Millennium
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Bellamy, Edward, 287
Bellini, Giovanni, 124
Benedict IX, pope, 16
Benedict X, pope, 16
Benedict XII, pope, 98
Benedictines, 18, 31
Benedictow, Ole, 348, 350–1, 353
benefits, 278, 317, 337
Benz, Bertha, 264
Benz, Karl, 225, 264
Berkshire, 173
Bernard of Chartres, 116
Bernard of Clairvaux, 33, 38, 39, 42–3, 47, 55–6
Bernart de Ventadorn, 59
Berners-Lee, Tim, 282
Berwick, 96, 98
Besant, John, 191
Bibles, vernacular, 132–3
bicycles, 236
bills of mortality, 206
biofuel, 330–1
Biraben, J.-N., 347, 353
Birkenhead, earl of, 288
Black Death, 86–92, 308, 318, 347–8, 349–50, 352
Blackbeard see Teach, Edward
Blackfriars see Dominicans
Blackwell, Elizabeth, 256
Blanchard, Jean-Pierre, 194
Blériot, Louis, 265
Bloch, Marc, 23
blood circulation, 174
Bly, Nellie, 235
Boccaccio, Giovanni, 88, 105
Boethius, 45
Bohemia, 109–10
Boisguilbert, Pierre le Pesant, sieur de, 205, 207
Bologna, 52, 68, 75
Bolotnikov Rising (1606–7), 180
Bonaventure, 76
Boniface VIII, pope, 90, 99, 135
books: in 11th century, 11, 31; in 12th century, 41; in 16th century, 132–6, 157; paper for, 224; photographs in, 247; see also literacy; scholarship
Bosch, Carl, 292
Bosnia, 108
Bosworth, battle of (1485), 147
botany, 164; see also gardening
Botticelli, 124
Boucher, François, 203
Boulton, Matthew, 214
bourgeoisie see class
Bouvines, battle of (1214), 71
Boyle, Richard, 190
Boyle, Robert, 167
Brady, Mathew B., 248
Brahe, Tycho, 135–6, 164, 165
Braudel, Ferdinand, 62, 343
Brazil, 115, 154, 178, 237
Briare Canal, 193
Bridgewater Canal, 193
Brindisi, 64
Brindley, James, 193
Bristol, 127
Britain: in 18th century, 189–92, 193, 194, 195–8, 202–3, 204, 206, 208–9, 211–15; in 19th century, 228, 229–30, 236–40, 241, 242–3, 248, 249, 250, 251–2, 253–4, 256, 257, 258; in 20th century, 265, 266–7, 270, 271, 274–6, 278, 279, 280, 281, 282; British Empire, 179–80, 239, 275; in the future, 330–2; renewable energy, 340, 341; wealth overview, 316; see also England; Scotland; Wales
British Medical Association, 256
Broadberry, Stephen, 347–8
Broadclyst, 11
Brown, Arthur, 266
Bruges, 63
Brunel, Isambard Kingdom, 235
Brunelleschi, 121, 123
Buenos Aires, 154
buildings see architecture and building
Bulgaria, 108, 274
burghs, 29
Burgundy, 13, 27, 88
Burke, Edmund, 220
buses, 224
buttons, 106
Byzantine Empire, 13–14, 15, 108
Cabot, John, 115, 127
Cabral, Pedro, 113, 115
Cadamosto, Alvise, 112
Caen, 28
Caesarean sections, 244
Calais, siege of (1347), 96
Calatrava, Order of, 39
calculus, 167
calendar, 129–30
Calicut, 112
Calvin, John, 140
Cambrai, 25
Cambridge University, 68, 69, 75, 256
Campbell, Bruce M. S., 348
Campin, Robert, 123
Canada: in 17th century, 177, 178; in 19th century, 228, 229, 232, 257; in 20th century, 274, 278
Canal du Centre, 193
Canal du Midi, 193
canals, 193
Canary Islands, 110
cannon see artillery and firearms
canon law, 52–3, 79
Cantillon, Richard, 207
Cão, Diogo, 112
Cape Bianco, 112
Cape Bojador, 111
Cape Cross, 112
Cape of Good Hope, 112, 113
Capet, Hugh, king of France, 13
capitalism, future of, 332–9
Caravaggio, 160
Carew, Bampfylde Moore, 188
Carey, Sir Robert, 190
Caribbean, 241
Carl Friedrich, Margrave of Baden, 208
Carmelites (Whitefriars), 75
Carolina, 176, 177
Carrington Event (1859), 286
cars, 224, 225, 235–6, 264–5, 270
Carthusians, 18, 39
Cary, Elizabeth, Lady Falkland, 138
Casanova, Giacomo, 203
Cassini, Giovanni, 165–6
Castelnau, Paul, 245
Castile, 12, 39, 58, 101, 103; Castilian language, 104
castles, 26–7, 29–30, 35, 158
castrati, 182–3
Catalonia, 26, 72, 88
Cathars, 58, 74, 83
cathedrals and churches, 26, 27–9, 30–1
Catherine II the Great, Russian empress, 215
