Almshouses, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]–[>]
America
changes in, [>], [>]
crime in, [>]
political system in, [>]–[>]
religion in, [>]
See also United States
American Female Guardian Society, [>]
American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA), [>], [>]
Angus, Red, [>]
Argosy, [>]
Arizona, [>]
Supreme Court, [>]
Arthur, Chester Alan, [>]
Aryan race, [>]
Asian children, [>]
ASPCA. See American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals
Astor Place Riot, [>], [>], [>], [>]
“Asylum-Interest,” [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]–[>]
Asylums, juvenile, [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]
Atheists, [>]
Austrians, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]
Averell, James, [>]
Ayler, Alice Bullis, [>]–[>], [>]–[>]
Babies, [>]–[>]
See also Infants
Baby farms, [>], [>], [>]
Bachman, Dr., [>]
Barbauld, Mrs., [>]
Barber, Amos, [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]
Barnardo, Dr., [>]
Baxter, George, [>]
Bed-wetting, [>]
Beecher, Catharine, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]
autobiography of, [>]–[>]
Beecher, Henry Ward, [>], [>], [>]
Beecher, Lyman, [>]–[>], [>], [>]
Beecher family, [>], [>], [>], [>]
Bellevue Hospital, [>]
Bellevue Nurses Training School, [>]
Bellingham, Bruce, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]
Bergh, Henry, [>]
Biddle, Mrs. James C., [>]
Bigelow, Mr., [>]
Birtwell, Charles, [>]
Blacks. See African Americans; Africans; Racism; Slavery
Blackwell family, [>]
Blackwell’s Island (Roosevelt Island), [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>], [>]–[>]
Charity Hospital on, [>]
Blake, William, [>]
Bliss, C. N., [>]
“Block grants,” [>]
Boarding out children, [>], [>], [>]
Booth, William A., [>]–[>], [>]–[>]
Booth, W. R., [>]–[>], [>], [>]
Boston, [>], [>], [>]
Boston American, [>]
Boston Children’s Aid Society, [>]
Bowery Boys, [>]
Boys
and crime, [>]
at industrial schools, [>]
morality of, [>]–[>]
as prostitutes, [>]
sexuality of, [>]–[>]
Boys and Girls Aid Society of San Francisco, [>]
“Boy Who Confessed His Sin
, The” (Hope), [>]
Brace, Charles Loring (Charley)
abolitionism of, [>], [>]
and adoption, [>]–[>]
ambition of, [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]
and “Asylum-Interest,” [>]–[>]
birth of, [>], [>]
and boys, [>]–[>]
and Bushnell, influence of, [>]–[>]
and children, main emphasis changed to, [>]–[>]
and Children’s Aid Society, founding of, [>]-[>], [>]
and Civil War, [>], [>]–[>]
and congregate care institutions, [>]–[>]
criticisms of, [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]
death of, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]
defensiveness of, [>]–[>]
earnestness of, [>]–[>]
ecstatic expansion of, [>]
education of, [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]
faith of, [>]
and family, [>]–[>]
and Five Points Mission, [>]–[>], [>]
fundamental beliefs of, [>]-[>], [>]–[>]
in Germany, [>]–[>], [>], [>]
and God, as inspiration, [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]
and good father, [>]
and home life, [>]
and homosexuality, [>]–[>]
honored, [>]
in Hungary, [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]
illnesses of, [>]–[>]
imprisonment of, [>]–[>], [>]–[>]
and indenture, reinvention of, [>
Orphan Trains Page 45