Catherine of Braganza, 179
Cavendish, Thomas, 156
Cely letters, 122
censorship, 137
Cerularius, patriarch of Constantinople, 15
Cervantes, Miguel de, 160
Ceuta, 111
Chadwick, Edwin, 243
chairs, 183
Champagne fairs, 63, 64, 65
Champnes, Revd E. T., 238
Charles I, king of Great Britain and Ireland, 176
Charles II, king of Great Britain and Ireland, 176, 186
Charles IV, king of Spain, 241
Charles V, king of France, 117, 118
Charleston, 176
Charlestown, 176
Charlotte, queen of Great Britain and Ireland, 215
Chartists, 250
Chaucer, Geoffrey, 104, 117–18
Chichester, 17
child mortality, 36, 278
childbirth, 228, 244, 278
chimneys, 131, 157
China: in 13th century, 80–1; in 16th century, 154, 155; in 19th century, 247; in 21st century, 265; Columbus’s attempt to reach, 113; and guns, 96; population density, 336
chivalry, 34, 57, 59
chocolate, 184
cholera, 243, 244
Christianity see Protestantism; Roman Catholic Church
churches see cathedrals and churches
Churchill, ‘Mad Jack’, 97
cinema, 225, 280
Ciompi uprising (1378), 91–2
circumnavigations, 154, 155–6, 235
Cistercians, 18, 38–9
cities see towns and cities
Clara of Assisi, 75
class: in 20th century, 276; and Marx, 260; prejudice overview, 311–12; rise of middle, 182–5
classical world: 12th-century rediscovery of texts, 44–7, 48; 15th-century interest in, 116; 17th-century reaction against, 164, 168
Claude Lorraine, 160, 182
Cleland, John, 203
Clement II, pope, 16
Clement V, pope, 100
Clermont (steamboat), 235
climate, 35–6, 161–3, 290
clocks, 116–19, 166–7
clothing: in 11th century, 10; in 13th century, 62; in 14th century, 106; in 17th century, 182; in 19th century, 224; in 20th century, 261, 264
Club of Rome, 289
Cluniacs, 28
Cluny monastery, 18, 27
Cnut, king of England, 25
coal, 211–13, 289, 321–2
Cobbe, Frances Power, 254
Coelho, Gonç
alo, 154
coffee, 184
Coke, Thomas, earl of Leicester, 195
Colbert, Jean-Baptiste, 205
Collings, Charles and Robert, 195, 196
colonialism and imperialism: in 15th century, 110–16, 128; in 16th century, 154–7; in 17th century, 176–80; in 20th century, 275; and firearms, 148; in the future, 338–9, 343
Colombia, 241
Columbus, Christopher, 113–16, 127–8, 154, 326
commerce: in 11th century, 9–10, 14; in 13th century, 59–65, 81; in 16th century, 156; in 17th century, 178–9, 183; in 20th century, 270; free trade and laissez-faire, 205, 207–8; in the future, 338–9, 343; regulation and monopolies, 205
communications, 189–95, 236–40, 342–3
communism, 250, 260
community life, 270, 313–14
compasses, 54, 110
computers, 283, 284, 285–6
Condorcet, marquis de, 222
condottieri, 108–9
Conques, 28
Constance, Council of (1415), 99, 100
Constance, Treaty of (1183), 70
Constantine the African, 49
Constantine the Great, Roman emperor, 13
Constantinople, 13, 45, 58
Constantinople, siege of (1453), 108
Constitutions of Clarendon (1164), 53
construction see architecture and building
contraception, 342
Cooke, William Fothergill, 238
cookers, 225, 261, 283
Copenhagen, 142, 165
Copernicus, Nicolaus, 134
copper, 289, 322
Cordoba, 13, 20, 27, 58
Corpus Iuris Civilis, 52
Cortes, Hernando, 154
Cotehele, 118
Cotswolds, 233
cotton, 156, 211–12, 214–15
Cotton, John, 186
courts see law, rule of
Couto, Diogo do, 148
Coverdale, Miles, 133
Crécy, battle of (1346), 95
Crediton, 9, 11, 17
Crete, 13
crime and punishment: in 11th century, 10, 11, 51–2; in 12th century, 53–4; in 13th century, 82; in 16th century, 152–3; in 17th century, 186; in 18th century, 188–9, 202, 203–4; in 19th century, 248; exile, 121–2; overview and significance, 307–8; slavery as punishment, 25, 26; see also law, rule of
Crimean War (1853–6), 248
Crusades: Albigensian, 58; First, 18–19; Fourth, 58; importance, 32; Livonian, 58; Ninth, 59; scholarship on, 7; Second, 33, 34–5; Sixth, 59; Third, 34-5, 54
Cuba, 114, 232
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962), 263, 273
Cugnot, Nicholas-Joseph, 236
Curie, Marie and Pierre, 256–7, 327
currencies see money
Cyprus, 13
Czechoslovakia, 133, 274; Czech language, 105; see also Bohemia; Slovakia
Daguerre, Louis, 246, 259
Daily Mail, 279
Daily Telegraph, 279
Dante Alighieri, 105
Darwin, Charles, 259–60
Daubié, Julie-Victoire, 256
Davaine, Casimir, 244
Davenant, Charles, 206
deans, 17
death: 14th-century perception of, 91
Declaration of Independence (1776), 216–17
Declaration of Rights of Man and of the Citizen (1789), 218, 219–20
Decretum, 52–3
Dee, John, 171
Denmark: in 11th century, 25; in 14th century, 101; in 16th century, 133, 140, 146; in 18th century, 198; in 19th century, 252, 256; Danish language, 103
Descartes, René, 169
developing countries, 268–9
Devon: in 11th century, 9–12, 17, 20; in 16th century, 157; in 19th century, 234
diaries, 130
Dias, Bartholomew, 112
Diderot, Denis, 199
diet see food and drink
Dijon, 27, 311
discrimination see class; prejudice; racism; religion: religious tolerance; women
disease see Black Death; health and medicine; plague
disinfection, 241–2, 243–4
Disinherited, 94–5
divorce, 253, 255, 313
Dodge City, 149
Dominic de Guzman, 74–5, 83
Dominicans (Blackfriars), 74–5, 76, 77, 83
Donatello, 124
Dondi, Giovanni de, 117
Dondi, Jacopo de, 117
Dorchester, 17
Dosza insurrection (1614), 180
Doué-la-Fontaine, 29
Drake, Francis, 155–6, 157
Dresden, 273
Duns Scotus, 76
Dupplin Moor, battle of (1332), 94–5
Dürer, Albrecht, 121
Durham, 28
Dutch East India Company, 178–9
Dutch West India Company, 177–8
dyes and dyeing, 10, 156
Eanes, Gil, 111
Earthrise (photo), 289, 321
East India Company, 179
Eckhart, Master, 77
ecology see environment and ecology
economic theory, 205–11, 290, 332–9
Edessa, 33
Edinburgh, 194
Edison, Thomas, 259
education: in 12th century, 41, 49; 13th-century explosion, 65–9, 75; in 15th century, 125; in 16th century, 130; in 19th century, 255–6, 257–8; women’s, 41, 255–6
Edward I, king of England, 65, 66, 73, 93, 98
Edward II, king of England, 101
Edward III, king of England: as agent of change, 106–7; and clocks, 117; and English language, 104, 107; and nationalism, 99, 106, 107; and plague, 89–90; talk of deposing, 101; and warfare, 95–7, 99, 107
Ehrlich, Paul, 289, 342
Einstein; Albert, 292, 293
Eisner, Manuel, 149
el dorado, 155
El Greco, 160
El-Ksar El-Kebir, battle of (1578), 147
Elbe (ship), 240
Elcanó, Juan Sebastian, 154
elderly, care of, 271
Eleanor of Aquitaine, 35
electoral representation, 249–50, 252–3, 255, 274; in the future, 336–7, 338
electricity: early experiments, 166 167, 171; electric light, 224; electrical and electronic appliances, 282–6; in the future, 330; modern dependence, 285–6
elements, chemical, 222
Elias, Norbert, 149–50
Elizabeth I, queen of England and Ireland, 156, 176, 190, 327
Elizabeth, empress of Russia, 203
Elmham, 18
Elmina, 112, 113
empiricism, 168–9
Encyclopédie, 199
energy and fuel: in the future, 289, 320–5, 329–31, 338, 340–1; historical use, 211–13, 225, 271–2; importance, 210
Engels, Friedrich, 250
engineering see architecture and building
England: in 11th century, 21, 26, 28, 32, 51–2; in 12th century, 37, 39, 45, 53–4; in 13th century, 60–3, 64–5, 65–6, 69, 70–3, 310; in 14th century, 88, 89, 91–2, 93–7, 99–100, 101, 146; in 15th century, 109, 115; in 16th century, 133–4, 136–7, 138, 140, 142–3, 143–4, 150, 155–6, 157, 170, 310; in 17th century, 150, 160, 161, 162, 163, 171, 172–3, 179–80, 186, 192, 202; in 19th century, 313; in 21st century, 336; American colonies, 176–7; English language, 102, 103–4, 264; homicide rates, 149; life expectancy overview, 308, 309; Norman conquests, 5, 13, 20, 22–3, 29–30; population density, 336; population overview, 347–8, 350, 351, 353; record-keeping, 65–7; and slavery, 25, 26, 156; wages overview, 312; warfare overview, 304–7; see also Britain
English Channel crossings, 194, 265
English civil wars (1643–51), 160, 307
Enlightenment liberalism, 199–204
environment and ecology, 289–90, 320–4, 328–33, 338, 340–2
Epsilon Eridani, 323
equality, 215–21, 333–41
Erasmus, Desiderius, 133
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Ethelred the Unready, king of England, 10, 11
ethics and morals see sexual mores
Euclid, 45, 46
Eugenius III, pope, 33, 38
Every, Henry, 188
evolution, 259–60
Exeter: in 11th century, 9, 10, 11, 17, 29–30, 31; in 13th century, 82; in 18th century, 209; castle, 29–30, 31; cathedral, 31; diocese, 7
exile, 121–2
exploration and discovery, 110–16, 127–8, 154–7
Eyck, Jan van, 121
factories, 214–15, 230, 250
fairs, 63–4, 65
famine: in 11th century, 13; in 13th century, 60, 84; in 14th century, 84–5; in 16th century, 131; in 17th century, 160, 161–2; in 19th century, 228; in 20th century, 268; overview, 302–3
Far East, 79–81, 178–9
Faraday, Michael, 259
farming see agriculture; feudal system; livestock rearing
Faroes, 101
Federico, Giovanni, 350–1
Fenton, Roger, 248
Ferdinand, king of Aragon, 114
Fernández de Heredia, Juan, 104
Ferry, Jules, 257
fertilisers, artificial, 277, 292, 329
feudal system, 20–1, 24, 29, 79, 91–2, 312–13
Ficino, Marsilio, 125
Fielding, Henry, 203
Fiji, 178
Finland: in 14th century, 101; in 16th century, 133; in 17th century, 162; in 19th century, 228, 256; in 20th century, 252, 278
firearms see artillery and firearms
First World War (1914–18): aviation, 265–6; effect on civilians, 273; gas attacks, 293; and health, 277; mortality rate, 86; news coverage, 279–80; and photography, 245, 246; and progress concept, 288; and women’s rights, 274
Flamsteed, John, 165–6
Flanders, 53, 60, 63; see also Low Countries
Fleming, Alexander, 277
Flodden, battle of (1513), 147
Florence: in 11th century, 28; in 13th century, 64; in 14th century, 87–8, 89, 91–2; in 15th century, 109, 121, 123, 125; in 16th century, 182; Baptistry, 123
Florence, Hercules, 246
Florida, 178, 217
flying see aviation
Fonte, Moderata, 138
food and drink: in 11th century, 9; in 13th century, 62, 64; in 16th century, 156; in 17th century, 184; in 18th century, 198; in 19th century, 225; in 20th century, 268, 271–2; cans, 225; in the future, 331–2, 337–8, 338–9, 341–2; in hierarchy of human needs, 299–302; mealtimes, 130; overview and significance, 302–3; tableware, 131; see also famine
Forster, E. M., 288
Forster, W. E., 257
fossil fuels see energy and fuel
Fracastoro, Girolamo, 241
France: in 11th century, 13, 25, 26, 28, 29; in 12th century, 38, 45, 53; in 13th century, 58, 60, 63, 64, 66, 69, 70, 71, 72, 143; in 14th century, 88, 89, 91, 95–7, 99, 100; in 15th century, 109, 147, 311; in 16th century, 133, 136, 142–3, 144, 147; in 17th century, 147, 160, 161, 162, 163, 171, 180, 185, 202, 204, 205; in 18th century, 7, 192, 193–4, 198, 200, 205–6, 207, 213; in 19th century, 227, 232, 233, 249, 251, 252, 255, 257, 270; in 20th century, 265, 270, 271, 274, 278, 281; French Empire, 275; French language, 102, 103, 104–5; life expectancy overview, 278, 308, 309; North American possessions, 178; population density, 336; population overview, 303, 349–50, 351, 353; record-keeping, 66; renewable energy, 340; warfare overview, 304–7; wealth overview, 315